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Guan L, Ping J, Lopes TJS, Fan S, Presler R, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Development of an Enhanced High-Yield Influenza Vaccine Backbone in Embryonated Chicken Eggs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1364. [PMID: 37631932 PMCID: PMC10459923 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an efficient approach to preventing influenza virus infections. Recently, we developed influenza A and B virus vaccine backbones that increased the yield of several vaccine viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells. These vaccine backbones also increased viral replication in embryonated chicken eggs, which are the most frequently used platform for influenza vaccine manufacturing. In this study, to further increase the viral titers in embryonated chicken eggs, we introduced random mutations into the 'internal genes' (i.e., all influenza viral genes except those encoding the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins) of the influenza A virus high-yield virus backbone we developed previously. The randomly mutated viruses were sequentially passaged in embryonated chicken eggs to select variants with increased replicative ability. We identified a candidate that conferred higher influenza virus growth than the high-yield parental virus backbone. Although the observed increases in virus growth may be considered small, they are highly relevant for vaccine manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Guan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA (T.J.S.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Jihui Ping
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA (T.J.S.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Tiago J. S. Lopes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA (T.J.S.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Shufang Fan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA (T.J.S.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Robert Presler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA (T.J.S.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA (T.J.S.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA (T.J.S.L.); (R.P.)
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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Melén K, Jalkanen P, Kukkonen JP, Partinen M, Nohynek H, Vuorela A, Vaarala O, Freitag TL, Meri S, Julkunen I. No evidence of autoimmunity to human OX 1 or OX 2 orexin receptors in Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic children. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 3:100055. [PMID: 32743535 PMCID: PMC7388359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1, likely an immune-mediated disease, is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. The disease is strongly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1∗06:02. A significant increase in the incidence of childhood and adolescent narcolepsy was observed after a vaccination campaign with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Nordic and several other countries in 2010 and 2011. Previously, it has been suggested that a surface-exposed region of influenza A nucleoprotein, a structural component of the Pandemrix vaccine, shares amino acid residues with the first extracellular domain of the human OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor eliciting the development of autoantibodies. Here, we analyzed, whether H1N1pdm09 infection or Pandemrix vaccination contributed to the development of autoantibodies to the orexin precursor protein or the OX1 or OX2 receptors. The analysis was based on the presence or absence of autoantibody responses against analyzed proteins. Entire OX1 and OX2 receptors or just their extracellular N-termini were transiently expressed in HuH7 cells to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. Based on our immunofluorescence analysis, none of the 56 Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic patients, 28 patients who suffered from a laboratory-confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection or 19 Pandemrix-vaccinated controls showed specific autoantibody responses to prepro-orexin, orexin receptors or the isolated extracellular N-termini of orexin receptors. We also did not find any evidence for cell-mediated immunity against the N-terminal epitopes of OX2. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the surface-exposed region of the influenza nucleoprotein A would elicit the development of an immune response against orexin receptors. No evidence of humoral immunity against human OX1 or OX2 orexin receptors. No cross-reactive antibodies between influenza virus NP and orexin receptors. No evidence for cell-mediated immunity against the N-terminal epitopes of OX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister Melén
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Partinen
- Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Vitalmed Research Centre Helsinki and Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccination Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja Vuorela
- Reseach Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Reseach Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki
| | - Tobias L Freitag
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
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Shcherbik S, Pearce N, Carney P, Bazhenova E, Larionova N, Kiseleva I, Rudenko L, Kumar A, Goldsmith CS, Dugan V, Stevens J, Wentworth DE, Bousse T. Evaluation of A(H1N1)pdm09 LAIV vaccine candidates stability and replication efficiency in primary human nasal epithelial cells. Vaccine X 2019; 2:100031. [PMID: 31384746 PMCID: PMC6668239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent reduction of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) effectiveness in multivalent formulations was particularly associated with the A(H1N1)pdm09 component. In the 2017 the WHO vaccine composition committee changed its recommendations for the A(H1N1)pdm09 component to include an A/Michigan/45/2015-like virus. We evaluated effectiveness and quality of newly developed and previous A(H1N1)pdm09 LAIV reassortants through assessment of their thermal and pH stability, receptor binding specificity and replication fitness in primary human airway epithelial cells of nasal origin (hAECN). Our analysis showed that LAIV expressed hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) from an A/Michigan/45/2015-like strain A/New York/61/2015 (A/New York/61/2015-CDC-LV16A, NY-LV16A), exhibit higher thermal and pH stability compared to the previous vaccine candidates expressing HA and NA from A/California/07/2009 and A/Bolivia/559/2013 (A17/Cal09 and A17/Bol13). Reassortants A/South Africa/3626/2013-CDC-LV14A (SA-LV14A) and NY-LV16A showed preferential binding to α2,6 sialic acid (SA) receptors and replicated at higher titers and more extensively in hAECN compared to A17/Cal09 and A17/Bol13, which had an α2,3 SA receptor binding preference. Our data analysis supports selection of A/New York/61/2015-CDC-LV16A for LAIV formulation and the introduction of new assays for LAIV characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shcherbik
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Nicholas Pearce
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
- Battelle, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Paul Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Ekaterina Bazhenova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Virology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalie Larionova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Virology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Kiseleva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Virology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Virology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
- Battelle, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Cynthia S. Goldsmith
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Vivien Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Tatiana Bousse
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
This work shows that the amidated terminal ends of the secreted hypocretin (HCRT) peptides (HCRTNH2) are autoantigens in type 1 narcolepsy, an autoimmune disorder targeting HCRT neurons. The autoimmune process is usually initiated by influenza A flu infections, and a particular piece of the hemagglutinin (HA) flu protein of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 strain was identified as a likely trigger. This HA epitope has homology with HCRTNH2 and T cells cross-reactive to both epitopes are involved in the autoimmune process by molecular mimicry. Genes associated with narcolepsy mark the particular HLA heterodimer (DQ0602) involved in presentation of these antigens and modulate expression of the specific T cell receptor segments (TRAJ24 and TRBV4-2) involved in T cell receptor recognition of these antigens, suggesting causality. Type 1 narcolepsy (T1N) is caused by hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) neuronal loss. Association with the HLA DQB1*06:02/DQA1*01:02 (98% vs. 25%) heterodimer (DQ0602), T cell receptors (TCR) and other immune loci suggest autoimmunity but autoantigens are unknown. Onset is seasonal and associated with influenza A, notably pandemic 2009 H1N1 (pH1N1) infection and vaccination (Pandemrix). Peptides derived from HCRT and influenza A, including pH1N1, were screened for DQ0602 binding and presence of cognate DQ0602 tetramer-peptide–specific CD4+ T cells tested in 35 T1N cases and 22 DQ0602 controls. Higher reactivity to influenza pHA273–287 (pH1N1 specific), PR8 (H1N1 pre-2009 and H2N2)-specific NP17–31 and C-amidated but not native version of HCRT54–66 and HCRT86–97 (HCRTNH2) were observed in T1N. Single-cell TCR sequencing revealed sharing of CDR3β TRBV4-2-CASSQETQGRNYGYTF in HCRTNH2 and pHA273–287-tetramers, suggesting molecular mimicry. This public CDR3β uses TRBV4-2, a segment modulated by T1N-associated SNP rs1008599, suggesting causality. TCR-α/β CDR3 motifs of HCRT54–66-NH2 and HCRT86–97-NH2 tetramers were extensively shared: notably public CDR3α, TRAV2-CAVETDSWGKLQF-TRAJ24, that uses TRAJ24, a chain modulated by T1N-associated SNPs rs1154155 and rs1483979. TCR-α/β CDR3 sequences found in pHA273–287, NP17–31, and HCRTNH2 tetramer-positive CD4+ cells were also retrieved in single INF-γ–secreting CD4+ sorted cells stimulated with Pandemrix, independently confirming these results. Our results provide evidence for autoimmunity and molecular mimicry with flu antigens modulated by genetic components in the pathophysiology of T1N.
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Sadam H, Pihlak A, Kivil A, Pihelgas S, Jaago M, Adler P, Vilo J, Vapalahti O, Neuman T, Lindholm D, Partinen M, Vaheri A, Palm K. Prostaglandin D2 Receptor DP1 Antibodies Predict Vaccine-induced and Spontaneous Narcolepsy Type 1: Large-scale Study of Antibody Profiling. EBioMedicine 2018; 29:47-59. [PMID: 29449194 PMCID: PMC5925455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathological findings support an autoimmune etiology as an underlying factor for loss of orexin-producing neurons in spontaneous narcolepsy type 1 (narcolepsy with cataplexy; sNT1) as well as in Pandemrix influenza vaccine-induced narcolepsy type 1 (Pdmx-NT1). The precise molecular target or antigens for the immune response have, however, remained elusive. METHODS Here we have performed a comprehensive antigenic repertoire analysis of sera using the next-generation phage display method - mimotope variation analysis (MVA). Samples from 64 children and adolescents were analyzed: 10 with Pdmx-NT1, 6 with sNT1, 16 Pandemrix-vaccinated, 16 H1N1 infected, and 16 unvaccinated healthy individuals. The diagnosis of NT1 was defined by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine international criteria of sleep disorders v3. FINDINGS Our data showed that although the immunoprofiles toward vaccination were generally similar in study groups, there were also striking differences in immunoprofiles between sNT1 and Pdmx-NT1 groups as compared with controls. Prominent immune response was observed to a peptide epitope derived from prostaglandin D2 receptor (DP1), as well as peptides homologous to B cell lymphoma 6 protein. Further validation confirmed that these can act as true antigenic targets in discriminating NT1 diseased along with a novel epitope of hemagglutinin of H1N1 to delineate exposure to H1N1. INTERPRETATION We propose that DP1 is a novel molecular target of autoimmune response and presents a potential diagnostic biomarker for NT1. DP1 is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and thus alterations in its functions could contribute to the disturbed sleep regulation in NT1 that warrants further studies. Together our results also show that MVA is a helpful method for finding novel peptide antigens to classify human autoimmune diseases, possibly facilitating the design of better therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Sadam
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Arno Pihlak
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anri Kivil
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | - Priit Adler
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Liivi 2-314, 50409 Tartu, Estonia; Quretec LLC, Ülikooli 6a, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Vilo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Liivi 2-314, 50409 Tartu, Estonia; Quretec LLC, Ülikooli 6a, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toomas Neuman
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; IPDx Immunoprofiling Diagnostics GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dan Lindholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medicum, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Medical Research Institute, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Partinen
- Finnish Narcolepsy Research Center, Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Vitalmed Research Center, Valimotie 21, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Absence of anti-hypocretin receptor 2 autoantibodies in post pandemrix narcolepsy cases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187305. [PMID: 29220370 PMCID: PMC5722318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent publication suggested molecular mimicry of a nucleoprotein (NP) sequence from A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) strain, the backbone used in the construction of the reassortant strain X-179A that was used in Pandemrix® vaccine, and reported on anti-hypocretin (HCRT) receptor 2 (anti-HCRTR2) autoantibodies in narcolepsy, mostly in post Pandemrix® narcolepsy cases (17 of 20 sera). In this study, we re-examined this hypothesis through mass spectrometry (MS) characterization of Pandemrix®, and two other pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1)-2009 vaccines, Arepanrix® and Focetria®, and analyzed anti-HCRTR2 autoantibodies in narcolepsy patients and controls using three independent strategies. Methods MS characterization of Pandemrix® (2 batches), Arepanrix® (4 batches) and Focetria® (1 batch) was conducted with mapping of NP 116I or 116M spectrogram. Two sets of narcolepsy cases and controls were used: 40 post Pandemrix® narcolepsy (PP-N) cases and 18 age-matched post Pandemrix® controls (PP-C), and 48 recent (≤6 months) early onset narcolepsy (EO-N) cases and 70 age-matched other controls (O-C). Anti-HCRTR2 autoantibodies were detected using three strategies: (1) Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells with transient expression of HCRTR2 were stained with human sera and then analyzed by flow cytometer; (2) In vitro translation of [35S]-radiolabelled HCRTR2 was incubated with human sera and immune complexes of autoantibody and [35S]-radiolabelled HCRTR2 were quantified using a radioligand-binding assay; (3) Optical density (OD) at 450 nm (OD450) of human serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding to HCRTR2 stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cell line was measured using an in-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results NP 116M mutations were predominantly present in all batches of Pandemrix®, Arepanrix® and Focetria®. The wild-type NP109-123 (ILYDKEEIRRIWRQA), a mimic to HCRTR234-45 (YDDEEFLRYLWR), was not found to bind to DQ0602. Three or four subjects were found positive for anti-HCRTR2 autoantibodies using two strategies or the third one, respectively. None of the post Pandemrix® narcolepsy cases (0 of 40 sera) was found positive with all three strategies. Conclusion Anti-HCRTR2 autoantibody is not a significant biological feature of narcolepsy or of post Pandemrix® autoimmune responses.
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She YM, Farnsworth A, Li X, Cyr TD. Topological N-glycosylation and site-specific N-glycan sulfation of influenza proteins in the highly expressed H1N1 candidate vaccines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10232. [PMID: 28860626 PMCID: PMC5579265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of a pandemic influenza H1N1 in 2009 required the rapid generation of high-yielding vaccines against the A/California/7/2009 virus, which were achieved by either addition or deletion of a glycosylation site in the influenza proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. In this report, we have systematically evaluated the glycan composition, structural distribution and topology of glycosylation for two high-yield candidate reassortant vaccines (NIBRG-121xp and NYMC-X181A) by combining various enzymatic digestions with high performance liquid chromatography and multiple-stage mass spectrometry. Proteomic data analyses of the full-length protein sequences determined 9 N-glycosylation sites of hemagglutinin, and defined 6 N-glycosylation sites and the glycan structures of low abundance neuraminidase, which were occupied by high-mannose, hybrid and complex-type N-glycans. A total of ~300 glycopeptides were analyzed and manually validated by tandem mass spectrometry. The specific N-glycan structure and topological location of these N-glycans are highly correlated to the spatial protein structure and the residential ligand binding. Interestingly, sulfation, fucosylation and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine of N-glycans were also reliably identified at the specific glycosylation sites of the two influenza proteins that may serve a crucial role in regulating the protein structure and increasing the protein abundance of the influenza virus reassortants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Terry D Cyr
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Nicolson C, Harvey R, Engelhardt OG, Robertson JS. The Ability of a Non-Egg Adapted (Cell-Like) A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus to Egg-Adapt at HA Loci Other than 222 and 223 and Its Effect on the Yield of Viral Protein. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166761. [PMID: 27861557 PMCID: PMC5115798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) that had adapted to growth in embryonated chicken eggs by the acquisition of amino acid substitutions at HA positions 222 or 223 showed that improved protein yield could be conferred by additional amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin (HA) that arose naturally during passaging of the virus in eggs. In this study we investigated, by means of reverse genetics, the ability of a non-egg adapted (cell-like) A(H1N1)pdm09 virus to egg-adapt at HA loci other than 222/223, introducing amino acid substitutions previously identified as egg adaptations in pre-H1N1pdm09 H1N1 viruses and assessing their effect on protein yield and antigenicity. We also investigated the effect on the protein yield of these substitutions in viruses that had A(H1N1)pdm09 internal genes rather than the traditional PR8 internal genes of a CVV. The data show that a cell-like A/Christchurch/16/2010 can be egg-adapted via amino acid substitutions in at least three alternative HA loci (187, 190 and 216), in viruses with either PR8 or A/California/7/2009 internal genes, but that the effects on protein yield vary depending on the amino acid substitution and the internal genes of the virus. Since CVVs need to produce high protein yields to be suitable for vaccine manufacture, the findings of this study will assist in the future characterisation of both wild type viruses and lab-derived CVVs for vaccine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Nicolson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Robertson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
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Jacob L, Leib R, Ollila HM, Bonvalet M, Adams CM, Mignot E. Comparison of Pandemrix and Arepanrix, two pH1N1 AS03-adjuvanted vaccines differentially associated with narcolepsy development. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:44-57. [PMID: 25452148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy onset in children has been associated with the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic and vaccination with Pandemrix. However it was not clearly observed with other adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccines such as Arepanrix or Focetria. Our aim was to characterize the differences between Pandemrix and Arepanrix that might explain the risk for narcolepsy after Pandemrix vaccination using 2D-DIGE and mass spectrometry (MS). We found that Pandemrix (2009 batch) and Arepanrix (2010 batch) showed 5 main viral proteins: hemagglutinin HA1 and HA2 subunits, neuraminidase NA, nucleoprotein NP, and matrix protein MA1 and non-viral proteins from the Gallus gallus growth matrix used in the manufacturing of the vaccines. Latticed patterns of HA1, HA2 and NA indicated charge and molecular weight heterogeneity, a phenomenon likely caused by glycosylation and sulfation. Overall, Pandemrix contained more NP and NA, while Arepanrix displayed a larger diversity of viral and chicken proteins, with the exception of five chicken proteins (PDCD6IP, TSPAN8, H-FABP, HSP and TUB proteins) that were relatively more abundant in Pandemrix. Glycosylation patterns were similar in both vaccines. A higher degree of deamidation and dioxidation was found in Pandemrix, probably reflecting differential degradation across batches. Interestingly, HA1 146N (residue 129N in the mature protein) displayed a 10-fold higher deamidation in Arepanrix versus Pandemrix. In recent vaccine strains and Focetria, 146N is mutated to D which is associated with increased production yields suggesting that 146N deamidation may have also occurred during the manufacturing of Arepanrix. The presence of 146N in large relative amounts in Pandemrix and the wild type virus and in lower relative quantities in Arepanrix or other H1N1 vaccines may have affected predisposition to narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jacob
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Leib
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mélodie Bonvalet
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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10
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Johnson A, Chen LM, Winne E, Santana W, Metcalfe MG, Mateu-Petit G, Ridenour C, Hossain MJ, Villanueva J, Zaki SR, Williams TL, Cox NJ, Barr JR, Donis RO. Identification of Influenza A/PR/8/34 Donor Viruses Imparting High Hemagglutinin Yields to Candidate Vaccine Viruses in Eggs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128982. [PMID: 26068666 PMCID: PMC4465931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the important lessons learned from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic is that a high yield influenza vaccine virus is essential for efficient and timely production of pandemic vaccines in eggs. The current seasonal and pre-pandemic vaccine viruses are generated either by classical reassortment or reverse genetics. Both approaches utilize a high growth virus, generally A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8), as the donor of all or most of the internal genes, and the wild type virus recommended for inclusion in the vaccine to contribute the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes encoding the surface glycoproteins. As a result of extensive adaptation through sequential egg passaging, PR8 viruses with different gene sequences and high growth properties have been selected at different laboratories in past decades. The effect of these related but distinct internal PR8 genes on the growth of vaccine viruses in eggs has not been examined previously. Here, we use reverse genetics to analyze systematically the growth and HA antigen yield of reassortant viruses with 3 different PR8 backbones. A panel of 9 different HA/NA gene pairs in combination with each of the 3 different lineages of PR8 internal genes (27 reassortant viruses) was generated to evaluate their performance. Virus and HA yield assays showed that the PR8 internal genes influence HA yields in most subtypes. Although no single PR8 internal gene set outperformed the others in all candidate vaccine viruses, a combination of specific PR8 backbone with individual HA/NA pairs demonstrated improved HA yield and consequently the speed of vaccine production. These findings may be important both for production of seasonal vaccines and for a rapid global vaccine response during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Johnson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ROD); (LMC)
| | - Emily Winne
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wanda Santana
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maureen G. Metcalfe
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guaniri Mateu-Petit
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Callie Ridenour
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - M. Jaber Hossain
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julie Villanueva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sherif R. Zaki
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tracie L. Williams
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John R. Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ROD); (LMC)
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11
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kumar SR, Prabakaran M, Ashok raj KV, He F, Kwang J. Amino Acid Substitutions Improve the Immunogenicity of H7N7HA Protein and Protect Mice against Lethal H7N7 Viral Challenge. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128940. [PMID: 26030920 PMCID: PMC4452345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A H7N7/NL/219/03 virus creates a serious pandemic threat to human health because it can transmit directly from domestic poultry to humans and from human to human. Our previous vaccine study reported that mice when immunized intranasally (i.n) with live Bac-HA were protected from lethal H7N7/NL/219/03 challenge, whereas incomplete protection was obtained when administered subcutaneously (s.c) due to the fact that H7N7 is a poor inducer of neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, our recent vaccine studies reported that mice when vaccinated subcutaneously with Bac-HA (H7N9) was protected against both H7N9 (A/Sh2/2013) and H7N7 virus challenge. HA1 region of both H7N7 and H7N9 viruses are differ at 15 amino acid positions. Among those, we selected three amino acid positions (T143, T198 and I211) in HA1 region of H7N7. These amino acids are located within or near the receptor binding site. Following the selection, we substituted the amino acid at these three positions with amino acids found on H7N9HA wild-type. In this study, we evaluate the impact of amino acid substitutions in the H7N7 HA-protein on the immunogenicity. We generated six mutant constructs from wild-type influenza H7N7HA cDNA by site directed mutagenesis, and individually expressed mutant HA protein on the surface of baculovirus (Bac-HAm) and compared their protective efficacy of the vaccines with Bac-H7N7HA wild-type (Bac-HA) by lethal H7N7 viral challenge in a mouse model. We found that mice immunized subcutaneously with Bac-HAm constructs T143A or T198A-I211V or I211V-T143A serum showed significantly higher hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization titer against H7N7 and H7N9 viruses when compared to Bac-HA vaccinated mice groups. We also observed low level of lung viral titer, negligible weight loss and complete protection against lethal H7N7 viral challenge. Our results indicated that amino acid substitution at position 143 or 211 improve immunogenicity of H7N7HA vaccine against H7N7/NL/219/03 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subaschandrabose Rajesh kumar
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kattur Venkatachalam Ashok raj
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail:
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12
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Jacob L, Dauvilliers Y. La narcolepsie avec cataplexie : une maladie auto-immune ? Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:1136-43. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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13
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Kosoltanapiwat N, Boonyuen U, Pooruk P, Iamsirithaworn S, Mungaomklang A, Chokephaibulkit K, Auewarakul P, Puthavathana P. Amino acid substitutions in hemagglutinin of the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses that might affect the viral antigenicity. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:951. [PMID: 25539651 PMCID: PMC4308064 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During 2009 to 2012, Thailand had encountered 4 distinctive waves of the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) (H1N1pdm) outbreaks. Considering the RNA nature of the influenza viral genome, a mutation in hemagglutinin (HA) gene which led to change in antigenicity of the strains circulating during those epidemic periods is anticipated. It is also uncertain whether the A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) (CA/07) vaccine strain still confers protective immunity against those evolved viruses, the causative agents of the later epidemic waves. METHODS HA gene segments of 10 H1N1pdm isolates obtained during 2009 to 2012 were sequenced and phylogenetically analysed using ClustalW and MEGA5 programs. A total of 124 convalescent serum samples collected from patients naturally infected during 3 epidemic waves were employed as tools to investigate for antigenic change in HA of these 10 circulating H1N1pdm viruses by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. RESULTS A phylogenetic analysis showed that the 10 virus isolates were grouped into 4 clusters corresponding to the time of 4 consecutive outbreaks. An accumulation of amino acid substitutions in HA was observed in viruses derived from the late epidemic waves. Significantly lower antibody titers were observed when CA/07 was tested against convalescent sera collected from the 3 waves (p<0.05) compared to most of Thai isolates; and significantly lower antibody titers were also obtained when virus isolates, retrieved from the third epidemic wave were tested against convalescent sera collected during the first and second wave. These results were suggestive of change in antigenicity of the evolved viruses. Our results also showed some mutation position residing outside the previously reported antigenic site that may involve in an alteration of the viral antigenicity. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that convalescent sera collected from individuals naturally infected with H1N1pdm virus were successfully used to reveal a statistically significant change in antibody titers against the currently evolved H1N1pdm viruses as determined by HI assay. Nevertheless, the antibody titers of individual serum against various viruses were less than 4-folded difference as compared to that against the CA/07 vaccine strain. Therefore, CA/07 is still a potent vaccine strain for those evolved H1N1pdm viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
- />Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- />Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Phisanu Pooruk
- />Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Sopon Iamsirithaworn
- />Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000 Thailand
| | - Anek Mungaomklang
- />Thepparat-Nakhonratchasima Hospital, Nakhonratchasima, 30280 Thailand
| | - Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit
- />Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- />Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
- />Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- />Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
- />Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
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14
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She YM, Cheng K, Farnsworth A, Li X, Cyr TD. Surface modifications of influenza proteins upon virus inactivation by β-propiolactone. Proteomics 2014; 13:3537-47. [PMID: 24123778 PMCID: PMC4265195 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of intact influenza viruses using formaldehyde or β-propiolactone (BPL) is essential for vaccine production and safety. The extent of chemical modifications of such reagents on viral proteins needs to be extensively investigated to better control the reactions and quality of vaccines. We have evaluated the effect of BPL inactivation on two candidate re-assortant vaccines (NIBRG-121xp and NYMC-X181A) derived from A/California/07/2009 pandemic influenza viruses using high-resolution FT-ICR MS-based proteomic approaches. We report here an ultra performance LC MS/MS method for determining full-length protein sequences of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase through protein delipidation, various enzymatic digestions, and subsequent mass spectrometric analyses of the proteolytic peptides. We also demonstrate the ability to reliably identify hundreds of unique sites modified by propiolactone on the surface of glycoprotein antigens. The location of these modifications correlated with changes to protein folding, conformation, and stability, but demonstrated no effect on protein disulfide linkages. In some cases, these modifications resulted in suppression of protein function, an effect that correlated with the degree of change of the modified amino acids' side chain length and polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min She
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The noncovalent interactions that mediate trimerization of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are important determinants of its biological activities. Recent studies have demonstrated that mutations in the HA trimer interface affect the thermal and pH sensitivities of HA, suggesting a possible impact on vaccine stability (). We used size exclusion chromatography analysis of recombinant HA ectodomain to compare the differences among recombinant trimeric HA proteins from early 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses, which dissociate to monomers, with those of more recent virus HAs that can be expressed as trimers. We analyzed differences among the HA sequences and identified intermolecular interactions mediated by the residue at position 374 (HA0 numbering) of the HA2 subdomain as critical for HA trimer stability. Crystallographic analyses of HA from the recent H1N1 virus A/Washington/5/2011 highlight the structural basis for this observed phenotype. It remains to be seen whether more recent viruses with this mutation will yield more stable vaccines in the future. IMPORTANCE Hemagglutinins from the early 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses are unable to maintain a trimeric complex when expressed in a recombinant system. However, HAs from 2010 and 2011 strains are more stable, and our work highlights that the improvement in stability can be attributed to an E374K substitution in the HA2 subunit of the stalk that emerged naturally in the circulating viruses.
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16
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Identification of critical residues in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus H1N1pdm for vaccine virus replication in embryonated chicken eggs. J Virol 2013; 87:4642-9. [PMID: 23408613 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03271-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, we successfully produced a high-yield live attenuated H1N1pdm A/California/7/2009 vaccine (CA/09 LAIV) by substitution of three residues (K119E, A186D, and D222G) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Since then, we have generated and evaluated additional H1N1pdm vaccine candidates from viruses isolated in 2010 and 2011. The 2010 strains with the new HA substitutions near the HA receptor binding site (N125D and D127E or D127E and K209E) grew well in eggs and formed large plaques in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Introduction of these acidic amino acids into the HA of CA/09 also improved vaccine virus growth in eggs to a titer comparable to that of CA/09 LAIV. However, the high growth of A/Gilroy/231/2011 (Gil/11) vaccine virus required modification in both the HA and the NA segments. The residue at position 369 of the NA was found to be critical for virus replication in MDCK cells and eggs. These HA and NA residues had minimal impact on viral entry but greatly improved viral release from infected cells. Our data implied that the HA receptor binding and NA receptor cleaving function of the poor-growth H1N1pdm virus was not well balanced for virus replication in host cells. The high-growth vaccine candidates described in this study maintained vaccine virus antigenicity and induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies in immunized ferrets, making them suitable for vaccine production. The identification of the amino acids and their roles in viral replication should greatly help vaccine manufacturers to produce high-yield reassortant vaccine viruses against the future drifted H1N1pdm viruses.
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Falcone V, Bierbaum S, Kern W, Kontny U, Bertz H, Huzly D, Panning M. Influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin polymorphism and associated disease in southern Germany during the 2010/11 influenza season. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1297-303. [PMID: 23397331 PMCID: PMC7087040 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel influenza A virus emerged in early 2009 to cause the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. Understanding the evolution of influenza virus is crucial to determine pathogenesis, vaccine efficacy, and resistance to antiviral drugs. In this study, we investigated the molecular evolution of influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in the 2010/11 influenza season in southern Germany by sequence analysis of the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene from 25 patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease. Phylogenetic analysis revealed co-circulation of different genetic groups. The D222G mutation, which had previously been observed in severe cases, was not detected. Immunocompromised patients were not affected more severely than non-immunocompromised patients (p>0.05), although longer shedding was observed in some of them. Interestingly, additional mutations and potential glycosylation sites were detected in samples from the lower respiratory tract in two patients, but not in the corresponding upper respiratory tract specimens. The H275Y mutation in the influenza virus neuraminidase gene, known to confer resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, was detected in one patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Falcone
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Hermann-Herder Str. 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Shirakura M, Kawaguchi A, Tashiro M, Nobusawa E. Composition of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Affects the Antigen Yield of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Candidate Vaccine Viruses. Jpn J Infect Dis 2013; 66:65-8. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.66.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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