1
|
Enhanced In Vitro and In Vivo Potency of a T Cell Epitope in the Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Following Amino Acid Replacement at HLA-A*02:01 Binding Positions. J Virol 2022; 96:e0116621. [PMID: 36069549 PMCID: PMC9517714 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01166-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors and clinical studies on Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccine candidates have pinpointed the importance of a strong antibody response in protection and survival from EBOV infection. However, little is known about the T cell responses to EBOV or EBOV vaccines. We used HLA-A*02:01 (HLA-A2) transgenic mice to study HLA-A2-specific T cell responses elicited following vaccination with EBOV glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) presented with three different systems: (i) recombinant protein (rEBOV-GP), (ii) vesicular stomatitis replication-competent recombinant virus (VSV-EBOV-GP), and (iii) modified vaccinia Ankara virus recombinant (MVA-EBOV-GP). T cells from immunized animals were analyzed using peptide pools representing the entire GP region and individual peptides. Regardless of the vaccine formulation, we identified a minimal 9mer epitope containing an HLA-A2 motif (FLDPATTS), which was confirmed through HLA-A2 binding affinity and immunization studies. Using binding prediction software, we identified substitutions surrounding position 9 (S9V, P10V, and Q11V) that predicted enhanced binding to the HLA-A2 molecule. This enhanced binding was confirmed through in vitro binding studies and enhanced potency was shown with in vivo immunization studies using the enhanced sequences and the wild-type sequence. Of note, in silico studies predicted the enhanced 9mer epitope carrying the S9V substitution as the best overall HLA-A2 epitope for the full-length EBOV-GP. These results suggest that EBOV-GP-S9V and EBOV-GP-P10V represent more potent in vivo immunogens. Identification and enhancement of EBOV-specific human HLA epitopes could lead to the development of tools and reagents to induce more robust T cell responses in human subjects. IMPORTANCE Vaccine efficacy and immunity to viral infection are often measured by neutralizing antibody titers. T cells are specialized subsets of immune cells with antiviral activity, but this response is variable and difficult to track. We showed that the HLA-A2-specific T cell response to the Ebola virus glycoprotein can be enhanced significantly by a single residue substitution designed to improve an epitope binding affinity to one of the most frequent MHC alleles in the human population. This strategy could be applied to improve T cell responses to Ebola vaccines designed to elicit antibodies and adapted to target MHC alleles of populations in regions where endemic infections, like Ebola virus disease, are still causing outbreaks with concerning pandemic potential.
Collapse
|
2
|
Escalante GM, Mutsvunguma LZ, Muniraju M, Rodriguez E, Ogembo JG. Four Decades of Prophylactic EBV Vaccine Research: A Systematic Review and Historical Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867918. [PMID: 35493498 PMCID: PMC9047024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causal agent of infectious mononucleosis and has been associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. Despite decades of research efforts to combat this major global health burden, there is no approved prophylactic vaccine against EBV. To facilitate the rational design and assessment of an effective vaccine, we systematically reviewed pre-clinical and clinical prophylactic EBV vaccine studies to determine the antigens, delivery platforms, and animal models used in these studies.MethodsWe searched Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO’s Global Index Medicus, and Google Scholar from inception to June 20, 2020, for EBV prophylactic vaccine studies focused on humoral immunity.ResultsThe search yielded 5,614 unique studies. 36 pre-clinical and 4 clinical studies were included in the analysis after screening against the exclusion criteria. In pre-clinical studies, gp350 was the most commonly used immunogen (33 studies), vaccines were most commonly delivered as monomeric proteins (12 studies), and mice were the most used animal model to test immunogenicity (15 studies). According to an adaptation of the CAMARADES checklist, 4 pre-clinical studies were rated as very high, 5 as high, 13 as moderate quality, 11 as poor, and 3 as very poor. In clinical studies, gp350 was the sole vaccine antigen, delivered in a vaccinia platform (1 study) or as a monomeric protein (3 studies). The present study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020198440).ConclusionsFour major obstacles have prevented the development of an effective prophylactic EBV vaccine: undefined correlates of immune protection, lack of knowledge regarding the ideal EBV antigen(s) for vaccination, lack of an appropriate animal model to test vaccine efficacy, and lack of knowledge regarding the ideal vaccine delivery platform. Our analysis supports a multivalent antigenic approach including two or more of the five main glycoproteins involved in viral entry (gp350, gB, gH/gL, gp42) and a multimeric approach to present these antigens. We anticipate that the application of two underused challenge models, rhesus macaques susceptible to rhesus lymphocryptovirus (an EBV homolog) and common marmosets, will permit the establishment of in vivo correlates of immune protection and attainment of more generalizable data.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=198440, identifier PROSPERO I.D. CRD4202019844.
Collapse
|
3
|
Matsuda T, Tanijima T, Hirose A, Masumi-Koizumi K, Katsuda T, Yamaji H. Production of influenza virus-like particles using recombinant insect cells. Biochem Eng J 2020; 163:107757. [PMID: 32834743 PMCID: PMC7427601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced using recombinant insect cells. VLPs were produced using insect cells as host cells without using a baculovirus. A secretory form of VLPs consists of hemagglutinin and matrix protein 1. The VLP productivity is comparable to that of the baculovirus–insect cell system.
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are hollow nanoparticles composed of recombinant viral surface proteins without a virus genome. In the present study, we investigated the production of influenza VLPs using recombinant insect cells. DNA fragments encoding influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix protein 1 (M1) were cloned with the Drosophila BiP signal sequence in plasmid vectors containing a blasticidin and a neomycin resistance gene, respectively. After Trichoplusia ni BTI-TN-5B1-4 (High Five) cells were co-transfected with a pair of constructed plasmid vectors, stably transformed cells were established via incubation with blasticidin and G418. Western blot analyses showed that recombinant High Five cells secreted HA and M1 proteins into the culture supernatant. Immunoprecipitation of the culture supernatant with an anti-HA antibody and transmission electron microscopy suggested that secreted HA and M1 proteins were in a particulate structure with a morphology similar to that of an influenza virus. Hemagglutination assay indicated that expressed HA molecules retained hemagglutination activity. In a shake-flask culture, recombinant cells achieved a high HA yield (≈ 10 μg/ml) comparable to the yields obtained using the baculovirus–insect cell system. Recombinant insect cells may serve as excellent platforms for the efficient production of influenza VLPs for use as safe and effective vaccines and diagnostic antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsuda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Tanijima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akito Hirose
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masumi-Koizumi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Katsuda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamaji
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Atukorale VN, Weir JP, Meseda CA. Stability of the HSV-2 US-6 Gene in the del II, del III, CP77, and I8R- G1L Sites in Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara After Serial Passage of Recombinant Vectors in Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010137. [PMID: 32204367 PMCID: PMC7157577 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a severely attenuated strain of vaccinia virus, is a promising vector platform for viral-vectored vaccine development because of its attributes of efficient transgene expression and safety profile, among others. Thus, transgene stability in MVA is important to assure immunogenicity and efficacy. The global GC content of the MVA genome is 33%, and GC-rich sequences containing runs of C or G nucleotides have been reported to be less stable with passage of MVA vectors in cells. The production of recombinant MVA vaccines requires a number of expansion steps in cell culture, depending on production scale. We assessed the effect of extensive passage of four recombinant MVA vectors on the stability of the GC-rich herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) US6 gene encoding viral glycoprotein D (gD2) inserted at four different genomic sites, including the deletion (del) II and del III sites, the CP77 gene locus (MVA_009–MVA_013) and the I8R-G1L intergenic region. Our data indicate that after 35 passages, there was a reduction in gD2 expression from del II, del III and CP77 sites. Sequencing analysis implicated US6 deletion and mutational events as responsible for the loss of gD2 expression. By contrast, 85.9% of recombinant plaques expressed gD2 from the I8R-G1L site, suggesting better accommodation of transgenes in this intergenic region. Thus, the I8R-G1L intergenic region may be more useful for transgene insertion for enhanced stability.
Collapse
|
5
|
Durous L, Rosa-Calatrava M, Petiot E. Advances in influenza virus-like particles bioprocesses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1285-1300. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1704262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Durous
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emma Petiot
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Plant-derived virus-like particle vaccines drive cross-presentation of influenza A hemagglutinin peptides by human monocyte-derived macrophages. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:17. [PMID: 31123605 PMCID: PMC6520342 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the importance of T cell responses to protect against severe influenza, promote viral clearance, and ensure long-term immunity. Plant-derived virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines bearing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) have been shown to elicit strong humoral and CD4+ T cell responses in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. To better understand the immunogenicity of these vaccines, we tracked the intracellular fate of a model HA (A/California/07/2009 H1N1) in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) following delivery either as VLPs (H1-VLP) or in soluble form. Compared to exposure to soluble HA, pulsing with VLPs resulted in ~3-fold greater intracellular accumulation of HA at 15 min that was driven by clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis as well as macropinocytosis/phagocytosis. At 45 min, soluble HA had largely disappeared suggesting its handling primarily by high-degradative endosomal pathways. Although the overall fluorescence intensity/cell had declined 25% at 45 min after H1-VLP exposure, the endosomal distribution pattern and degree of aggregation suggested that HA delivered by VLP had entered both high-degradative late and low-degradative static early and/or recycling endosomal pathways. At 45 min in the cells pulsed with VLPs, HA was strongly co-localized with Rab5, Rab7, Rab11, MHC II, and MHC I. High-resolution tandem mass spectrometry identified 115 HA-derived peptides associated with MHC I in the H1-VLP-treated MDMs. These data suggest that HA delivery to antigen-presenting cells on plant-derived VLPs facilitates antigen uptake, endosomal processing, and cross-presentation. These observations may help to explain the broad and cross-reactive immune responses generated by these vaccines. Producing vaccines in plants can have several important advantages, including scalability and relatively low cost. Brian J. Ward and colleagues at McGill University examine the intracellular processing of a plant-derived virus-like particle (VLP) expressing influenza hemagglutinin H1 (H1-VLP) and compare this systematically with soluble monomeric H1. Human monocyte-derived macrophages rapidly take up soluble H1 via degradative pathways resulting in its poor presentation by MHC class I. In contrast, multiple endocytic and pinocytic mechanisms are used to internalize H1-VLP, including handling by non-degradative pathways which favors efficient cross-presentation by MHC class I. This specialized intracellular handling of plant-derived VLPs might underlie their ability to stimulate robust CD8+ T cell responses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Meseda CA, Atukorale V, Soto J, Eichelberger MC, Gao J, Wang W, Weiss CD, Weir JP. Immunogenicity and Protection Against Influenza H7N3 in Mice by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vectors Expressing Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin or Neuraminidase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5364. [PMID: 29599502 PMCID: PMC5876369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza subtypes such as H7 have pandemic potential since they are able to infect humans with severe consequences, as evidenced by the ongoing H7N9 infections in China that began in 2013. The diversity of H7 viruses calls for a broadly cross-protective vaccine for protection. We describe the construction of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) from three H7 viruses representing both Eurasian and North American H7 lineages – A/mallard/Netherlands/12/2000 (H7N3), A/Canada/rv444/2004 (H7N3), and A/Shanghai/02/2013 (H7N9). These vectors were evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against H7N3 virus in a murine model of intranasal challenge. High levels of H7-, N3-, and N9-specific antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies, were induced by the MVA-HA and MVA-NA vectors. Mice vaccinated with MVA vectors expressing any of the H7 antigens were protected, suggesting cross-protection among H7 viruses. In addition, MVA vectors expressing N3 but not N9 elicited protection against H7N3 virus challenge. Similar outcomes were obtained when immune sera from MVA vector-immunized mice were passively transferred to naïve mice prior to challenge with the H7N3 virus. The results support the further development of an MVA vector platform as a candidate vaccine for influenza strains with pandemic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clement A Meseda
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Vajini Atukorale
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jackeline Soto
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jin Gao
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ustinov NB, Zavyalova EG, Smirnova IG, Kopylov AM. The Power and Limitations of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Assays. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 82:1234-1248. [PMID: 29223151 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs) are surface proteins that bind to sialic acid residues at the host cell surface and ensure further virus internalization. Development of methods for the inhibition of these processes drives progress in the design of new antiviral drugs. The state of the isolated HA (i.e. combining tertiary structure and extent of oligomerization) is defined by multiple factors, like the HA source and purification method, posttranslational modifications, pH, etc. The HA state affects HA functional activity and significantly impacts the results of numerous HA assays. In this review, we analyze the power and limitations of currently used HA assays regarding the state of HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N B Ustinov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vasudevan A, Woerner A, Schmeisser F, Verma S, Williams O, Weir JP. Potency determination of inactivated H7 influenza vaccines using monoclonal antibody-based ELISA and biolayer interferometry assays. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 12:250-258. [PMID: 29152878 PMCID: PMC5820428 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, the accepted method for determining potency of inactivated influenza vaccines, measures an immunogenic form of the influenza hemagglutinin. Nevertheless, alternative methods for measuring vaccine potency have been explored to address some of the weaknesses of the SRID assay, including limited sensitivity and the requirement for large amounts of standardized reagents. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)‐based potency assays also have the ability to detect and measure relevant immunogenic forms of HA. Objectives The objective of this study was to continue evaluation of mAb‐based alternative methods for measuring the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines, focusing on A(H7N9) pandemic influenza vaccines. Methods Several murine mAbs that recognize different epitopes on the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) were identified and characterized. These mAbs were evaluated in both a mAb‐capture ELISA and a mAb‐based biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay. Results Results indicated that potency of inactivated A(H7N9) vaccines, including vaccine samples that were stressed by heat treatment, measured by either alternative method correlated well with potency determined by the traditional SRID potency assay. Conclusions The availability of multiple H7 mAbs, directed to different HA epitopes, provides needed redundancy in the potency analysis as A(H7N9) viruses continue to evolve antigenically and suggests the importance of having a broad, well‐characterized panel of mAbs available for development of vaccines against influenza strains with pandemic potential. In addition, the results highlight the potential of mAb‐based platform such as ELISA and BLI for development as alternative methods for determining the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vasudevan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Amy Woerner
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Swati Verma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ollie Williams
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Verma S, Soto J, Vasudevan A, Schmeisser F, Alvarado-Facundo E, Wang W, Weiss CD, Weir JP. Determination of influenza B identity and potency in quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines using lineage-specific monoclonal antibodies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175733. [PMID: 28423025 PMCID: PMC5396888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-circulation of two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of influenza B virus, represented by prototype viruses B/Victoria/2/1987 and B/Yamagata/16/1988, has led to the development of quadrivalent influenza vaccines that contain two influenza B antigens. The inclusion of two influenza B antigens presents challenges for the production and regulation of inactivated quadrivalent vaccines, including the potential for cross-reactivity of the reagents used in identity and potency assays because of the relative close relatedness of the hemagglutinin (HA) from the two virus lineages. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the two lineages of influenza B HA were generated and characterized and used to set-up simple identity tests that distinguish the influenza B antigens in inactivated trivalent and quadrivalent vaccines. The lineage-specific mAbs bound well to the HA of influenza B strains included in influenza vaccines over a period of more than 10 years, suggesting that identity tests using such lineage-specific mAbs would not necessarily have to be updated with every influenza B vaccine strain change. These lineage-specific mAbs were also used in an antibody capture ELISA format to quantify HA in vaccine samples, including monovalent, trivalent, and quadrivalent vaccine samples from various manufacturers. The results demonstrated correlation with HA values determined by the traditional single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. Further, the antibody-capture ELISA was able to distinguish heat-stressed vaccine from unstressed vaccine, and was similar to the SRID in quantifying the resultant loss of potency. These mAb reagents should be useful for further development of antibody-based alternative influenza B identity and potency assays.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodiffusion/methods
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/analysis
- Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Protein Binding
- Vaccines, Inactivated
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Zygote/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Verma
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jackeline Soto
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Anupama Vasudevan
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Esmeralda Alvarado-Facundo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu CMJ, Chien CY, Liu MT, Fang ZS, Chang SY, Juang RH, Chang SC, Chen HW. Multi-antigen avian influenza a (H7N9) virus-like particles: particulate characterizations and immunogenicity evaluation in murine and avian models. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:2. [PMID: 28061848 PMCID: PMC5219756 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infection with avian influenza A virus (H7N9) was first reported in China in March 2013. Since then, hundreds of cases have been confirmed showing severe symptoms with a high mortality rate. The virus was transmitted from avian species to humans and has spread to many neighboring areas, raising serious concerns over its pandemic potential. Towards containing the disease, the goal of this study is to prepare a virus-like particle (VLP) that consists of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein 1 (M1) derived from the human isolate A/Taiwan/S02076/2013(H7N9) for potential vaccine development. RESULTS Full length HA, NA, and M1 protein genes were cloned and expressed using a baculoviral expression system, and the VLPs were generated by co-infecting insect cells with three respective recombinant baculoviruses. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy were applied to verify the VLPs' structure and antigenicity, and the multiplicity of infection of the recombinant baculoviruses was adjusted to achieve the highest hemagglutination activity. In animal experiments, BALB/c mice and specific-pathogen-free chickens receiving the VLP immunization showed elevated hemagglutination inhibition serum titer and antibodies against NA and M1 proteins. In addition, examination of cellular immunity showed the VLP-immunized mice and chickens exhibited an increased splenic antigen-specific cytokines production. CONCLUSIONS The H7N9 VLPs possess desirable immunogenicity in vivo and may serve as a candidate for vaccine development against avian influenza A (H7N9) infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yang Chien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Liu
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Syun Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Huay Juang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chung Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu J, Dai S, Wang M, Hu Z, Wang H, Deng F. Virus like particle-based vaccines against emerging infectious disease viruses. Virol Sin 2016; 31:279-87. [PMID: 27405928 PMCID: PMC7090901 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are major threats to human health. Most severe viral disease outbreaks occur in developing regions where health conditions are poor. With increased international travel and business, the possibility of eventually transmitting infectious viruses between different countries is increasing. The most effective approach in preventing viral diseases is vaccination. However, vaccines are not currently available for numerous viral diseases. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are engineered vaccine candidates that have been studied for decades. VLPs are constructed by viral protein expression in various expression systems that promote the selfassembly of proteins into structures resembling virus particles. VLPs have antigenicity similar to that of the native virus, but are non-infectious as they lack key viral genetic material. VLP vaccines have attracted considerable research interest because they offer several advantages over traditional vaccines. Studies have shown that VLP vaccines can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses, which may offer effective antiviral protection. Here we review recent developments with VLP-based vaccines for several highly virulent emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases. The infectious agents discussed include RNA viruses from different virus families, such as the Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Togaviridae families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shiyu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quan FS, Lee YT, Kim KH, Kim MC, Kang SM. Progress in developing virus-like particle influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1281-93. [PMID: 27058302 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1175942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) or nanoparticles have been successful in their safety and efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. The technology of expressing enveloped VLP vaccines has combined with molecular engineering of proteins in membrane-anchor and immunogenic forms mimicking the native conformation of surface proteins on the enveloped viruses. This review summarizes recent developments in influenza VLP vaccines against seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza viruses from the perspective of use in humans. The immunogenicity and efficacies of influenza VLP vaccine in the homologous and cross-protection were reviewed. Discussions include limitations of current influenza vaccination strategies and future directions to confer broadly cross protective new influenza vaccines as well as vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shi Quan
- a Department of Medical Zoology , Kyung Hee University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- b Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- b Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- b Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA.,c Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon , Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- b Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meseda CA, Atukorale V, Kuhn J, Schmeisser F, Weir JP. Percutaneous Vaccination as an Effective Method of Delivery of MVA and MVA-Vectored Vaccines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149364. [PMID: 26895072 PMCID: PMC4760941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The robustness of immune responses to an antigen could be dictated by the route of vaccine inoculation. Traditional smallpox vaccines, essentially vaccinia virus strains, that were used in the eradication of smallpox were administered by percutaneous inoculation (skin scarification). The modified vaccinia virus Ankara is licensed as a smallpox vaccine in Europe and Canada and currently undergoing clinical development in the United States. MVA is also being investigated as a vector for the delivery of heterologous genes for prophylactic or therapeutic immunization. Since MVA is replication-deficient, MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines are often inoculated through the intramuscular, intradermal or subcutaneous routes. Vaccine inoculation via the intramuscular, intradermal or subcutaneous routes requires the use of injection needles, and an estimated 10 to 20% of the population of the United States has needle phobia. Following an observation in our laboratory that a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus derived from the New York City Board of Health strain elicited protective immune responses in a mouse model upon inoculation by tail scarification, we investigated whether MVA and MVA recombinants can elicit protective responses following percutaneous administration in mouse models. Our data suggest that MVA administered by percutaneous inoculation, elicited vaccinia-specific antibody responses, and protected mice from lethal vaccinia virus challenge, at levels comparable to or better than subcutaneous or intramuscular inoculation. High titers of specific neutralizing antibodies were elicited in mice inoculated with a recombinant MVA expressing the herpes simplex type 2 glycoprotein D after scarification. Similarly, a recombinant MVA expressing the hemagglutinin of attenuated influenza virus rgA/Viet Nam/1203/2004 (H5N1) elicited protective immune responses when administered at low doses by scarification. Taken together, our data suggest that MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines inoculated by scarification can elicit protective immune responses that are comparable to subcutaneous vaccination, and may allow for antigen sparing when vaccine supply is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clement A. Meseda
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vajini Atukorale
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Jordan Kuhn
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schmeisser F, Jing X, Joshi M, Vasudevan A, Soto J, Li X, Choudhary A, Baichoo N, Resnick J, Ye Z, McCormick W, Weir JP. A novel approach for preparation of the antisera reagent for potency determination of inactivated H7N9 influenza vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:134-40. [PMID: 26616263 PMCID: PMC4746557 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potency of inactivated influenza vaccines is determined using a single‐radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay and requires standardized reagents consisting of a Reference Antigen and an influenza strain‐specific antiserum. Timely availability of reagents is a critical step in influenza vaccine production, and the need for backup approaches for reagent preparation is an important component of pandemic preparedness. Objectives When novel H7N9 viruses emerged in China in 2013, candidate inactivated H7N9 influenza vaccines were developed for evaluation in clinical trials, and reagents were needed to measure vaccine potency. Methods We previously described an alternative approach for generating strain‐specific potency antisera, utilizing modified vaccinia virus Ankara vectors to produce influenza hemagglutinin (HA)‐containing virus‐like particles (VLPs) for immunization. Vector‐produced HA antigen is not dependent upon the success of the traditional bromelain‐digestion and HA purification. Results Antiserum for H7N9 vaccines, produced after immunization of sheep with preparations of bromelain‐HA (br‐HA), was not optimal for the SRID assay, and the supply of antiserum was limited. However, antiserum obtained from sheep boosted with VLPs containing H7 HA greatly improved the ring quality in the SRID assay. Importantly, this antiserum worked well with both egg‐ and cell‐derived antigen and was distributed to vaccine manufacturers. Conclusions Utilizing a previously developed approach for preparing vaccine potency antiserum, we have addressed a major bottleneck encountered in preparation of H7N9 vaccine reagents. The combination of br‐HA and mammalian VLPs for sequential immunization represents the first use of an alternative approach for producing an influenza vaccine potency antiserum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xianghong Jing
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Manju Joshi
- Division of Biological Standards and Quality Control, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anupama Vasudevan
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jackeline Soto
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xing Li
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anil Choudhary
- Division of Biological Standards and Quality Control, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Noel Baichoo
- Division of Biological Standards and Quality Control, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Josephine Resnick
- Division of Biological Standards and Quality Control, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - William McCormick
- Division of Biological Standards and Quality Control, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schmeisser F, Vasudevan A, Verma S, Wang W, Alvarado E, Weiss C, Atukorale V, Meseda C, Weir JP. Antibodies to antigenic site A of influenza H7 hemagglutinin provide protection against H7N9 challenge. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117108. [PMID: 25629172 PMCID: PMC4309539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying major antigenic and protective epitopes of the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) will be important for understanding the antibody response to vaccines developed against the novel influenza H7N9 viruses that emerged in China in 2013. To facilitate antigenic characterization of the H7N9 HA and to develop reagents for evaluation of H7N9 candidate vaccines, we generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the HA of A/Shanghai/2/2013 using mammalian cell-derived virus-like particles (VLP) containing the H7 HA. Neutralizing antibodies identified an HA epitope corresponding to antigenic site A on the structurally similar influenza H3 hemagglutinin. Importantly, the neutralizing antibodies protect against A/Shanghai/2/2013 challenge. This antigenic site is conserved among many H7 viruses, including strains of both Eurasian and North American lineage, and the isolated neutralizing antibodies are cross-reactive with older H7 vaccine strains. The results indicate that the identified antigenic site is a potentially important protective epitope and suggest the potential benefit of cross-reactive antibody responses to vaccination with H7 candidate vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Anupama Vasudevan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Swati Verma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Esmeralda Alvarado
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Carol Weiss
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Vajini Atukorale
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Clement Meseda
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmeisser F, Vasudevan A, Soto J, Kumar A, Williams O, Weir JP. A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for measuring the potency of 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:587-95. [PMID: 25087462 PMCID: PMC4181825 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potency of inactivated influenza vaccines is determined using a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. This assay is relatively easy to standardize, it is not technically demanding, and it is capable of measuring the potency of several vaccine strain subtypes in a multivalent vaccine. Nevertheless, alternative methods that retain the major advantages of the SRID, but with a greater dynamic range of measurement and with reduced reagent requirements, are needed. Objectives The feasibility of an ELISA-based assay format was explored as an alternative potency assay for inactivated influenza vaccines. Methods Several murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), specific for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), were evaluated for their potential to capture and quantify HA antigen. Vaccine samples, obtained from four licensed influenza vaccine manufacturers, included monovalent bulk vaccine, monovalent vaccine, and trivalent vaccine. Traditional SRID potency assays were run in parallel with the mAb–ELISA potency assay using the reference antigen standard appropriate for the vaccine samples being tested. Results The results indicated that the ELISA potency assay can quantify HA over a wide range of concentrations, including vaccine at subpotent doses, and the ELISA and SRID potency values correlated well for most vaccine samples. Importantly, the assay was capable of quantifying A/California HA in a trivalent formulation. Conclusions This study demonstrates the general feasibility of the mAb approach and strongly suggests that such ELISAs have potential for continued development as an alternative method to assay the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thompson CM, Petiot E, Lennaertz A, Henry O, Kamen AA. Analytical technologies for influenza virus-like particle candidate vaccines: challenges and emerging approaches. Virol J 2013; 10:141. [PMID: 23642219 PMCID: PMC3655918 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus-like particle vaccines are one of the most promising ways to respond to the threat of future influenza pandemics. VLPs are composed of viral antigens but lack nucleic acids making them non-infectious which limit the risk of recombination with wild-type strains. By taking advantage of the advancements in cell culture technologies, the process from strain identification to manufacturing has the potential to be completed rapidly and easily at large scales. After closely reviewing the current research done on influenza VLPs, it is evident that the development of quantification methods has been consistently overlooked. VLP quantification at all stages of the production process has been left to rely on current influenza quantification methods (i.e. Hemagglutination assay (HA), Single Radial Immunodiffusion assay (SRID), NA enzymatic activity assays, Western blot, Electron Microscopy). These are analytical methods developed decades ago for influenza virions and final bulk influenza vaccines. Although these methods are time-consuming and cumbersome they have been sufficient for the characterization of final purified material. Nevertheless, these analytical methods are impractical for in-line process monitoring because VLP concentration in crude samples generally falls out of the range of detection for these methods. This consequently impedes the development of robust influenza-VLP production and purification processes. Thus, development of functional process analytical techniques, applicable at every stage during production, that are compatible with different production platforms is in great need to assess, optimize and exploit the full potential of novel manufacturing platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Thompson
- National Research Council Canada, Vaccine Program – Human Health therapeutics Portfolio, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Emma Petiot
- National Research Council Canada, Vaccine Program – Human Health therapeutics Portfolio, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Lennaertz
- National Research Council Canada, Vaccine Program – Human Health therapeutics Portfolio, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- National Research Council Canada, Vaccine Program – Human Health therapeutics Portfolio, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmeisser F, Friedman R, Besho J, Lugovtsev V, Soto J, Wang W, Weiss C, Williams O, Xie H, Ye Z, Weir JP. Neutralizing and protective epitopes of the 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 hemagglutinin. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:480-90. [PMID: 23122228 PMCID: PMC5779835 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND METHODS To facilitate antigenic characterization of the influenza A 2009 pandemic H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] hemagglutinin (HA), we generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using as the immunogen mammalian-derived virus-like particles containing the HA of the A/California/04/2009 virus. The antibodies were specific for the A/California/04/2009 HA, and individual mAbs suitable for use in several practical applications including ELISA, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis were identified. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS As the panel of mAbs included antibodies with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralizing activities, this allowed identification and characterization of potentially important antigenic and neutralizing epitopes of the A/California/04/2009 HA and comparison of those epitopes with the HAs of other influenza viruses including seasonal H1N1 viruses as well as the A/South Carolina/1918 and A/New Jersey/1976 H1N1 viruses. Three mAbs with the highest HI and neutralizing titers were able to provide passive protection against virus challenge. Two other mAbs without HI or neutralizing activities were able to provide partial protection against challenge. HA epitopes recognized by the strongest neutralizing mAbs in the panel were identified by isolation and selection of virus escape mutants in the presence of individual mAbs. Cloned viruses resistant to HI and antibody neutralization were sequenced to identify mutations, and two unique mutations (D127E and G155E) were identified, both near the antigenic site Sa. Using human post-vaccination sera, however, there were no differences in HI titer between A/California/04/2009 and either escape mutant, suggesting that these single mutations were not sufficient to abrogate a protective antibody response to the vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Patel A, Kobinger GP. Evaluation of mismatched immunity against influenza viruses. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prior immunity against influenza A viruses generates sterilizing immunity against matched (homologous) viruses and varying levels of protection against mismatched (heterologous) viruses of the same or different subtypes. Natural immunity carries the risk of high morbidity and mortality, therefore immunization offers the best preventative measure. Antibody responses against the viral hemagglutinin protein correlate with protection in humans and evidence increasingly supports a role for robust cellular immune responses. By exploiting mismatched immunity, current conventional and experimental vaccine candidates can improve the generation of cross-protective immune responses against heterologous viruses. Experimental vaccines such as virus-like particles, DNA vectors, viral vectors and broadly neutralizing antibodies are able to expand cross-protection through mismatched B- and T-cell responses. However, the generation of mismatched immune responses can also have the opposite effect and impair protective immunity. This review discusses mismatched immunity in the context of natural infection and immunization. Additionally, we discuss strategies to exploit mismatched immunity in order to improve current conventional and experimental influenza A virus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- San Raffaele-Telethon Institute of Gene Therapy (hSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy, 20132
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Special Pathogens Programme, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human & Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3R2
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lack of interference with immunogenicity of a chimeric alphavirus replicon particle-based influenza vaccine by preexisting antivector immunity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:991-8. [PMID: 22623651 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00031-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antivector immunity has been recognized as a potential caveat of using virus-based vaccines. In the present study, an alphavirus-based replicon particle vaccine platform, which has demonstrated robust immunogenicity in animal models, was tested for effects of antivector immunity on immunogenicity against hemagglutinin of influenza virus as a target antigen and efficacy for protection against lethal challenge with the virus. Chimeric alphavirus-based replicon particles, comprising Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nonstructural and Sindbis virus structural components, induced efficient protective antibody responses, which were not adversely influenced after multiple immunizations with the same vector expressing various antigens.
Collapse
|