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Yu D, Xiang G, Zhu W, Lei X, Li B, Meng Y, Yang L, Jiao H, Li X, Huang W, Wei H, Zhang Y, Hai Y, Zhang H, Yue H, Zou S, Zhao X, Li C, Ao D, Zhang Y, Tan M, Liu J, Zhang X, Gao GF, Meng L, Wang D. The re-emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses in humans in mainland China, 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31138362 PMCID: PMC6540644 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.21.1900273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After no reported human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 for over a year, a case with severe disease occurred in late March 2019. Among HPAI H7N9 viral sequences, those recovered from the case and from environmental samples of a poultry slaughtering stall near their home formed a distinct clade from 2017 viral sequences. Several mutations possibly associated to antigenic drift occurred in the haemagglutinin gene, potentially warranting update of H7N9 vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshan Yu
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou China.,These authors contributed equally in this study as first authors
| | - Guofeng Xiang
- Jiuquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, China.,These authors contributed equally in this study as first authors
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally in this study as first authors
| | - Xia Lei
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohehot, China.,These authors contributed equally in this study as first authors
| | - Baodi Li
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou China
| | - Yao Meng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Jiao
- Alasan League Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Alasan, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Hejiang Wei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Hai
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohehot, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou China
| | - Hua Yue
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohehot, China
| | - Shumei Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Ao
- Alasan League Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Alasan, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Minju Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Alasan League Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Alasan, China
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Meng
- These authors contributed equally as last authors in this study.,Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou China
| | - Dayan Wang
- These authors contributed equally as last authors in this study.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
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2
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Sun X, Belser JA, Yang H, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Pappas C, Brock N, Zeng H, Creager HM, Stevens J, Maines TR. Identification of key hemagglutinin residues responsible for cleavage, acid stability, and virulence of fifth-wave highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses. Virology 2019; 535:232-240. [PMID: 31325838 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that despite no airborne transmissibility increase compared to low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, select human isolates of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus exhibit greater virulence in animal models and a lower threshold pH for fusion. In the current study, we utilized both in vitro and in vivo approaches to identify key residues responsible for hemagglutinin (HA) intracellular cleavage, acid stability, and virulence in mice. We found that the four amino acid insertion (-KRTA-) at the HA cleavage site of A/Taiwan/1/2017 virus is essential for HA intracellular cleavage and contributes to disease in mice. Furthermore, a lysine to glutamic acid mutation at position HA2-64 increased the threshold pH for HA activation, reduced virus stability, and replication in mice. Identification of a key residue responsible for enhanced acid stability of A(H7N9) viruses is of great significance for future surveillance activities and improvements in vaccine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hannah M Creager
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Yan Q, Tang S, Jin Z, Xiao Y. Identifying Risk Factors Of A(H7N9) Outbreak by Wavelet Analysis and Generalized Estimating Equation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16081311. [PMID: 31013684 PMCID: PMC6518036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Five epidemic waves of A(H7N9) occurred between March 2013 and May 2017 in China. However, the potential risk factors associated with disease transmission remain unclear. To address the spatial–temporal distribution of the reported A(H7N9) human cases (hereafter referred to as “cases”), statistical description and geographic information systems were employed. Based on long-term observation data, we found that males predominated the majority of A(H7N9)-infected individuals and that most males were middle-aged or elderly. Further, wavelet analysis was used to detect the variation in time-frequency between A(H7N9) cases and meteorological factors. Moreover, we formulated a Poisson regression model to explore the relationship among A(H7N9) cases and meteorological factors, the number of live poultry markets (LPMs), population density and media coverage. The main results revealed that the impact factors of A(H7N9) prevalence are manifold, and the number of LPMs has a significantly positive effect on reported A(H7N9) cases, while the effect of weekly average temperature is significantly negative. This confirms that the interaction of multiple factors could result in a serious A(H7N9) outbreak. Therefore, public health departments adopting the corresponding management measures based on both the number of LPMs and the forecast of meteorological conditions are crucial for mitigating A(H7N9) prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinling Yan
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Sanyi Tang
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zhen Jin
- Complex System Research center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Yanni Xiao
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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4
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Yang H, Carney PJ, Chang JC, Guo Z, Stevens J. Structural and Molecular Characterization of the Hemagglutinin from the Fifth-Epidemic-Wave A(H7N9) Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2018; 92:e00375-18. [PMID: 29848588 PMCID: PMC6069181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00375-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus continues to cause human infections in China and is a major ongoing public health concern. Five epidemic waves of A(H7N9) infection have occurred since 2013, and the recent fifth epidemic wave saw the emergence of two distinct lineages with elevated numbers of human infection cases and broader geographic distribution of viral diseases compared to the first four epidemic waves. Moreover, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) viruses were also isolated during the fifth epidemic wave. Here, we present a detailed structural and biochemical analysis of the surface hemagglutinin (HA) antigen from viruses isolated during this recent epidemic wave. Results highlight that, compared to the 2013 virus HAs, the fifth-wave virus HAs remained a weak binder to human glycan receptor analogs. We also studied three mutations, V177K-K184T-G219S, that were recently reported to switch a 2013 A(H7N9) HA to human-type receptor specificity. Our results indicate that these mutations could also switch the H7 HA receptor preference to a predominantly human binding specificity for both fifth-wave H7 HAs analyzed in this study.IMPORTANCE The A(H7N9) viruses circulating in China are of great public health concern. Here, we report a molecular and structural study of the major surface proteins from several recent A(H7N9) influenza viruses. Our results improve the understanding of these evolving viruses and provide important information on their receptor preference that is central to ongoing pandemic risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul J Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessie C Chang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Wan H, Qi L, Gao J, Couzens LK, Jiang L, Gao Y, Sheng ZM, Fong S, Hahn M, Khurana S, Taubenberger JK, Eichelberger MC. Comparison of the Efficacy of N9 Neuraminidase-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies against Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:e01588-17. [PMID: 29167344 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01588-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fifth wave of A(H7N9) virus infection in China from 2016 to 2017 caused great concern due to the large number of individuals infected, the isolation of drug-resistant viruses, and the emergence of highly pathogenic strains. Antibodies against neuraminidase (NA) provide added benefit to hemagglutinin-specific immunity and may be important contributors to the effectiveness of A(H7N9) vaccines. We generated a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to identify antigenic domains on NA of the novel A(H7N9) virus and compared their functional properties. The loop formed in the region of residue 250 (250 loop) and the domain formed by the loops containing residues 370, 400, and 430 were identified as major antigenic regions. MAbs 1E8, 2F6, 10F4, and 11B2, which recognize these two antigenic domains, were characterized in depth. These four MAbs differ in their abilities to inhibit cleavage of small and large substrates (methyl-umbelliferyl-acetyl neuraminic acid [MU-NANA] and fetuin, respectively) in NA inhibition assays. 1E8 and 11B2 did not inhibit NA cleavage of either MU-NANA or fetuin, and 2F6 inhibited cleavage of fetuin alone, whereas 10F4 inhibited cleavage of both substrates. All four MAbs reduced the in vitro spread of viruses carrying either the wild-type N9 or N9 with antiviral-resistant mutations but to different degrees. These MAbs have different in vivo levels of effectiveness: 10F4 was the most effective in protecting mice against challenge with A(H7N9) virus, 2F6 was less effective, and 11B2 failed to protect BALB/c mice at the doses tested. Our study confirms that NA-specific antibodies can protect against A(H7N9) infection and suggests that in vitro properties can be used to rank antibodies with therapeutic potential.IMPORTANCE The novel A(H7N9) viruses that emerged in China in 2013 continue to infect humans, with a high fatality rate. The most recent outbreak resulted in a larger number of human cases than previous epidemic waves. Due to the absence of a licensed vaccine and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses, there is a need to develop alternative approaches to prevent or treat A(H7N9) infection. We have made a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for neuraminidase (NA) of A(H7N9) viruses; some of these MAbs are effective in inhibiting viruses that are resistant to antivirals used to treat A(H7N9) patients. Binding avidity, inhibition of NA activity, and plaque formation correlated with the effectiveness of these MAbs to protect mice against lethal A(H7N9) virus challenge. This study identifies in vitro measures that can be used to predict the in vivo efficacy of NA-specific antibodies, providing a way to select MAbs for further therapeutic development.
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6
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Wu J, Lu J, Faria NR, Zeng X, Song Y, Zou L, Yi L, Liang L, Ni H, Kang M, Zhang X, Huang G, Zhong H, Bowden TA, Raghwani J, He J, He X, Lin J, Koopmans M, Pybus OG, Ke C. Effect of Live Poultry Market Interventions on Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, Guangdong, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:2104-2112. [PMID: 27869613 PMCID: PMC5189139 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since March 2013, three waves of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus have been detected in China. To investigate virus transmission within and across epidemic waves, we used surveillance data and whole-genome analysis of viruses sampled in Guangdong during 2013-2015. We observed a geographic shift of human A(H7N9) infections from the second to the third waves. Live poultry market interventions were undertaken in epicenter cities; however, spatial phylogenetic analysis indicated that the third-wave outbreaks in central Guangdong most likely resulted from local virus persistence rather than introduction from elsewhere. Although the number of clinical cases in humans declined by 35% from the second to the third waves, the genetic diversity of third-wave viruses in Guangdong increased. Our results highlight the epidemic risk to a region reporting comparatively few A(H7N9) cases. Moreover, our results suggest that live-poultry market interventions cannot completely halt A(H7N9) virus persistence and dissemination.
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Vasudevan A, Woerner A, Schmeisser F, Verma S, Williams O, Weir JP. Potency determination of inactivated H7 influenza vaccines using monoclonal antibody-based ELISA and biolayer interferometry assays. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 12:250-258. [PMID: 29152878 PMCID: PMC5820428 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, the accepted method for determining potency of inactivated influenza vaccines, measures an immunogenic form of the influenza hemagglutinin. Nevertheless, alternative methods for measuring vaccine potency have been explored to address some of the weaknesses of the SRID assay, including limited sensitivity and the requirement for large amounts of standardized reagents. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)‐based potency assays also have the ability to detect and measure relevant immunogenic forms of HA. Objectives The objective of this study was to continue evaluation of mAb‐based alternative methods for measuring the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines, focusing on A(H7N9) pandemic influenza vaccines. Methods Several murine mAbs that recognize different epitopes on the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) were identified and characterized. These mAbs were evaluated in both a mAb‐capture ELISA and a mAb‐based biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay. Results Results indicated that potency of inactivated A(H7N9) vaccines, including vaccine samples that were stressed by heat treatment, measured by either alternative method correlated well with potency determined by the traditional SRID potency assay. Conclusions The availability of multiple H7 mAbs, directed to different HA epitopes, provides needed redundancy in the potency analysis as A(H7N9) viruses continue to evolve antigenically and suggests the importance of having a broad, well‐characterized panel of mAbs available for development of vaccines against influenza strains with pandemic potential. In addition, the results highlight the potential of mAb‐based platform such as ELISA and BLI for development as alternative methods for determining the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vasudevan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Amy Woerner
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Swati Verma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ollie Williams
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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8
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Abstract
Acute respiratory infections are one of the top five causes of mortality worldwide and contribute to >4 million deaths per year. Consequently, emerging respiratory viruses are a continuing threat to global health security and have the potential to affect our economies. Since the millennium, there have been around a dozen different outbreaks, several capturing international interest. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus saw the beginning of an extensive global collaboration and has influenced many outbreak preparedness protocols now in place. Avian influenza is a particular threat, with cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) reported most recently. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus is causing continuing concerns with outbreaks in the Arabian Peninsula. Healthcare facilities worldwide play a crucial role in identifying threats and must be vigilant. Particularly important is identifying and managing emerging respiratory viruses when they are infrequently encountered. Surveillance, continuing research, vaccine and treatment developments are key to guiding the efforts and actions of healthcare workers, international health organizations, governments and other stakeholders. Each individual has a part to play in protecting our global health.
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9
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Gubareva LV, Sleeman K, Guo Z, Yang H, Hodges E, Davis CT, Baranovich T, Stevens J. Drug Susceptibility Evaluation of an Influenza A(H7N9) Virus by Analyzing Recombinant Neuraminidase Proteins. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S566-S574. [PMID: 28934455 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the recommended antiviral medications for influenza treatment. However, their therapeutic efficacy can be compromised by NA changes that emerge naturally and/or following antiviral treatment. Knowledge of which molecular changes confer drug resistance of influenza A(H7N9) viruses (group 2NA) remains sparse. Methods Fourteen amino acid substitutions were introduced into the NA of A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9). Recombinant N9 (recN9) proteins were expressed in a baculovirus system in insect cells and tested using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standardized NA inhibition (NI) assay with oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, and laninamivir. The wild-type N9 crystal structure was determined in complex with oseltamivir, zanamivir, or sialic acid, and structural analysis was performed. Results All substitutions conferred either reduced or highly reduced inhibition by at least 1 NA inhibitor; half of them caused reduced inhibition or highly reduced inhibition by all NA inhibitors. R292K conferred the highest increase in oseltamivir half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), and E119D conferred the highest zanamivir IC50. Unlike N2 (another group 2NA), H274Y conferred highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir. Additionally, R152K, a naturally occurring variation at the NA catalytic residue of A(H7N9) viruses, conferred reduced inhibition by laninamivir. Conclusions The recNA method is a valuable tool for assessing the effect of NA changes on drug susceptibility of emerging influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Katrina Sleeman
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Erin Hodges
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.,Carter Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles T Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Tatiana Baranovich
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.,Carter Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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10
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Wilson JR, Belser JA, DaSilva J, Guo Z, Sun X, Gansebom S, Bai Y, Stark TJ, Chang J, Carney P, Levine MZ, Barnes J, Stevens J, Maines TR, Tumpey TM, York IA. An influenza A virus (H7N9) anti-neuraminidase monoclonal antibody protects mice from morbidity without interfering with the development of protective immunity to subsequent homologous challenge. Virology 2017; 511:214-221. [PMID: 28888111 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of A(H7N9) virus strains with resistance to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors highlights a critical need to discover new countermeasures for treatment of A(H7N9) virus-infected patients. We previously described an anti-NA mAb (3c10-3) that has prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mice lethally challenged with A(H7N9) virus when delivered intraperitoneally (i.p.). Here we show that intrananasal (i.n.) administration of 3c10-3 protects 100% of mice from mortality when treated 24h post-challenge and further characterize the protective efficacy of 3c10-3 using a nonlethal A(H7N9) challenge model. Administration of 3c10-3 i.p. 24h prior to challenge resulted in a significant decrease in viral lung titers and deep sequencing analysis indicated that treatment did not consistently select for viral variants in NA. Furthermore, prophylactic administration of 3c10-3 did not inhibit the development of protective immunity to subsequent homologous virus re-challenge. Taken together, 3c10-3 highlights the potential use of anti-NA mAb to mitigate influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Wilson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; CNI Advantage, LLC, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juliana DaSilva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Research&Education Foundation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shane Gansebom
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; CNI Advantage, LLC, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas J Stark
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessie Chang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ian A York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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11
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Abstract
During the early stage of the avian influenza A(H7N9) epidemic in China in March 2013, a strain of the virus was identified in a 4-year-old boy with mild influenza symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain, which has similarity to avian subtype H9N2 viruses, may represent a precursor of more-evolved H7N9 subtypes co-circulating among humans.
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Millman AJ, Havers F, Iuliano AD, Davis CT, Sar B, Sovann L, Chin S, Corwin AL, Vongphrachanh P, Douangngeun B, Lindblade KA, Chittaganpitch M, Kaewthong V, Kile JC, Nguyen HT, Pham DV, Donis RO, Widdowson MA. Detecting Spread of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Beyond China. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:741-9. [PMID: 25897654 PMCID: PMC4412232 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This virus is unlikely to have spread substantially among humans in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. During February 2013–March 2015, a total of 602 human cases of low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) were reported; no autochthonous cases were reported outside mainland China. In contrast, since highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) reemerged during 2003 in China, 784 human cases in 16 countries and poultry outbreaks in 53 countries have been reported. Whether the absence of reported A(H7N9) outside mainland China represents lack of spread or lack of detection remains unclear. We compared epidemiologic and virologic features of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) and used human and animal influenza surveillance data collected during April 2013–May 2014 from 4 Southeast Asia countries to assess the likelihood that A(H7N9) would have gone undetected during 2014. Surveillance in Vietnam and Cambodia detected human A(H5N1) cases; no A(H7N9) cases were detected in humans or poultry in Southeast Asia. Although we cannot rule out the possible spread of A(H7N9), substantial spread causing severe disease in humans is unlikely.
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Lv H, Han J, Zhang P, Lu Y, Wen D, Cai J, Liu S, Sun J, Yu Z, Zhang H, Gong Z, Chen E, Chen Z. Mild illness in avian influenza A(H7N9) virus-infected poultry worker, Huzhou, China, April 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1885-8. [PMID: 24209963 PMCID: PMC3837657 DOI: 10.3201/eid1911.130717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During April 2013 in China, mild respiratory symptoms developed in 1/61 workers who had culled influenza A(H7N9) virus–infected poultry. Laboratory testing confirmed A(H7N9) infection in the worker and showed that the virus persisted longer in sputum than pharyngeal swab samples. Pharyngeal swab samples from the other workers were negative for A(H7N9) virus.
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Dudley JP, Mackay IM. Age-specific and sex-specific morbidity and mortality from avian influenza A(H7N9). J Clin Virol 2013; 58:568-70. [PMID: 24091087 PMCID: PMC7108379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used data on age and sex for 136 laboratory confirmed human A(H7N9) cases reported as of 11 August 2013 to compare age-specific and sex-specific patterns of morbidity and mortality from the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus with those of the avian influenza A(H5N1) virus. Human A(H7N9) cases exhibit high degrees of age and sex bias: mortality is heavily biased toward males >50 years, no deaths have been reported among individuals <25 years old, and relatively few cases documented among children or adolescents. The proportion of fatal cases (PFC) for human A(H7N9) cases as of 11 August 2013 was 32%, compared to a cumulative PFC for A(H5N1) of 83% in Indonesia and 36% in Egypt. Approximately 75% of cases of all A(H7N9) cases occurred among individuals >45 years old. Morbidity and mortality from A(H7N9) are lowest among individuals between 10 and 29 years, the age group which exhibits the highest cumulative morbidity and case fatality rates from A(H5N1). Although individuals <20 years old comprise nearly 50% of all human A(H5N1) cases, only 7% of all reported A(H7N9) cases and no deaths have been reported among individuals in this age group. Only 4% of A(H7N9) cases occurred among children<5 years old, and only one case from the 10 to 20 year age group. Age- and sex-related differences in morbidity and mortality from emerging zoonotic diseases can provide insights into ecological, economic, and cultural factors that may contribute to the emergence and proliferation of novel zoonotic diseases in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Dudley
- Science Applications International Corporation, 12530 Parklawn Drive, Suite 350, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Alaska Museum, USA.
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