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Thuluva S, Paradkar V, Matur R, Turaga K, Gv SR. A multicenter, single-blind, randomized, phase-2/3 study to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of a single intramuscular dose of biological E's Vi-capsular polysaccharide-CRM 197 conjugate typhoid vaccine (TyphiBEV TM) in healthy infants, children, and adults in comparison with a licensed comparator. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2043103. [PMID: 35333702 PMCID: PMC9196756 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2043103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current scenario of typhoid fever warrants early prevention with typhoid conjugate vaccines in susceptible populations to provide lifelong protection. We conducted a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, Phase 2/3 study to assess the immunogenicity and safety of Biological E’s Typhoid Vi-CRM197 conjugate vaccine (TyphiBEVTM) compared to Vi-TT conjugate vaccine manufactured by Bharat Biotech International Limited (Typbar-TCV; licensed comparator) in healthy infants, children, and adults from India. The study’s primary objective was to assess the non-inferiority of TyphiBEVTM in terms of the difference in the proportion of subjects seroconverted with a seroconversion threshold value of ≥2.0 µg/mL against Typbar-TCV. A total of 622 healthy subjects (311 each in both vaccine groups) were randomized and received the single dose of the study vaccine. The TyphiBEVTM group demonstrated noninferiority compared to the Typbar-TCV group at Day 42. The lower 2-sided 95% confidence interval limit of the group difference was −.34%, which met the non-inferiority criteria of ≥10.0%. The geometric mean concentration (24.79 µg/mL vs. 26.58 µg/mL) and proportion of subjects who achieved ≥4-fold increase in antiVi IgG antibody concentrations (96.95% vs. 97.64%) at Day 42 were comparable between the TyphiBEVTM and Typbar-TCV vaccine groups. No apparent difference was observed in the safety profile between both vaccine groups. All adverse events reported were mild or moderate in intensity in all age subsets. This data demonstrates that TyphiBEVTM is non-inferior to TypbarTCV in terms of immunogenicity, and the overall safety and reactogenicity in healthy infants, children, and adults studied from India was comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Thuluva
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vikram Paradkar
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Matur
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kishore Turaga
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subba Reddy Gv
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
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Aw R, Ashik MR, Islam AAZM, Khan I, Mainuddin M, Islam MA, Ahasan MM, Polizzi KM. Production and purification of an active CRM197 in Pichia pastoris and its immunological characterization using a Vi-typhoid antigen vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:7379-7386. [PMID: 34774362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CRM197 is a commonly used glycoconjugate carrier that improves the immunogenicity of vaccines, particularly in infants. Despite the advantages of this diphtheria toxoid mutant, low yields, production in inclusion bodies, and the requirement for specific growth conditions have limited the breadth of successful recombinant protein expression platforms available for its expression. We evaluated Pichia pastoris as a production host, using the methanol inducible AOX1 promoter and a modified α-mating factor signal peptide for secretion into the supernatant. Final purified yields >100 mg L-1 culture were achieved when produced in a bioreactor, which is equivalent to the productivity obtained from bioprocesses using the native Corynebacterium diphtheriae host. Recombinant CRM197 was purified to ≥95% homogeneity and showed the expected endonuclease activity. Furthermore, mice immunized with a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi capsular Vi antigen conjugated to our recombinant CRM197 showed greater than 5-fold increase in immune response. Overall, the results demonstrate that Pichia pastoris is a suitable expression host for the production of high quality CRM197 for vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Aw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Imran Khan
- Incepta Vaccine Ltd, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Fiorino F, Pettini E, Koeberling O, Ciabattini A, Pozzi G, Martin LB, Medaglini D. Long-Term Anti-Bacterial Immunity against Systemic Infection by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Elicited by a GMMA-Based Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050495. [PMID: 34065899 PMCID: PMC8150838 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) represents the most prevalent cause of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, and currently no licensed vaccine is available. In this work we characterized the long-term anti-bacterial immunity elicited by a STm vaccine based on Generalized Modules of Membrane Antigens (GMMA) delivering O:4,5 antigen, using a murine model of systemic infection. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with STmGMMA/Alhydrogel elicited rapid, high, and persistent antigen-specific serum IgG and IgM responses. The serum was bactericidal in vitro. O:4,5-specific IgG were also detected in fecal samples after immunization and positively correlated with IgG observed in intestinal washes. Long-lived plasma cells and O:4,5-specific memory B cells were detected in spleen and bone marrow. After systemic STm challenge, a significant reduction of bacterial load in blood, spleen, and liver, as well as a reduction of circulating neutrophils and G-CSF glycoprotein was observed in STmGMMA/Alhydrogel immunized mice compared to untreated animals. Taken together, these data support the development of a GMMA-based vaccine for prevention of iNTS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Oliver Koeberling
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Laura B. Martin
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.B.M.); (D.M.); Tel.: +39-577-245362 (L.B.M.); +39-577-233307 (D.M.)
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.M.); (D.M.); Tel.: +39-577-245362 (L.B.M.); +39-577-233307 (D.M.)
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Chiu TW, Peng CJ, Chen MC, Hsu MH, Liang YH, Chiu CH, Fang JM, Lee YC. Constructing conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium using lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:89. [PMID: 32831077 PMCID: PMC7443816 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a nontyphoidal and common foodborne pathogen that causes serious threat to humans. There is no licensed vaccine to prevent the nontyphoid bacterial infection caused by S. Typhimurium. Methods To develop conjugate vaccines, the bacterial lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide (LFPS) is prepared as the immunogen and used to synthesize the LFPS–linker–protein conjugates 6a–9b. The designed bifunctional linkers 1–5 comprising either an o-phenylenediamine or amine moiety are specifically attached to the exposed 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), an α-ketoacid saccharide of LFPS, via condensation reaction or decarboxylative amidation. In addition to bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, the S. Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) is also used as a self-adjuvanting protein carrier. Results The synthesized conjugate vaccines are characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), and their contents of polysaccharides and protein are determined by phenol–sulfuric acid assay and bicinchoninic acid assay, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) shows that immunization of mouse with the LFPS–linker–protein vaccines at a dosage of 2.5 μg is sufficient to elicit serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The straight-chain amide linkers in conjugates 7a–9b do not interfere with the desired immune response. Vaccines 7a and 7b derived from either unfractionated LFPS or the high-mass portion show equal efficacy in induction of IgG antibodies. The challenge experiments are performed by oral gavage of S. Typhimurium pathogen, and vaccine 7c having FliC as the self-adjuvanting protein carrier exhibits a high vaccine efficacy of 74% with 80% mice survival rate at day 28 post the pathogen challenge. Conclusions This study demonstrates that lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide prepared from Gram-negative bacteria is an appropriate immunogen, in which the exposed Kdo is connected to bifunctional linkers to form conjugate vaccines. The decarboxylative amidation of Kdo is a novel and useful method to construct a relatively robust and low immunogenic straight-chain amide linkage. The vaccine efficacy is enhanced by using bacterial flagellin as the self-adjuvanting carrier protein. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jiun Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Hsu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan Chuan Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218-2685, USA
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Fellermann M, Wondany F, Carle S, Nemeth J, Sadhanasatish T, Frick M, Barth H, Michaelis J. Super-resolution microscopy unveils transmembrane domain-mediated internalization of cross-reacting material 197 into diphtheria toxin-resistant mouse J774A.1 cells and primary rat fibroblasts in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1753-1761. [PMID: 32266418 PMCID: PMC7261736 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin (DT) efficiently inhibits protein synthesis in human cells, resulting in severe disease diphtheria. The sensitivity towards DT varies between mammalian species. Mice and rats are resistant to DT. However, the reason underlying this insensitivity is controversially discussed and not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the steps of DT uptake, i.e. receptor binding and internalization into mouse J774A.1 macrophages and primary rat fibroblasts. We exploited the non-toxic DT-mutant cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) and three additional receptor binding-deficient mutants (250 nM each) to investigate binding to cell surface and internalization into murine cells via flow cytometry and stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution optical microscopy. Dual-color STED imaging unveiled CRM197 interacting with the murine precursor of the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF). Moreover, we identified CRM197’s transmembrane domain as an additional HB-EGF binding site, which is also involved in the receptor-mediated internalization into murine cells. However, we do not find evidence for translocation of the catalytically active subunit (DTA) into the cytosol when 250 nM DT were applied. In conclusion, we provide evidence that the resistance of murine cells to DT is caused by an insufficiency of DTA to escape from endosomes and reach the cytosol. Possibly, a higher affinity interaction of DT and the HB-EGF is required for translocation, which highlights the role of the receptor in the endosomes during the translocation step. We extend the current knowledge about cellular uptake of the medically relevant DT and CRM197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Fellermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fanny Wondany
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Nemeth
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanmay Sadhanasatish
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jens Michaelis
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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O'Reilly PJ, Pant D, Shakya M, Basnyat B, Pollard AJ. Progress in the overall understanding of typhoid fever: implications for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:367-382. [PMID: 32238006 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1750375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Typhoid fever continues to have a substantial impact on human health, especially in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Access to safe water, and adequate sanitation and hygiene remain the cornerstone of prevention, but these are not widely available in many impoverished settings. The emergence of antibiotic resistance affects typhoid treatment and adds urgency to typhoid control efforts. Vaccines provide opportunities to prevent and control typhoid fever in endemic settings. AREAS COVERED Literature search was performed looking for evidence concerning the global burden of typhoid and strategies for the prevention and treatment of typhoid fever. Cost of illness, available typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines and cost-effectiveness were also reviewed. The objective was to provide a critical overview of typhoid fever, in order to assess the current understanding and potential future directions for typhoid treatment and control. EXPERT COMMENTARY Our understanding of typhoid burden and methods of prevention has grown over recent years. However, typhoid fever still has a significant impact on health in low and middle-income countries. Introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines to the immunization schedule is expected to make a major contribution to control of typhoid fever in endemic countries, although vaccination alone is unlikely to eliminate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J O'Reilly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford, UK
| | - Dikshya Pant
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mila Shakya
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford, UK
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An SJ, Scaria PV, Chen B, Barnafo E, Muratova O, Anderson C, Lambert L, Chae MH, Yang JS, Duffy PE. Development of a bivalent conjugate vaccine candidate against malaria transmission and typhoid fever. Vaccine 2018; 36:2978-2984. [PMID: 29681410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to poorly immunogenic antigens, such as polysaccharides, can be enhanced by conjugation to carriers. Our previous studies indicate that conjugation to Vi polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi may also enhance immunogenicity of some protein carriers. We therefore explored the possibility of generating a bivalent vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria and typhoid fever, which are co-endemic in many parts of the world, by conjugating Vi polysaccharide, an approved antigen in typhoid vaccine, to Pfs25, a malaria transmission blocking vaccine antigen in clinical trials. Vi-Pfs25 conjugates induced strong immune responses against both Vi and Pfs25 in mice, whereas the unconjugated antigens are poorly immunogenic. Functional assays of immune sera revealed potent transmission blocking activity mediated by anti-Pfs25 antibody and serum bactericidal activity due to anti-Vi antibody. Pfs25 conjugation to Vi modified the IgG isotype distribution of antisera, inducing a Th2 polarized immune response against Vi antigen. This conjugate may be further developed as a bivalent vaccine to concurrently target malaria and typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jung An
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Puthupparampil V Scaria
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Beth Chen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Emma Barnafo
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Charles Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lynn Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Myung Hwa Chae
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Salman M, St Michael F, Ali A, Jabbar A, Cairns C, Hayes AC, Rahman M, Iqbal M, Haque A, Cox AD. First characterization of immunogenic conjugates of Vi negative Salmonella Typhi O-specific polysaccharides with rEPA protein for vaccine development. J Immunol Methods 2017; 450:27-33. [PMID: 28735760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious typhoid vaccines for young children will significantly reduce the disease burden in developing world. The Vi polysaccharide based conjugate vaccines (Vi-rEPA) against Salmonella Typhi Vi positive strains has shown high efficacy but may be ineffective against Vi negative S. Typhi. In this study, for the first time, we report the synthesis and evaluation of polysaccharide-protein conjugates of Vi negative S. Typhi as potential vaccine candidates. Four different conjugates were synthesized using recombinant exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rEPA) and human serum albumin (HSA) as the carrier proteins, using either direct reductive amination or an intermediate linker molecule, adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH). Upon injection into mice, a significantly higher antibody titer was observed in mice administrated with conjugate-1 (OSP-HSA) (P=0.0001) and conjugate 2 (OSP-rEPA) (P≤0.0001) as compared to OSP alone. In contrast, the antibody titer elicited by conjugate 3 (OSPADH-HSA) and conjugate 4 (OSPADH-rEPA) were insignificant (P=0.1684 and P=0.3794, respectively). We conclude that reductive amination is the superior method to prepare the S. Typhi OSP glycoconjugate. Moreover, rEPA was a better carrier protein than HSA. Thus OSP-rEPA conjugate seems to be efficacious typhoid vaccines candidate, it may be evaluated further and recommended for the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salman
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada; Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - F St Michael
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A Ali
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A Jabbar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan
| | - C Cairns
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A C Hayes
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Rahman
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A Haque
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A D Cox
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.
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A recombinant protein of Salmonella Typhi induces humoral and cell-mediated immune responses including memory responses. Vaccine 2017; 35:4523-4531. [PMID: 28739115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gram negative enteric bacteria, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the etiological agent of typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries. While a permanent solution to the problem would require improved sanitation, food and water hygiene, controlling the infection by vaccination is urgently required due to the emergence of multidrug resistant strains in multiple countries. The currently licensed vaccines are moderately efficacious with limited applicability, and no recommended vaccines exist for younger children. We had previously reported that a candidate vaccine based on recombinant outer membrane protein (rT2544) of S. Typhi is highly immunogenic and protective in mice. Here we show that rT2544-specific antiserum is capable of mediating bacterial lysis by the splenocytes through Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC). Increased populations of rT2544-specific IgA and IgG secreting plasma cells are found in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and peyer's patches. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses (CMIR) induced by rT2544 consist of Th1 cell differentiation and generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which produce IFN-γ and are capable of destroying cells displaying T2544-derived antigens. rT2544 elicits pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) from Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic cells (BMDCs), while in vitro re-stimulation of rT2544-primed CD4+ T cells induces cell proliferation and generates higher amounts of Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-gamma, TNF-α and IL-2. Finally, the candidate vaccine induces immunological memory in the form of memory B and T lymphocytes. Taken together, the study further supports the potential of rT2544 as a novel and improved vaccine candidate against S. Typhi.
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Fiorino F, Rondini S, Micoli F, Lanzilao L, Alfini R, Mancini F, MacLennan CA, Medaglini D. Immunogenicity of a Bivalent Adjuvanted Glycoconjugate Vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:168. [PMID: 28289411 PMCID: PMC5326758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the predominant causes of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease. Considering the co-endemicity of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, a bivalent vaccine formulation against both pathogens is necessary for protection against iNTS disease, thus investigation of glycoconjugate combination is required. In the present work, we investigated the immune responses induced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis monovalent and bivalent glycoconjugate vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (alum) only or in combination with cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). Humoral and cellular, systemic and local, immune responses were characterized in two different mouse strains. All conjugate vaccines elicited high levels of serum IgG against the respective O-antigens (OAg) with bactericidal activity. The bivalent conjugate vaccine induced systemic production of antibodies against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis OAg. The presence of alum or alum + CpG adjuvants in vaccine formulations significantly increased the serum antigen-specific antibody production. The alum + CpG bivalent vaccine formulation triggered the highest systemic anti-OAg antibodies and also a significant increase of anti-OAg IgG in intestinal washes and fecal samples, with a positive correlation with serum levels. These data demonstrate the ability of monovalent and bivalent conjugate vaccines against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis to induce systemic and local immune responses in different mouse strains, and highlight the suitability of a bivalent glycoconjugate formulation, especially when adjuvanted with alum + CpG, as a promising candidate vaccine against iNTS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Simona Rondini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Luisa Lanzilao
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
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11
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Sahastrabuddhe S, Carbis R, Wierzba TF, Ochiai RL. Increasing rates of Salmonella Paratyphi A and the current status of its vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:1021-31. [PMID: 24053396 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.825450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi is still a major disease burden mainly in developing countries. Previously, S. Typhi was believed to be the major cause of enteric fever. The real situation is now becoming clear with reports emerging from many Asian countries of S. Paratyphi, mostly S. Paratyphi A, causing a substantial number of cases of enteric fever. Although there have been advances in the use of the currently available typhoid vaccines and in the development of newer typhoid vaccines, paratyphoid vaccine development is lagging behind. Since the disease caused by S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are clinically indistinguishable and are commonly termed 'enteric' fever, it will be necessary to have a vaccine available against both S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A as a bivalent 'enteric fever vaccine'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Sahastrabuddhe
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-919, Korea
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