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Kumar P, Holland DA, Secrist K, Taskar P, Dotson B, Saleh-Birdjandi S, Adewunmi Y, Doering J, Mantis NJ, Volkin DB, Joshi SB. Evaluating the Compatibility of New Recombinant Protein Antigens (Trivalent NRRV) with a Mock Pentavalent Combination Vaccine Containing Whole-Cell Pertussis: Analytical and Formulation Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:609. [PMID: 38932338 PMCID: PMC11209613 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introducing new recombinant protein antigens to existing pediatric combination vaccines is important in improving coverage and affordability, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This case-study highlights the analytical and formulation challenges encountered with three recombinant non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) antigens (t-NRRV formulated with Alhydrogel® adjuvant, AH) combined with a mock multidose formulation of a pediatric pentavalent vaccine used in LMICs. This complex formulation contained (1) vaccine antigens (i.e., whole-cell pertussis (wP), diphtheria (D), tetanus (T), Haemophilus influenza (Hib), and hepatitis B (HepB), (2) a mixture of aluminum-salt adjuvants (AH and Adju-Phos®, AP), and (3) a preservative (thimerosal, TH). Selective, stability-indicating competitive immunoassays were developed to monitor binding of specific mAbs to each antigen, except wP which required the setup of a mouse immunogenicity assay. Simple mixing led to the desorption of t-NRRV antigens from AH and increased degradation during storage. These deleterious effects were caused by specific antigens, AP, and TH. An AH-only pentavalent formulation mitigated t-NRRV antigen desorption; however, the Hib antigen displayed previously reported AH-induced instability. The same rank-ordering of t-NRRV antigen stability (P[8] > P[4] > P[6]) was observed in mock pentavalent formulations and with various preservatives. The lessons learned are discussed to enable future multidose, combination vaccine formulation development with new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David A. Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kathryn Secrist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Poorva Taskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Brandy Dotson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Soraia Saleh-Birdjandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Yetunde Adewunmi
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jennifer Doering
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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2
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Granovskiy DL, Khudainazarova NS, Evtushenko EA, Ryabchevskaya EM, Kondakova OA, Arkhipenko MV, Kovrizhko MV, Kolpakova EP, Tverdokhlebova TI, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV. Novel Universal Recombinant Rotavirus A Vaccine Candidate: Evaluation of Immunological Properties. Viruses 2024; 16:438. [PMID: 38543803 PMCID: PMC10976063 DOI: 10.3390/v16030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. Although rotavirus-associated mortality has decreased considerably because of the introduction of the worldwide rotavirus vaccination, the global burden of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis remains high. Current vaccines have a number of disadvantages; therefore, there is a need for innovative approaches in rotavirus vaccine development. In the current study, a universal recombinant rotavirus antigen (URRA) for a novel recombinant vaccine candidate against rotavirus A was obtained and characterised. This antigen included sequences of the VP8* subunit of rotavirus spike protein VP4. For the URRA, for the first time, two approaches were implemented simultaneously-the application of a highly conserved neutralising epitope and the use of the consensus of the extended protein's fragment. The recognition of URRA by antisera to patient-derived field rotavirus isolates was proven. Plant virus-based spherical particles (SPs), a novel, effective and safe adjuvant, considerably enhanced the immunogenicity of the URRA in a mouse model. Given these facts, a URRA + SPs vaccine candidate is regarded as a prospective basis for a universal vaccine against rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy L. Granovskiy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.E.); (E.M.R.); (O.A.K.); (M.V.A.); (N.A.N.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Nelli S. Khudainazarova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.E.); (E.M.R.); (O.A.K.); (M.V.A.); (N.A.N.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Evtushenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.E.); (E.M.R.); (O.A.K.); (M.V.A.); (N.A.N.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Ryabchevskaya
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.E.); (E.M.R.); (O.A.K.); (M.V.A.); (N.A.N.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Olga A. Kondakova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.E.); (E.M.R.); (O.A.K.); (M.V.A.); (N.A.N.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Marina V. Arkhipenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.E.); (E.M.R.); (O.A.K.); (M.V.A.); (N.A.N.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Marina V. Kovrizhko
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-On-Don, Russia; (M.V.K.); (E.P.K.); (T.I.T.)
| | - Elena P. Kolpakova
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-On-Don, Russia; (M.V.K.); (E.P.K.); (T.I.T.)
| | - Tatyana I. Tverdokhlebova
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-On-Don, Russia; (M.V.K.); (E.P.K.); (T.I.T.)
| | - Nikolai A. Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.E.); (E.M.R.); (O.A.K.); (M.V.A.); (N.A.N.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Olga V. Karpova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.E.); (E.M.R.); (O.A.K.); (M.V.A.); (N.A.N.); (O.V.K.)
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3
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Hensley C, Roier S, Zhou P, Schnur S, Nyblade C, Parreno V, Frazier A, Frazier M, Kiley K, O’Brien S, Liang Y, Mayer BT, Wu R, Mahoney C, McNeal MM, Petsch B, Rauch S, Yuan L. mRNA-Based Vaccines Are Highly Immunogenic and Confer Protection in the Gnotobiotic Pig Model of Human Rotavirus Diarrhea. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:260. [PMID: 38543894 PMCID: PMC10974625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is still a leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis globally, particularly in infants and children. Previously, we demonstrated the immunogenicity of mRNA-based HRV vaccine candidates expressing the viral spike protein VP8* in rodent models. In the present study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two mRNA-based HRV trivalent vaccine candidates, encoding VP8* of the genotypes P[8], P[6], or P[4], in the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of Wa (G1P[8]) HRV infection and diarrhea. Vaccines either encoded VP8* alone fused to the universal T-cell epitope P2 (P2-VP8*) or expressed P2-VP8* as a fusion protein with lumazine synthase (LS-P2-VP8*) to allow the formation and secretion of protein particles that present VP8* on their surface. Gn pigs were randomly assigned into groups and immunized three times with either P2-VP8* (30 µg) or LS-P2-VP8* (30 µg or 12 µg). A trivalent alum-adjuvanted P2-VP8* protein vaccine or an LNP-formulated irrelevant mRNA vaccine served as the positive and negative control, respectively. Upon challenge with virulent Wa HRV, a significantly shortened duration and decreased severity of diarrhea and significant protection from virus shedding was induced by both mRNA vaccine candidates compared to the negative control. Both LS-P2-VP8* doses induced significantly higher VP8*-specific IgG antibody titers in the serum after immunizations than the negative as well as the protein control. The P[8] VP8*-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells in the ileum, spleen, and blood seven days post-challenge, as well as VP8*-specific IFN-γ-producing T-cell numbers increased in all three mRNA-vaccinated pig groups compared to the negative control. Overall, there was a clear tendency towards improved responses in LS-P2-VP8* compared to the P2-VP8*mRNA vaccine. The demonstrated strong humoral immune responses, priming for effector T cells, and the significant reduction of viral shedding and duration of diarrhea in Gn pigs provide a promising proof of concept and may provide guidance for the further development of mRNA-based rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sandro Roier
- CureVac SE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (B.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sofia Schnur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Viviana Parreno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kelsey Kiley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Ruizhe Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Celia Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Monica M. McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | | | - Susanne Rauch
- CureVac SE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (B.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
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4
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Roier S, Mangala Prasad V, McNeal MM, Lee KK, Petsch B, Rauch S. mRNA-based VP8* nanoparticle vaccines against rotavirus are highly immunogenic in rodents. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:190. [PMID: 38129390 PMCID: PMC10739717 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of live-attenuated oral vaccines, rotavirus remains a major cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide. Due to the growing demand for parenteral rotavirus vaccines, we developed mRNA-based vaccine candidates targeting the viral spike protein VP8*. Our monomeric P2 (universal T cell epitope)-VP8* mRNA design is equivalent to a protein vaccine currently in clinical development, while LS (lumazine synthase)-P2-VP8* was designed to form nanoparticles. Cyro-electron microscopy and western blotting-based data presented here suggest that proteins derived from LS-P2-VP8* mRNA are secreted in vitro and self-assemble into 60-mer nanoparticles displaying VP8*. mRNA encoded VP8* was immunogenic in rodents and introduced both humoral and cellular responses. LS-P2-VP8* induced superior humoral responses to P2-VP8* in guinea pigs, both as monovalent and trivalent vaccines, with encouraging responses detected against the most prevalent P genotypes. Overall, our data provide evidence that trivalent LS-P2-VP8* represents a promising mRNA-based next-generation rotavirus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Monica M McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Kumar D, Anderson Reever AV, Pittman JS, Springer NL, Mallen K, Roman-Sosa G, Sangewar N, Casey-Moore MC, Bowen MD, Mwangi W, Marthaler DG. Role of Pre-Farrow Natural Planned Exposure of Gilts in Shaping the Passive Antibody Response to Rotavirus A in Piglets. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1866. [PMID: 38140269 PMCID: PMC10748143 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural planned exposure (NPE) remains one of the most common methods in swine herds to boost lactogenic immunity against rotaviruses. However, the efficacy of NPE protocols in generating lactogenic immunity has not been investigated before. A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the dynamics of genotype-specific antibody responses to different doses (3, 2 and 1) of Rotavirus A (RVA) NPE (genotypes G4, G5, P[7] and P[23]) in gilts and the transfer of lactogenic immunity to their piglets. Group 1 gilts received three doses of NPE at 5, 4 and 3 weeks pre-farrow (WPF), group 2 received two doses at 5 and 3 WPF, group 3 received one dose at 5 WPF, and group 4 received no NPE (control group). VP7 (G4 and G5) and truncated VP4* (P[7] and P[23]) antigens of RVA were expressed in mammalian and bacterial expression systems, respectively, and used to optimize indirect ELISAs to determine antibody levels against RVA in gilts and piglets. In day-0 colostrum samples, group 1 had significantly higher IgG titers compared to the control group for all four antigens, and either significantly or numerically higher IgG titers than groups 2 and 3. Group 1 also had significantly higher colostrum IgA levels than the control group for all antigens (except G4), and either significantly or numerically higher IgA levels compared to groups 2 and 3. In piglet serum, group 1 piglets had higher IgG titers for all four antigens at day 0 than the other groups. Importantly, RVA NPE stimulated antibodies in all groups regardless of the treatment doses and prevented G4, G5, P[7] and P[23] RVA fecal shedding prior to weaning in piglets in the absence of viral challenge. The G11 and P[34] RVA genotypes detected from pre-weaning piglets differed at multiple amino acid positions with parent NPE strains. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the group 1 NPE regimen (three doses of NPE) resulted in the highest anti-RVA antibody (IgG and IgA) levels in the colostrum/milk, and the highest IgG levels in piglet serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (N.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Amanda V. Anderson Reever
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | | | - Nora L. Springer
- Clinical Pathology, Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Kylynn Mallen
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (N.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Neha Sangewar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (N.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Mary C. Casey-Moore
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.C.C.-M.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Michael D. Bowen
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.C.C.-M.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (N.S.); (W.M.)
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Latifi T, Jalilvand S, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Arashkia A, Kachooei A, Afchangi A, Zafarian S, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Characterization and immunogenicity of a novel chimeric hepatitis B core-virus like particles (cVLPs) carrying rotavirus VP8*protein in mice model. Virology 2023; 588:109903. [PMID: 37832344 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the efficacy and safety issues of the WHO for approved/prequalified live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines, studies on alternative non-replicating modals and proper RV antigens are actively undertaken. Herein, we report the novel chimeric hepatitis B core-virus like particles (VLPs) carrying RV VP8*26-231 protein of a P [8] strain (cVLPVP8*), as a parenteral VLP RV vaccine candidate. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analyses indicated the expected size of the E. coli-derived HBc-VP8* protein that self-assembled to cVLPVP8* particles. Immunization in mice indicated development of higher levels of IgG and IgA as well as higher IgG1/IgG2a ratios by cVLPVP8* vaccination compared to the VP8* alone. Assessment of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) indicated development of heterotypic nAbs with cross-reactivity to a heterotypic RV strain by cVLPVP8* immunization compared to VP8* alone. The observed anti-VP8* cross-reactivity might indicate the possibility of developing a Pan-genomic RVA vaccine based on the cVLPVP8* formulation that deserves further challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Afchangi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Zafarian
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Luo G, Zeng Y, Yang H, Li Y, Yang L, Li C, Song F, Zhang S, Li T, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N. Bivalent rotavirus VP4∗ stimulates protective antibodies against common genotypes of human rotaviruses. iScience 2022; 25:105099. [PMID: 36185383 PMCID: PMC9519587 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-replicating rotavirus vaccines are an alternative strategy to improve the efficacy and safety of rotavirus vaccines. The spike protein VP4, which could be enzymatically cleaved into VP8∗ and VP5∗, is an ideal target for the development of recombinant rotavirus vaccine. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that the truncated VP4 (aa26-476, VP4∗) could be a more viable vaccine candidate compared to VP8∗ and VP5∗. Here, to develop a human rotavirus vaccine, the VP4∗ proteins of P[4], P[6], and P[8] genotype rotaviruses were expressed. All VP4∗ proteins can stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies in both guinea pigs and rabbits when formulated in aluminum adjuvant. Furthermore, bivalent VP4∗-based vaccine (P[8] + P[6]-VP4∗) can stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies against various genotypes of rotavirus with no significant difference as compared to the trivalent vaccines. Therefore, bivalent VP4∗ has the potential to be a viable rotavirus vaccine candidate for further development. Purified rotavirus VP4∗ proteins form homogenic and stable trimers VP4∗ stimulated high levels of homotypic and heterotypic neutralizing antibodies The immunogenicity of different genotype VP4∗ is not influenced by each other Bivalent VP4∗ (P[8]+P[6]) stimulated protective immunity against most prevalent rotaviruses
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8
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Diebold O, Gonzalez V, Venditti L, Sharp C, Blake RA, Tan WS, Stevens J, Caddy S, Digard P, Borodavka A, Gaunt E. Using Species a Rotavirus Reverse Genetics to Engineer Chimeric Viruses Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Epitopes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0048822. [PMID: 35758692 PMCID: PMC9327695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00488-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Species A rotavirus (RVA) vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are used worldwide in humans. The recent establishment of a reverse genetics system for rotoviruses (RVs) has opened the possibility of engineering chimeric viruses expressing heterologous peptides from other viral or microbial species in order to develop polyvalent vaccines. We tested the feasibility of this concept by two approaches. First, we inserted short SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides into the hypervariable region of the simian RV SA11 strain viral protein (VP) 4. Second, we fused the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, or the shorter receptor binding motif (RBM) nested within the RBD, to the C terminus of nonstructural protein (NSP) 3 of the bovine RV RF strain, with or without an intervening Thosea asigna virus 2A (T2A) peptide. Mutating the hypervariable region of SA11 VP4 impeded viral replication, and for these mutants, no cross-reactivity with spike antibodies was detected. To rescue NSP3 mutants, we established a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for the bovine RV RF strain. Except for the RBD mutant that demonstrated a rescue defect, all NSP3 mutants delivered endpoint infectivity titers and exhibited replication kinetics comparable to that of the wild-type virus. In ELISAs, cell lysates of an NSP3 mutant expressing the RBD peptide showed cross-reactivity with a SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody. 3D bovine gut enteroids were susceptible to infection by all NSP3 mutants, but cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody was only detected for the RBM mutant. The tolerance of large SARS-CoV-2 peptide insertions at the C terminus of NSP3 in the presence of T2A element highlights the potential of this approach for the development of vaccine vectors targeting multiple enteric pathogens simultaneously. IMPORTANCE We explored the use of rotaviruses (RVs) to express heterologous peptides, using SARS-CoV-2 as an example. Small SARS-CoV-2 peptide insertions (<34 amino acids) into the hypervariable region of the viral protein 4 (VP4) of RV SA11 strain resulted in reduced viral titer and replication, demonstrating a limited tolerance for peptide insertions at this site. To test the RV RF strain for its tolerance for peptide insertions, we constructed a reverse genetics system. NSP3 was C-terminally tagged with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides of up to 193 amino acids in length. With a T2A-separated 193 amino acid tag on NSP3, there was no significant effect on the viral rescue efficiency, endpoint titer, and replication kinetics. Tagged NSP3 elicited cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies in ELISA. We highlight the potential for development of RV vaccine vectors targeting multiple enteric pathogens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Diebold
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Venditti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Sharp
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Blake
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Wenfang S. Tan
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Gaunt
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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9
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Lee B, Colgate ER, Carmolli M, Dickson DM, Gullickson S, Diehl SA, Ara R, Alam M, Kibria G, Abdul Kader M, Afreen S, Ferdous T, Haque R, Kirkpatrick BD. Plasma VP8∗-Binding Antibodies in Rotavirus Infection and Oral Vaccination in Young Bangladeshi Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:127-133. [PMID: 34904667 PMCID: PMC9055852 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the availability and success of live-attenuated oral vaccines, rotavirus (RV) remains the leading cause of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. Next-generation vaccines targeting RV VP8∗ are under evaluation, but the role of VP8∗-specific antibodies in human immunity to RV and their potential as immune correlates of protection remains underexplored. METHODS We measured plasma RV VP8∗-binding antibodies in 2 cohorts of young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Plasma from a cohort study of 137 unvaccinated children aged 6-24 months old hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis was assessed for VP8∗ antibody seropositivity. VP8∗ antibodies were compared with the current standard for RV immunity, total RV-specific IgA (RV-IgA). Additionally, VP8∗ antibody responses were measured as part of an immunogenicity trial of a monovalent, oral, live-attenuated RV vaccine (Rotarix). RESULTS Fewer children with acute RV gastroenteritis were seropositive for VP8∗-binding IgA or IgG antibodies at hospital admission compared with RV-IgA, suggesting that the absence of VP8∗-binding antibodies more accurately predicts susceptibility to RV gastroenteritis than RV-IgA in unvaccinated children. However, when present, these antibodies appeared insufficient to protect fully from disease and no threshold antibody level for protection was apparent. In vaccinated children, these antibodies were very poorly induced by Rotarix vaccine, suggesting that VP8∗-specific antibodies alone are not necessary for clinical protection following oral vaccination. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that VP8∗-binding antibodies may not be sufficient or necessary for protection from RV gastroenteritis following prior RV infection or oral vaccination; the role of VP8∗ antibodies induced by parenteral vaccination with non-replicating vaccines remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Marya Carmolli
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dorothy M Dickson
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Soyeon Gullickson
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rifat Ara
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Masud Alam
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Kibria
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Kader
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sajia Afreen
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahsin Ferdous
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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10
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Li C, Luo G, Zeng Y, Song F, Yang H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Establishment of Sandwich ELISA for Quality Control in Rotavirus Vaccine Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020243. [PMID: 35214701 PMCID: PMC8876306 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-replicating rotavirus vaccines are alternative strategies that may improve the protective efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. The truncated spike protein VP4 (aa26-476, VP4*)was a candidate antigen for the development of recombinant rotavirus vaccines, with higher immunogenicity and protective efficacy compared to VP8* and VP5* alone. This article describes the development of three genotype-specific sandwich ELISAs for P[4], P[6], and P[8]-VP4*, which are important for quality control in rotavirus vaccine production. Our results showed that the detection systems had good specificity for the different genotype VP4* and were not influenced by the E. coli host proteins. Moreover, the detection systems play an important role in determining whether the target protein was contaminated by VP4* proteins of other genotypes. They can also detect the adsorption rate of the adjuvant to the P[4], P[6], P[8]-VP4* protein during the process development. The three detection systems will play an important role in the quality control and process development of VP4* based rotavirus vaccines and facilitate the development of recombinant rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Guoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Yuanjun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Feibo Song
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
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11
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Safety and Immunogenicity of a Shigella Bivalent Conjugate Vaccine (ZF0901) in 3-Month- to 5-Year-Old Children in China. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010033. [PMID: 35062694 PMCID: PMC8780113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
No licensed Shigella vaccine is presently available globally. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, age descending phase II clinical trial of a bivalent conjugate vaccine was studied in China. The vaccine ZF0901 consisted of O-specific polysaccharides purified and detoxified from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. flexneri 2a and S. sonnei and covalently bonded to tetanus toxoid. A total of 224, 310, and 434 children, consented by parents or guardians, aged 3 to 6 and 6 to 12 months and 1 to 5 years old, respectively, were injected with half or full doses, with or without adjuvant or control Hib vaccine. There were no serious adverse reactions in all recipients of ZF0901 vaccine independent of age, dosage, number of injections, or the adjuvant status. Thirty days after the last injection, ZF0901 induced robust immune responses with significantly higher levels of type-specific serum antibodies (geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of IgG anti-LPS) against both serotypes in all age groups compared with the pre-immune or the Hib control (p < 0.0001). Here, we demonstrated that ZF0901 bivalent Shigella conjugate vaccine is safe and immunogenic in infants and young children and is likely suitable for routine immunization.
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12
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Rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8* as a novel carrier protein for conjugate vaccine platform with demonstrated antigenic potential for use as bivalent vaccine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22037. [PMID: 34764353 PMCID: PMC8586335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugate vaccine platform is a promising strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharide antigens in infants and children. A carrier protein in conjugate vaccines works not only as an immune stimulator to polysaccharide, but also as an immunogen; with the latter generally not considered as a measured outcome in real world. Here, we probed the potential of a conjugate vaccine platform to induce enhanced immunogenicity of a truncated rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8*. ΔVP8* was covalently conjugated to Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi) of Salmonella Typhi to develop a bivalent vaccine, termed Vi-ΔVP8*. Our results demonstrated that the Vi-ΔVP8* vaccine can induce specific immune responses against both antigens in immunized mice. The conjugate vaccine elicits high antibody titers and functional antibodies against S. Typhi and Rotavirus (RV) when compared to immunization with a single antigen. Together, these results indicate that Vi-ΔVP8* is a potent and immunogenic vaccine candidate, thus strengthening the potential of conjugate vaccine platform with enhanced immune responses to carrier protein, including ΔVP8*.
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13
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Interaction of Aluminum-adjuvanted Recombinant P[4] Protein Antigen With Preservatives: Storage Stability and Backbone Flexibility Studies. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:970-981. [PMID: 34758340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eight antimicrobial preservatives used in parenteral multidose formulations (thimerosal, 2-phenoxy ethanol, phenol, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben) were examined for their effects on the storage stability (4 °C, 25 °C) of an Alhydrogel® (AH) adjuvanted formulation of the non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) recombinant P[4] protein antigen. The stability of AH-adsorbed P[4] was monitored for antigen-antibody binding, conformational stability, and antigen-adjuvant interaction via competitive ELISA, DSC, and SDS-PAGE, respectively. There was an unexpected correlation between increasing storage stability of the AH-adsorbed P[4] and preservative hydrophobicity (log P) (e.g., the parabens and chlorobutanol were least destabilizing). We used hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to better understand the destabilizing effects of temperature and preservative on backbone flexibility of AH-adsorbed P[4]. Thimerosal addition immediately increased the backbone flexibility across much of the AH-adsorbed P[4] protein backbone (except the N-terminal P2 region and residues G17-Y38), and further increase in P[4] backbone flexibility was observed after storage (4 °C, 4 weeks). HX-MS analysis of AH-adsorbed P[4] stored for 4 weeks at 25 °C revealed structural alterations in some regions of the epitope involved in P[4] specific mAb binding. These combined results are discussed in terms of a generalized workflow for multi-dose vaccine formulation development for recombinant protein antigens.
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14
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Park WJ, Yoon YK, Kim Y, Park JS, Pansuriya R, Cho SN, Seok YJ, Ganapathy R. Development of a bivalent conjugate vaccine candidate against rotaviral diarrhea and tuberculosis using polysaccharide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis conjugated to ΔVP8* protein from rotavirus. Vaccine 2021; 39:6644-6652. [PMID: 34642087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of carbohydrate antigens with a carrier protein is a clinically proven strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharide. In addition to its primary role, which is to help generate a T cell-mediate long-lasting immune response directed against the carbohydrate antigen, the carrier protein in a glycoconjugate vaccine can also play an important role as a protective antigen. Among carrier proteins currently used in licensed conjugate vaccines, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D has been used as an antigenically active carrier protein. Our previous studies also indicate that some carrier proteins provide B cell epitopes, along with T cell helper epitopes. Herein we investigated the dual role of truncated rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8* as a carrier and a protective antigen. Capsular polysaccharide lipoarabinomannan (LAM), purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), was chemically conjugated with ΔVP8*. Mouse immunization experiments showed that the resultant conjugates elicited strong and specific immune responses against the polysaccharide antigen, and the responses were comparable to those induced by Diphtheria toxoid (DT)-based conjugates. The conjugate vaccine induced enhanced antibody titers and functional antibodies against ΔVP8* when compared to immunization with the unconjugated ΔVP8*. Thus, these results indicate that ΔVP8* can be a relevant carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccine and the glycoconjugates consisting of ΔVP8* with LAM are effective bivalent vaccine candidates against rotavirus and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Jin Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- College of Medicine and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang-Nae Cho
- College of Medicine and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jae Seok
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Ganapathy
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Song JM. Parenteral, non-live rotavirus vaccine: recent history and future perspective. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2021; 10:203-210. [PMID: 34703802 PMCID: PMC8511589 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2021.10.3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the widespread introduction of oral and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines around the world in 2009, the impacts of disease burden and the effects of disease reduction in developing countries have been proven. However, in low and middle-income countries, the vaccine efficacy is somewhat lower than in developed countries due to differences in nutritional conditions, microbial environments of individuals, and other factors. In addition, as oral, live vaccines have been found to be associated with rare but serious side effects, the development of a next-generation vaccine with safety, improved effectiveness, and ease of storage is currently underway. New vaccine strain developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States are undergoing preclinical testing of efficacy, antigen dose, and administration route in the form of a heat-treated inactive vaccine, and a recombinant protein-based trivalent subunit vaccine developed by the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health is undergoing clinical trial in phase III. Several research groups are also developing non-replicating protein-based rotavirus vaccines using virus-like particles and nanoparticles. This review provides a brief overview of the development status and technology of parenteral, non-live rotavirus vaccines worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Song
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Dalvie NC, Brady JR, Crowell LE, Tracey MK, Biedermann AM, Kaur K, Hickey JM, Kristensen DL, Bonnyman AD, Rodriguez-Aponte SA, Whittaker CA, Bok M, Vega C, Mukhopadhyay TK, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Parreño V, Love KR, Love JC. Molecular engineering improves antigen quality and enables integrated manufacturing of a trivalent subunit vaccine candidate for rotavirus. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:94. [PMID: 33933073 PMCID: PMC8088319 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines comprising recombinant subunit proteins are well-suited to low-cost and high-volume production for global use. The design of manufacturing processes to produce subunit vaccines depends, however, on the inherent biophysical traits presented by an individual antigen of interest. New candidate antigens typically require developing custom processes for each one and may require unique steps to ensure sufficient yields without product-related variants. RESULTS We describe a holistic approach for the molecular design of recombinant protein antigens-considering both their manufacturability and antigenicity-informed by bioinformatic analyses such as RNA-seq, ribosome profiling, and sequence-based prediction tools. We demonstrate this approach by engineering the product sequences of a trivalent non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) candidate to improve titers and mitigate product variants caused by N-terminal truncation, hypermannosylation, and aggregation. The three engineered NRRV antigens retained their original antigenicity and immunogenicity, while their improved manufacturability enabled concomitant production and purification of all three serotypes in a single, end-to-end perfusion-based process using the biotechnical yeast Komagataella phaffii. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that molecular engineering of subunit antigens using advanced genomic methods can facilitate their manufacturing in continuous production. Such capabilities have potential to lower the cost and volumetric requirements in manufacturing vaccines based on recombinant protein subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joseph R Brady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Laura E Crowell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mary Kate Tracey
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrew M Biedermann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - D Lee Kristensen
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alexandra D Bonnyman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sergio A Rodriguez-Aponte
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Charles A Whittaker
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marina Bok
- Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham,, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celina Vega
- Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham,, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tarit K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham,, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kerry R Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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17
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Cárcamo-Calvo R, Muñoz C, Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Gozalbo-Rovira R. The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update. Pathogens 2021; 10:520. [PMID: 33925924 PMCID: PMC8145439 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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18
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McAdams D, Lakatos K, Estrada M, Chen D, Plikaytis B, Sitrin R, White JA. Quantification of trivalent non-replicating rotavirus vaccine antigens in the presence of aluminum adjuvant. J Immunol Methods 2021; 494:113056. [PMID: 33857473 PMCID: PMC8208242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parenterally administered rotavirus vaccines may overcome the low efficacy observed in resource-poor regions that use live oral formulations. We have reported work on a trivalent nonreplicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) for parenteral administration consisting of the recombinant tetanus toxoid P2 CD4 epitope fused to a truncated VP8* fragment (P2-VP8*) for the P[4], P[6], and P[8] serotypes of rotavirus adjuvanted with aluminum. An essential part of developing this vaccine candidate was devising quantification methods for each antigen in the trivalent NRRV in the presence of aluminum adjuvant. This report describes the development of quantitative inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for in vitro antigenicity determination of the adjuvanted trivalent NRRV using serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against each of the P2-VP8* antigens. Adjuvanted trivalent vaccine samples are titrated and incubated with a constant concentration of specific mAbs against each NRRV P2-VP8* antigen variant. Unbound mAbs are measured by ELISA to indirectly quantify the amount of each antigen present in the trivalent vaccine. Sensitive, specific, and reproducible inhibition ELISAs were developed and qualified for each antigen and used for final product quantification and release testing without desorption of the vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McAdams
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyle Lakatos
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marcus Estrada
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dexiang Chen
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Robert Sitrin
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica A White
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Wang Y, Li J, Liu P, Zhu F. The performance of licensed rotavirus vaccines and the development of a new generation of rotavirus vaccines: a review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:880-896. [PMID: 32966134 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1801071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, which causes acute gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, has posed a great threat to children worldwide over the last 30 y. Since no specific drugs and therapies against rotavirus are available, vaccination is considered the most effective method of decreasing the morbidity and mortality related to rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis. To date, six rotavirus vaccines have been developed and licensed by local governments. Notably, Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™ have been recommended as universal agents against rotavirus infection by the World Health Organization; however, lower efficacies were found in less-developed and developing regions with medium and high child mortality than well-developed ones with low child mortality. For now, two promising novel vaccines, Rotavac™ and RotaSiil™ were pre-qualified by the World Health Organization in 2018. Other rotavirus vaccines in the pipeline including neonatal strain (RV3-BB) and several non-replicating rotavirus vaccines with a parenteral delivery strategy are currently undergoing investigation, with the potential to improve the performance of, and eliminate the safety concerns associated with, previous live oral rotavirus vaccines. This paper reviews the important developments in rotavirus vaccines in the last 20 y and discusses problems and challenges that require investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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20
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Kaur K, Xiong J, Sawant N, Agarwal S, Hickey JM, Holland DA, Mukhopadhyay TK, Brady JR, Dalvie NC, Tracey MK, Love KR, Love JC, Weis DD, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Mechanism of Thimerosal-Induced Structural Destabilization of a Recombinant Rotavirus P[4] Protein Antigen Formulated as a Multi-Dose Vaccine. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1054-1066. [PMID: 33278412 PMCID: PMC7884053 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In a companion paper, a two-step developability assessment is presented to rapidly evaluate low-cost formulations (multi-dose, aluminum-adjuvanted) for new subunit vaccine candidates. As a case study, a non-replicating rotavirus (NRRV) recombinant protein antigen P[4] was found to be destabilized by the vaccine preservative thimerosal, and this effect was mitigated by modification of the free cysteine (C173S). In this work, the mechanism(s) of thimerosal-P[4] protein interactions, along with subsequent effects on the P[4] protein's structural integrity, are determined. Reversible complexation of ethylmercury, a thimerosal degradation byproduct, with the single cysteine residue of P[4] protein is demonstrated by intact protein mass analysis and biophysical studies. A working mechanism involving a reversible S-Hg coordinate bond is presented based on the literature. This reaction increased the local backbone flexibility of P[4] within the helical region surrounding the cysteine residue and then caused more global destabilization, both as detected by HX-MS. These effects correlate with changes in antibody-P[4] binding parameters and alterations in P[4] conformational stability due to C173S modification. Epitope mapping by HX-MS demonstrated involvement of the same cysteine-containing helical region of P[4] in antibody-antigen binding. Future formulation challenges to develop low-cost, multi-dose formulations for new recombinant protein vaccine candidates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nishant Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David A Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Tarit K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joseph R Brady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mary Kate Tracey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kerry R Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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21
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Sawant N, Kaur K, Holland DA, Hickey JM, Agarwal S, Brady JR, Dalvie NC, Tracey MK, Velez-Suberbie ML, Morris SA, Jacob SI, Bracewell DG, Mukhopadhyay TK, Love KR, Love JC, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Rapid Developability Assessments to Formulate Recombinant Protein Antigens as Stable, Low-Cost, Multi-Dose Vaccine Candidates: Case-Study With Non-Replicating Rotavirus (NRRV) Vaccine Antigens. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1042-1053. [PMID: 33285182 PMCID: PMC7884052 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A two-step developability assessment workflow is described to screen variants of recombinant protein antigens under various formulation conditions to rapidly identify stable, aluminum-adjuvanted, multi-dose vaccine candidates. For proof-of-concept, a series of sequence variants of the recombinant non-replicating rotavirus (NRRV) P[8] protein antigen (produced in Komagataella phaffii) were compared in terms of primary structure, post-translational modifications, antibody binding, conformational stability, relative solubility and preservative compatibility. Based on these results, promising P[8] variants were down-selected and the impact of key formulation conditions on storage stability was examined (e.g., presence or absence of the aluminum-adjuvant Alhydrogel and the preservative thimerosal) as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and antibody binding assays. Good correlations between rapidly-generated developability screening data and storage stability profiles (12 weeks at various temperatures) were observed for aluminum-adsorbed P[8] antigens. These findings were extended and confirmed using variants of a second NRRV antigen, P[4]. These case-study results with P[8] and P[4] NRRV variants are discussed in terms of using this vaccine formulation developability workflow to better inform and optimize formulation design with a wide variety of recombinant protein antigens, with the long-term goal of rapidly and cost-efficiently identifying low-cost vaccine formulations for use in low and middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David A Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Joseph R Brady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mary Kate Tracey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Lourdes Velez-Suberbie
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen A Morris
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shaleem I Jacob
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tarit K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kerry R Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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22
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Lakatos K, McAdams D, White JA, Chen D. Formulation and preclinical studies with a trivalent rotavirus P2-VP8 subunit vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1957-1968. [PMID: 31995444 PMCID: PMC7482676 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1710412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
More effective rotavirus vaccines are essential for preventing extensive diarrheal morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in low-resource regions. Nonreplicating rotavirus vaccines (NRRV) administered parenterally provide an alternate vaccination method to the current licensed oral vaccine. Live attenuated vaccines and may generate increased efficacy in low-resource settings because the parenteral administration route bypasses some of the challenges associated with oral administration, including differences in intestinal environments. Work described here supports development of a trivalent NRRV vaccine for parenteral administration to avoid complications of the gastrointestinal route. Recombinant VP8* subunit proteins representing some of the most prevalent strains of rotavirus infecting humans - DS-1 (P[4]), 1076 (P[6]), and Wa (P[8]) - were combined with an aluminum adjuvant and the P2 epitope of tetanus toxoid to enhance the immune response to this NRRV antigen. Vaccine formulation development included selection of aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel®) as an appropriate adjuvant as well as an optimal buffer to maintain antigen stability and optimize antigen binding to the adjuvant. Characterization assays were used to select the lead vaccine formulation and monitor formulation stability. The NRRV liquid formulation was stable for one year at 2°C to 8°C and four weeks at 37°C. Immunogenicity of the NRRV formulation was evaluated using a guinea pig model, where we demonstrated that the adjuvant provided a 20-fold increase in neutralization titer against a homologous antigen and that the P2-fusion also enhanced the serum neutralizing antibody responses. This vaccine candidate is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Lakatos
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David McAdams
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica A. White
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dexiang Chen
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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El-Senousy WM, Abu Senna ASM, Mohsen NA, Hasan SF, Sidkey NM. Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Rotavirus Common Genotypes Showed High Prevalence of Common P Genotypes in Egypt. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:99-117. [PMID: 32279222 PMCID: PMC7224034 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of human rotavirus group A common G and P genotypes in human Egyptian stool specimens and raw sewage samples to determine the most common genotypes for future vaccine development. From 1026 stool specimens of children with acute diarrhea and using nested RT-PCR, 250 samples (24.37%) were positive for human rotavirus group A. Using multiplex RT-PCR, rotavirus common P and G genotypes were detected as 89.20% and 46.40% of the positive clinical specimens respectively. This low percentage of common G genotypes frequency may affect the efficiency of the available live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines [Rotarix® (human rotavirus G1P[8]) and RotaTeq® (reassortant bovine-human rotavirus G1-4P[5] and G6P[8])], however the percentage of clinical specimens which were negative for common G genotypes but positive for P[8] genotype was 12.00%. From 24 positive raw sewage samples for rotavirus group A VP6 collected from Zenin and El-Gabal El-Asfar wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), 21 samples (87.50%) were typeable for common P genotypes while 13 samples (54.17%) were typeable for common G genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of a VP8 partial gene of 45 P-typeable clinical isolates and 20 P-typeable raw sewage samples showed high similarity to reference strains and the majority of mutations were silent and showed lower to non-significant similarity with the two vaccine strains. This finding is useful for determining the most common antigens required for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waled M El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division and Food-Borne Viruses Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amel S M Abu Senna
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yossuf Abbas st., Nasr city, P.O. 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabil A Mohsen
- Pediatrics Department, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr Al Ainy st, P.O. 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seham F Hasan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yossuf Abbas st., Nasr city, P.O. 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Sidkey
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yossuf Abbas st., Nasr city, P.O. 11754, Cairo, Egypt
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24
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Groome MJ, Fairlie L, Morrison J, Fix A, Koen A, Masenya M, Jose L, Madhi SA, Page N, McNeal M, Dally L, Cho I, Power M, Flores J, Cryz S. Safety and immunogenicity of a parenteral trivalent P2-VP8 subunit rotavirus vaccine: a multisite, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:851-863. [PMID: 32251641 PMCID: PMC7322558 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background A monovalent, parenteral, subunit rotavirus vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in adults in the USA and in toddlers and infants in South Africa, but elicited poor responses against heterotypic rotavirus strains. We aimed to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent vaccine formulation (P2-VP8-P[4],[6],[8]). Methods A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation, phase 1/2 study was done at three South African research sites. Healthy adults (aged 18–45 years), toddlers (aged 2–3 years), and infants (aged 6–8 weeks, ≥37 weeks' gestation, and without previous receipt of rotavirus vaccination), all without HIV infection, were eligible for enrolment. In the dose-escalation phase, adults and toddlers were randomly assigned in blocks (block size of five) to receive 30 μg or 90 μg of vaccine, or placebo, and infants were randomly assigned in blocks (block size of four) to receive 15 μg, 30 μg, or 90 μg of vaccine, or placebo. In the expanded phase, infants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive 15 μg, 30 μg, or 90 μg of vaccine, or placebo, in block sizes of four. Participants, parents of participants, and clinical, data, and laboratory staff were masked to treatment assignment. Adults received an intramuscular injection of vaccine or placebo in the deltoid muscle on the day of randomisation (day 0), day 28, and day 56; toddlers received a single injection of vaccine or placebo in the anterolateral thigh on day 0. Infants in both phases received an injection of vaccine or placebo in the anterolateral thigh on days 0, 28, and 56, at approximately 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Primary safety endpoints were local and systemic reactions (grade 2 or worse) within 7 days and adverse events and serious adverse events within 28 days after each injection in all participants who received at least one injection. Primary immunogenicity endpoints were analysed in infants in either phase who received all planned injections, had blood samples analysed at the relevant timepoints, and presented no major protocol violations considered to have an effect on the immunogenicity results of the study, and included serum anti-P2-VP8 IgA, IgG, and neutralising antibody geometric mean titres and responses measured 4 weeks after the final injection in vaccine compared with placebo groups. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02646891. Findings Between Feb 15, 2016, and Dec 22, 2017, 30 adults (12 each in the 30 μg and 90 μg groups and six in the placebo group), 30 toddlers (12 each in the 30 μg and 90 μg groups and six in the placebo group), and 557 infants (139 in the 15 μg group, 140 in the 30 μg group, 139 in the 90 μg group, and 139 in the placebo group) were randomly assigned, received at least one dose, and were assessed for safety. There were no significant differences in local or systemic adverse events, or unsolicited adverse events, between vaccine and placebo groups. There were no serious adverse events within 28 days of injection in adults, whereas one serious adverse event occurred in a toddler (febrile convulsion in the 30 μg group) and 23 serious adverse events (four in placebo, ten in 15 μg, four in 30 μg, and five in 90 μg groups) occurred among 20 infants, most commonly respiratory tract infections. One death occurred in an infant within 28 days of injection due to pneumococcal meningitis. In 528 infants (130 in placebo, 132 in 15 μg, 132 in 30 μg, and 134 in 90 μg groups), adjusted anti-P2-VP8 IgG seroresponses (≥4-fold increase from baseline) to P[4], P[6], and P[8] antigens were significantly higher in the 15 μg, 30 μg, and 90 μg groups (99–100%) than in the placebo group (10–29%; p<0·0001). Although significantly higher than in placebo recipients (9–10%), anti-P2-VP8 IgA seroresponses (≥4-fold increase from baseline) to each individual antigen were modest (20–34%) across the 15 μg, 30 μg, and 90 μg groups. Adjusted neutralising antibody seroresponses in infants (≥2·7-fold increase from baseline) to DS-1 (P[4]), 1076 (P[6]), and Wa (P[8]) were higher in vaccine recipients than in placebo recipients: p<0·0001 for all comparisons. Interpretation The trivalent P2-VP8 vaccine was well tolerated, with promising anti-P2-VP8 IgG and neutralising antibody responses across the three vaccine P types. Our findings support advancing the vaccine to efficacy testing. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Groome
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC): Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF): Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julie Morrison
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Anthonet Koen
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC): Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF): Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maysseb Masenya
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa Jose
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC): Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF): Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC): Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF): Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Len Dally
- The Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Iksung Cho
- PATH, Washington, DC, USA; Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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25
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Protective immunity following vaccination with a recombinant multiple-epitope protein of bovine herpesvirus type I in a rabbit model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3011-3023. [PMID: 32002602 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) causes considerable economic losses to the cow industry. Vaccination remains an effective strategy to control the diseases associated with BoHV-1. However, live vaccines present safety concerns, especially in pregnant cows; thus, nonreplicating vaccines have been developed to control the disease. The envelope glycoproteins of BoHV-1 induce a protective immune response. In this work, selected epitopes on glycoproteins gD, gC, and gB were constructed in triplicate with linker peptides. Vaccination of rabbits demonstrated that P2-gD/gC/gB with AAYAAY induced higher specific antibodies than that with GGGGS linker. P2-gD/gC/gB with AAYAAY linker was fused with bovine interleukin-6 (BoIL-6) or rabbit IL-6 (RaIL-6) and bacterially expressed. Rabbits were intramuscularly immunized with 100 μg of P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB, P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6, P2-(gD-a)3-BoIL-6, or P2-(gD-a)3 emulsified with ISA 206 adjuvant thrice at 3-week intervals. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 generated a higher titer of BoHV-1-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-4 compared with P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6, or other formulation. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 triggered similar levels of antibodies and significantly higher titer of IFN-γ and IL-4 compared with inactivated bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccine. Rabbits vaccinated with P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 dramatically reduced viral shedding and tissue lesions in lungs and trachea after viral challenge and reactivation compared with those with P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6 or P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 provided protective effects against viral shedding and tissue pathogenesis similar to those of the inactivated vaccine. The data confirmed the safety and immunogenicity of multiple-epitope recombinant protein and a potential vaccine candidate to control the disease, especially for pregnant cattle.
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Parenterally Administered P24-VP8* Nanoparticle Vaccine Conferred Strong Protection against Rotavirus Diarrhea and Virus Shedding in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040177. [PMID: 31698824 PMCID: PMC6963946 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current live rotavirus vaccines are costly with increased risk of intussusception due to vaccine replication in the gut of vaccinated children. New vaccines with improved safety and cost-effectiveness are needed. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel P24-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine using the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of human rotavirus infection and disease. Three doses of P24-VP8* (200 μg/dose) intramuscular vaccine with Al(OH)3 adjuvant (600 μg) conferred significant protection against infection and diarrhea after challenge with virulent Wa strain rotavirus. This was indicated by the significant reduction in the mean duration of diarrhea, virus shedding in feces, and significantly lower fecal cumulative consistency scores in post-challenge day (PCD) 1-7 among vaccinated pigs compared to the mock immunized controls. The P24-VP8* vaccine was highly immunogenic in Gn pigs. It induced strong VP8*-specific serum IgG and Wa-specific virus-neutralizing antibody responses from post-inoculation day 21 to PCD 7, but did not induce serum or intestinal IgA antibody responses or a strong effector T cell response, which are consistent with the immunization route, the adjuvant used, and the nature of the non-replicating vaccine. The findings are highly translatable and thus will facilitate clinical trials of the P24-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine.
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Li W, Feng J, Li J, Li J, Wang Z, Khalique A, Yang M, Ni X, Zeng D, Zhang D, Jing B, Luo Q, Pan K. Surface Display of Antigen Protein VP8* of Porcine Rotavirus on Bacillus Subtilis Spores Using CotB as a Fusion Partner. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203793. [PMID: 31652492 PMCID: PMC6833084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotavirus is a major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in suckling piglets, and vaccination is considered to be an effective measure to control these infections. The development of a live mucosal vaccine using Bacillus subtilis spores as an antigen delivery vehicle is a convenient and attractive vaccination strategy against porcine rotavirus. In this study, a shuttle vector was constructed for the spore surface display of the spike protein VP8* from porcine rotavirus (the genotype was G5P[7]). A successful display of the CotB-VP8* fusion protein on the spore surface was confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. The capacity for immune response generated after immunization with the recombinant strain was evaluated in a mouse model. The intestinal fecal IgA and serum IgG were detected by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA). Importantly, recombinant strain spores could elicit strong specific mucosal and humoral immune responses. These encouraging results suggest that recombinant B. subtilis BV could provide a strategy for a potential novel application approach to the development of a new and safe mucosal subunit vaccine against porcine rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jiajun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jianzhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chengdu 611100, China.
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chengdu 611100, China.
| | - Abdul Khalique
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Miao Yang
- Technology Centre of Chengdu Custom, Chengdu 611100, China.
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Dong Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qihui Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Effect of Aluminum Adjuvant and Preservatives on Structural Integrity and Physicochemical Stability Profiles of Three Recombinant Subunit Rotavirus Vaccine Antigens. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:476-487. [PMID: 31589875 PMCID: PMC6941222 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A nonreplicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) containing 3 recombinant fusion proteins adsorbed to aluminum adjuvant (Alhydrogel [AH]) is currently in clinical trials. The compatibility and stability of monovalent NRRV antigen with key components of a multidose vaccine formulation were examined using physicochemical and immunochemical methods. The extent and strength of antigen-adjuvant binding were diminished by increasing phosphate concentration, and acceptable levels were identified along with alternate buffering agents. Addition of the preservative thimerosal destabilized AH-adsorbed P2-VP8-P[8] as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Over 3 months at 4°C, AH-adsorbed P2-VP8-P[8] was stable, whereas at 25°C and 37°C, instability was observed which was greatly accelerated by thimerosal addition. Loss of antibody binding (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) correlated with loss of structural integrity (differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy) with concomitant nonnative disulfide bond formation (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and Asn deamidation (liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry peptide mapping). An alternative preservative (2-phenoxyethanol) showed similar antigen destabilization. Due to limited availability, only key assays were performed with monovalent P2-VP8-P[4] and P2-VP8-P[6] AH-adsorbed antigens, and varying levels of preservative incompatibility were observed. In summary, monovalent AH-adsorbed NRRV antigens stored at 4°C showed good stability without preservatives; however, future formulation development efforts are required to prepare a stable, preservative-containing, multidose NRRV formulation.
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Feng N, Hu L, Ding S, Sanyal M, Zhao B, Sankaran B, Ramani S, McNeal M, Yasukawa LL, Song Y, Prasad BV, Greenberg HB. Human VP8* mAbs neutralize rotavirus selectively in human intestinal epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3839-3851. [PMID: 31403468 PMCID: PMC6715378 DOI: 10.1172/jci128382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously generated 32 rotavirus-specific (RV-specific) recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from B cells isolated from human intestinal resections. Twenty-four of these mAbs were specific for the VP8* fragment of RV VP4, and most (20 of 24) were non-neutralizing when tested in the conventional MA104 cell-based assay. We reexamined the ability of these mAbs to neutralize RVs in human intestinal epithelial cells including ileal enteroids and HT-29 cells. Most (18 of 20) of the "non-neutralizing" VP8* mAbs efficiently neutralized human RV in HT-29 cells or enteroids. Serum RV neutralization titers in adults and infants were significantly higher in HT-29 than MA104 cells and adsorption of these sera with recombinant VP8* lowered the neutralization titers in HT-29 but not MA104 cells. VP8* mAbs also protected suckling mice from diarrhea in an in vivo challenge model. X-ray crystallographic analysis of one VP8* mAb (mAb9) in complex with human RV VP8* revealed that the mAb interaction site was distinct from the human histo-blood group antigen binding site. Since MA104 cells are the most commonly used cell line to detect anti-RV neutralization activity, these findings suggest that prior vaccine and other studies of human RV neutralization responses may have underestimated the contribution of VP8* antibodies to the overall neutralization titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningguo Feng
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Liya Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Molecular Biophysics, and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Yanhua Song
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Science, Nanjing, China
| | - B.V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Agarwal S, Hickey JM, Sahni N, Toth RT, Robertson GA, Sitrin R, Cryz S, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Recombinant Subunit Rotavirus Trivalent Vaccine Candidate: Physicochemical Comparisons and Stability Evaluations of Three Protein Antigens. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:380-393. [PMID: 31400347 PMCID: PMC6941226 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although live attenuated Rotavirus (RV) vaccines are available globally to provide protection against enteric RV disease, efficacy is substantially lower in low- to middle-income settings leading to interest in alternative vaccines. One promising candidate is a trivalent nonreplicating RV vaccine, comprising 3 truncated RV VP8 subunit proteins fused to the P2 CD4+ epitope from tetanus toxin (P2-VP8-P[4/6/8]). A wide variety of analytical techniques were used to compare the physicochemical properties of these 3 recombinant fusion proteins. Various environmental stresses were used to evaluate antigen stability and elucidate degradation pathways. P2-VP8-P[4] and P2-VP8-P[6] displayed similar physical stability profiles as function of pH and temperature while P2-VP8-P[8] was relatively more stable. Forced degradation studies revealed similar chemical stability profiles with Met1 most susceptible to oxidation, the single Cys residue (at position 173/172) forming intermolecular disulfide bonds (P2-VP8-P[6] was most susceptible), and Asn7 undergoing the highest levels of deamidation. These results are visualized in a structural model of the nonreplicating RV antigens. The establishment of key structural attributes of each antigen, along with corresponding stability-indicating methods, have been applied to vaccine formulation development efforts (see companion paper), and will be utilized in future analytical comparability assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Neha Sahni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Ronald T Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - George A Robertson
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Robert Sitrin
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Stanley Cryz
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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Agarwal S, Sahni N, Hickey JM, Robertson GA, Sitrin R, Cryz S, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Characterizing and Minimizing Aggregation and Particle Formation of Three Recombinant Fusion-Protein Bulk Antigens for Use in a Candidate Trivalent Rotavirus Vaccine. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:394-406. [PMID: 31400346 PMCID: PMC6941221 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a companion paper, the structural integrity, conformational stability, and degradation mechanisms of 3 recombinant fusion-protein antigens comprising a non-replicating rotavirus (NRRV) vaccine candidate (currently being evaluated in early-stage clinical trials) are described. In this work, we focus on the aggregation propensity of the 3 NRRV antigens coupled to formulation development studies to identify common frozen bulk candidate formulations. The P2-VP8-P[8] antigen was most susceptible to shaking and freeze-thaw-induced aggregation and particle formation. Each NRRV antigen formed aggregates with structurally altered protein (with exposed apolar regions and intermolecular β-sheet) and dimers containing a non-native disulfide bond. From excipient screening studies with P2-VP8-P[8], sugars or polyols (e.g., sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, sorbitol) and various detergents (e.g., Pluronic F-68, polysorbate 20 and 80, PEG-3350) were identified as stabilizers against aggregation. By combining promising additives, candidate bulk formulations were optimized to not only minimize agitation-induced aggregation, but also particle formation due to freeze-thaw stress of P2-VP8-P[8] antigen. Owing to limited material availability, stabilization of the P2-VP8-P[4] and P2-VP8-P[6] was confirmed with the lead candidate P2-VP8-P[8] formulations. The optimization of these bulk NRRV candidate formulations is discussed in the context of subsequent drug product formulations in the presence of aluminum adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Neha Sahni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - George A Robertson
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW Suite 1000, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Robert Sitrin
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW Suite 1000, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Stanley Cryz
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW Suite 1000, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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Mohanty E, Dehury B, Satapathy AK, Dwibedi B. Design and testing of a highly conserved human rotavirus VP8* immunogenic peptide with potential for vaccine development. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:48-60. [PMID: 29886031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection of young children particularly below five years of age resulting in severe diarhoea, is the cause of a large number of infant deaths all over the world, more so in developing countries like India. Vaccines developed against this infection in the last two decades have shown mixed results with some of them leading to complications. Oral vaccines have not been very effective in India. Significant diversity has been found in circulating virus strains in India. Development of a vaccine against diverse genetic variants of the different strains would go a long way in reducing the incidence of infection in developing countries. Success of such a vaccine would depend to a large extent on the antigenic peptide to be used in antibody production. The non-glycosylated protein VP4 on the surface capsid of the virus is important in rota viral immunogenicity and the major antigenic site(s) responsible for neutralization of the virus via VP4 is in the VP8* subunit of VP4. It is necessary that the peptide should be very specific and a peptide sequence which would stimulate both the T and B immunogenic cells would provide maximum protection against the virus. Advanced computational techniques and existing databases of sequences of the VP4 protein of rotavirus help in identification of such specific sequences. Using an in silico approach we have identified a highly conserved VP8* subunit of the VP4 surface protein of rotavirus which shows both T and B cell processivity and is also non-allergenic. This sub-unit could be used in in vivo models for induction of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileena Mohanty
- All India institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneshwar, 751019, Odisha, India.
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Satapathy
- Immunology Laboratory, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- All India institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneshwar, 751019, Odisha, India.
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Li Y, Xue M, Yu L, Luo G, Yang H, Jia L, Zeng Y, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Expression and characterization of a novel truncated rotavirus VP4 for the development of a recombinant rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:2086-2092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Velasquez DE, Parashar U, Jiang B. Decreased performance of live attenuated, oral rotavirus vaccines in low-income settings: causes and contributing factors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 17:145-161. [PMID: 29252042 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1418665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have shown that the oral rotavirus vaccines are less effective in infants born in low income countries compared to those born in developed countries. Identifying the specific factors in developing countries that decrease and/or compromise the protection that rotavirus vaccines offer, could lead to a path for designing new strategies for the vaccines' improvement. AREAS COVERED We accessed PubMed to identify rotavirus vaccine performance studies (i.e., efficacy, effectiveness and immunogenicity) and correlated performance with several risk factors. Here, we review the factors that might contribute to the low vaccine efficacy, including passive transfer of maternal rotavirus antibodies, rotavirus seasonality, oral polio vaccine (OPV) administered concurrently, microbiome composition and concomitant enteric pathogens, malnutrition, environmental enteropathy, HIV, and histo blood group antigens. EXPERT COMMENTARY We highlight two major factors that compromise rotavirus vaccines' efficacy: the passive transfer of rotavirus IgG antibodies to infants and the co-administration of rotavirus vaccines with OPV. We also identify other potential risk factors that require further research because the data about their interference with the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines are inconclusive and at times conflicting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Velasquez
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Shepherd FK, Murtaugh MP, Chen F, Culhane MR, Marthaler DG. Longitudinal Surveillance of Porcine Rotavirus B Strains from the United States and Canada and In Silico Identification of Antigenically Important Sites. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040064. [PMID: 29207506 PMCID: PMC5750588 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus B (RVB) is an important swine pathogen, but control and prevention strategies are limited without an available vaccine. To develop a subunit RVB vaccine with maximal effect, we characterized the amino acid sequence variability and predicted antigenicity of RVB viral protein 7 (VP7), a major neutralizing antibody target, from clinically infected pigs in the United States and Canada. We identified genotype-specific antigenic sites that may be antibody neutralization targets. While some antigenic sites had high amino acid functional group diversity, nine antigenic sites were completely conserved. Analysis of nucleotide substitution rates at amino acid sites (dN/dS) suggested that negative selection appeared to be playing a larger role in the evolution of the identified antigenic sites when compared to positive selection, and was identified in six of the nine conserved antigenic sites. These results identified important characteristics of RVB VP7 variability and evolution and suggest antigenic residues on RVB VP7 that are negatively selected and highly conserved may be good candidate regions to include in a subunit vaccine design due to their tendency to remain stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Shepherd
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Fangzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Marie R Culhane
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Ran X, Yang Z, Wen X, Bi Y, Ni H. Preparation of a Monoclonal Antibody Against gD Protein of Bovine Herpesvirus I. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:282-286. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Ran
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Wen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Bi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - HongBo Ni
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
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37
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Nair N, Feng N, Blum LK, Sanyal M, Ding S, Jiang B, Sen A, Morton JM, He XS, Robinson WH, Greenberg HB. VP4- and VP7-specific antibodies mediate heterotypic immunity to rotavirus in humans. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaam5434. [PMID: 28637924 PMCID: PMC6312383 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam5434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid induction of heterotypic protective immunity to RV, which provides the basis for the efficacy of licensed monovalent RV vaccines, have remained unknown for more than 30 years. We used RV-specific single cell-sorted intestinal B cells from human adults, barcode-based deep sequencing of antibody repertoires, monoclonal antibody expression, and serologic and functional characterization to demonstrate that infection-induced heterotypic immunoglobulins (Igs) primarily directed to VP5*, the stalk region of the RV attachment protein, VP4, are able to mediate heterotypic protective immunity. Heterotypic protective Igs against VP7, the capsid glycoprotein, and VP8*, the cell-binding region of VP4, are also generated after infection; however, our data suggest that homotypic anti-VP7 and non-neutralizing VP8* responses occur more commonly in people. These results indicate that humans can circumvent the extensive serotypic diversity of circulating RV strains by generating frequent heterotypic neutralizing antibody responses to VP7, VP8*, and most often, to VP5* after natural infection. These findings further suggest that recombinant VP5* may represent a useful target for the development of an improved, third-generation, broadly effective RV vaccine and warrants more direct examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Nair
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lisa K Blum
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adrish Sen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - John M Morton
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Safety and immunogenicity of a parenteral P2-VP8-P[8] subunit rotavirus vaccine in toddlers and infants in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:843-853. [PMID: 28483414 PMCID: PMC7771518 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Efficacy of live oral rotavirus vaccines is reduced in low-income compared
with high-income settings. Parenteral non-replicating rotavirus vaccines
might offer benefits over oral vaccines. We assessed the safety and
immunogenicity of the P2-VP8-P[8] subunit rotavirus vaccine at different
doses in South African toddlers and infants. Methods This double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial was
done at a single research unit based at a hospital in South Africa in
healthy HIV-uninfected toddlers (aged 2 to <3 years) and term infants
(aged 6 to <8 weeks, without previous rotavirus vaccination). Block
randomisation (computer-generated, electronic allocation) was used to assign
eligible toddlers (in a 6:1 ratio) and infants (in a 3:1 ratio) in each dose
cohort (10 μg, followed by 30 μg, then 60 μg if doses
tolerated) to parenteral P2-VP8-P[8] subunit rotavirus or placebo injection.
The two highest tolerated doses were then assessed in an expanded cohort (in
a 1:1:1 ratio). Parents of participants and clinical, data, and laboratory
staff were masked to treatment assignment. P2-VP8-P[8] vaccine versus
placebo was assessed first in toddlers (single injection) and then in
infants (three injections 4 weeks apart). The primary safety endpoints were
local and systemic reactions within 7 days after each injection, adverse
events within 28 days after each injection, and all serious adverse events,
assessed in toddlers and infants who received at least one dose. In infants
receiving all study injections, primary immunogenicity endpoints were
anti-P2-VP8-P[8] IgA and IgG and neutralising antibody seroresponses and
geometric mean titres 4 weeks after the third injection. This trial is
registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02109484. Findings Between March 17, 2014, and Sept 29, 2014, 42 toddlers (36 to vaccine and six
to placebo) and 48 infants (36 to vaccine and 12 to placebo) were enrolled
in the dose-escalation phase, in which the 30 μg and 60 μg
doses where found to be the highest tolerated doses. A further 114 infants
were enrolled in the expanded cohort between Nov 3, 2014, and March 20,
2015, and all 162 infants (12 assigned to 10 μg, 50 to 30 μg,
50 to 60 μg, and 50 to placebo) were included in the safety analysis.
Serum IgA seroresponses were observed in 38 (81%, 95% CI 67–91) of 47
infants in the 30 μg group and 32 (68%, 53–81) of 47 in the 60
μg group, compared with nine (20%, 10–35) of 45 in the placebo
group; adjusted IgG seroresponses were seen in 46 (98%, 89–100) of 47
infants in the 30 μg group and 47 (100%; 92–100) of 47 in the
60 μg group, compared with four (9%, 2·5–21) of 45 in
the placebo group; and adjusted neutralising antibody seroresponses against
the homologous Wa-strain were seen in 40 (85%, 72–94) of 47 infants
in both the 30 μg and 60 μg groups, compared with three (7%,
1·4–18) of 45 participants in the placebo group. Solicited
reactions following any injection occurred with similar frequency and
severity in participants receiving vaccine and those receiving placebo.
Unsolicited adverse events were mostly mild and occurred at a similar
frequency between groups. Eight serious adverse events (one with placebo,
two with 30 μg, and five with 60 μg) occurred in seven infants
within 28 days of any study injection, none of which were deemed related to
study treatment. Interpretation The parenteral P2-VP8-P[8] vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in
infants, providing a novel approach to vaccination against rotavirus
disease. On the basis of these results, a phase 1/2 trial of a trivalent
P2-VP8 (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) subunit vaccine is underway at three sites in
South Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Jiang X, Liu Y, Tan M. Histo-blood group antigens as receptors for rotavirus, new understanding on rotavirus epidemiology and vaccine strategy. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e22. [PMID: 28400594 PMCID: PMC5457676 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of the two rotavirus (RV) vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq) in many countries endorses a live attenuated vaccine approach against RVs. However, the lower efficacies of both vaccines in many low- and middle-income countries indicate a need to improve the current RV vaccines. The recent discovery that RVs recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as potential receptors has significantly advanced our understanding of RV diversity, evolution and epidemiology, providing important new insights into the performances of current RV vaccines in different populations and emphasizing a P-type-based vaccine approach. New understanding of RV diversity and evolution also raises a fundamental question about the ‘Jennerian' approach, which needs to be addressed for future development of live attenuated RV vaccines. Alternative approaches to develop safer and more cost-effective subunit vaccines against RVs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Kirkwood CD, Ma LF, Carey ME, Steele AD. The rotavirus vaccine development pipeline. Vaccine 2017; 37:7328-7335. [PMID: 28396207 PMCID: PMC6892263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus disease is a leading global cause of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years of age. The effectiveness of the two globally used oral rotavirus vaccines quickly became apparent when introduced into both developed and developing countries, with significant reductions in rotavirus-associated mortality and hospitalizations. However, the effectiveness and impact of the vaccines is reduced in developing country settings, where the burden and mortality is highest. New rotavirus vaccines, including live oral rotavirus candidates and non-replicating approaches continue to be developed, with the major aim to improve the global supply of rotavirus vaccines and for local implementation, and to improve vaccine effectiveness in developing settings. This review provides an overview of the new rotavirus vaccines in development by developing country manufacturers and provides a rationale why newer candidates continue to be explored. It describes the new live oral rotavirus vaccine candidates as well as the non-replicating rotavirus vaccines that are furthest along in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Kirkwood
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lyou-Fu Ma
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan E Carey
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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Xue M, Yu L, Jia L, Li Y, Zeng Y, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of rotavirus VP8* fused to cholera toxin B subunit in a mouse model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2959-2968. [PMID: 27435429 PMCID: PMC5137547 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1204501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In attempts to develop recombinant subunit vaccines against rotavirus disease, it was previously shown that the N-terminal truncated VP8* protein, VP8-1 (aa26-231), is a good vaccine candidate when used for immunization in combination with Freund's adjuvant. However, this protein stimulated only weak immune response when aluminum hydroxide was used as an adjuvant. In this study, the nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) was employed as intra-molecular adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of VP8-1. Both, the N-terminal and C-terminal fusion proteins, were purified to homogeneity, at which stage they formed pentamers, and showed significantly higher immunogenicity and protective efficacy than a VP8-1/aluminum hydroxide mixture in a mouse model. Compared to VP8-1-CTB, CTB-VP8-1 showed higher binding activity to both, GM1 and the conformation sensitive neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific to VP8. More importantly, CTB-VP8-1 elicited higher titers of neutralizing antibodies and conferred higher protective efficacy than VP8-1-CTB. Therefore, the protein CTB-VP8-1, with enhanced immunogenicity and immunoprotectivity, could be considered as a viable candidate for further development of an alternative, replication-incompetent, parenterally administered vaccine against rotavirus disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Rotavirus Vaccines/genetics
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoge Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Linqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lianzhi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yijian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanjun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Tekewe A, Fan Y, Tan E, Middelberg APJ, Lua LHL. Integrated molecular and bioprocess engineering for bacterially produced immunogenic modular virus-like particle vaccine displaying 18 kDa rotavirus antigen. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:397-406. [PMID: 27497268 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A high global burden of rotavirus disease and the unresolved challenges with the marketed rotavirus vaccines, particularly in the developing world, have ignited efforts to develop virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines for rotavirus. While rotavirus-like particles comprising multiple viral proteins can be difficult to process, modular VLPs presenting rotavirus antigenic modules are promising alternatives in reducing process complexity and cost. In this study, integrated molecular and bioprocess engineering approaches were used to simplify the production of modular murine polyomavirus capsomeres and VLPs presenting a rotavirus 18 kDa VP8* antigen. A single construct was generated for dual expression of non-tagged murine polyomavirus capsid protein VP1 and modular VP1 inserted with VP8*, for co-expression in Escherichia coli. Co-expressed proteins assembled into pentameric capsomeres in E. coli. A selective salting-out precipitation and a polishing size exclusion chromatography step allowed the recovery of stable modular capsomeres from cell lysates at high purity, and modular capsomeres were successfully translated into modular VLPs when assembled in vitro. Immunogenicity study in mice showed that modular capsomeres and VLPs induced high levels of VP8*-specific antibodies. Our results demonstrate that a multipronged synthetic biology approach combining molecular and bioprocess engineering enabled simple and low-cost production of highly immunogenic modular capsomeres and VLPs presenting conformational VP8* antigenic modules. This strategy potentially provides a cost-effective production route for modular capsomere and VLP vaccines against rotavirus, highly suitable to manufacturing economics for the developing world. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 397-406. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemu Tekewe
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnoloy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Emilyn Tan
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Anton P J Middelberg
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnoloy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Nasiri K, Nassiri M, Tahmoorespur M, Haghparast A, Zibaee S. Design and Construction of Chimeric VP8-S2 Antigen for Bovine Rotavirus and Bovine Coronavirus. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:91-8. [PMID: 27123423 PMCID: PMC4845540 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bovine Rotavirus and Bovine Coronavirus are the most important causes of diarrhea in newborn calves and in some other species such as pigs and sheep. Rotavirus VP8 subunit is the major determinant of the viral infectivity and neutralization. Spike glycoprotein of coronavirus is responsible for induction of neutralizing antibody response. METHODS In the present study, several prediction programs were used to predict B and T-cells epitopes, secondary and tertiary structures, antigenicity ability and enzymatic degradation sites. Finally, a chimeric antigen was designed using computational techniques. The chimeric VP8-S2 antigen was constructed. It was cloned and sub-cloned into pGH and pET32a(+) expression vector. The recombinant pET32a(+)-VP8-S2 vector was transferred into E.oli BL21CodonPlus (DE3) as expression host. The recombinant VP8-S2 protein was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography column. RESULTS The results of colony PCR, enzyme digestion and sequencing showed that the VP8-S2 chimeric antigen has been successfully cloned and sub-cloned into pGH and pET32a(+).The results showed that E.coli was able to express VP8-S2 protein appropriately. This protein was expressed by induction of IPTG at concentration of 1mM and it was confirmed by Ni-NTA column, dot-blotting analysis and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that E.coli can be used as an appropriate host to produce the recombinant VP8-S2 protein. This recombinant protein may be suitable to investigate to produce immunoglobulin, recombinant vaccine and diagnostic kit in future studies after it passes biological activity tests in vivo in animal model and or other suitable procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Nasiri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. ; Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Tahmoorespur
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Zibaee
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Mashhad, Iran
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Ma T, Liu Y, Cheng J, Liu Y, Fan W, Cheng Z, Niu X, Liu J. Liposomes containing recombinant E protein vaccine against duck Tembusu virus in ducks. Vaccine 2016; 34:2157-63. [PMID: 27016654 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To obtain an effective vaccine candidate against duck Tembusu viral (DTMUV) disease which causes egg-drop and great economical loss in the Chinese duck industry, liposome vaccines containing recombinant E protein were prepared and assessed in this study. The recombinant plasmid (PET28a-E) was constructed and transformed into BL21 (DE3) cells to produce E proteins. The recombinant E proteins were purified and entrapped by liposomes through reverse-phase evaporation. Eighty-four cherry valley ducks were randomly divided into seven groups and inoculated intramuscularly at one- or seven-day-old with liposomes-E protein or Freund's adjuvant-E protein vaccine. Blood samples were collected from the first week to the tenth week for serum antibody, plasma for viremia, as well as oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs for virus shedding analyses after being challenged with a 10(2.4) 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of duck Tembusu virus. Results showed that serum antibody level of the liposomes vaccine was higher than the Freund's adjuvant vaccine, and inoculating twice was superior to once; furthermore, the viremia and virus shedding tests also proved that the liposomes vaccine can provide complete protection against DTMUV challenge. These results demonstrated that the liposomes-E protein vaccine could be used as a potential candidate vaccine to prevent DTMUV infection in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanhan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wentao Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xudong Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Pêra FFPG, Mutepfa DLR, Khan AM, Els JH, Mbewana S, van Dijk AAA, Rybicki EP, Hitzeroth II. Engineering and expression of a human rotavirus candidate vaccine in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virol J 2015; 12:205. [PMID: 26626122 PMCID: PMC4667453 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rotaviruses are the main cause of severe gastroenteritis in children and are responsible for over 500 000 deaths annually. There are two live rotavirus vaccines currently available, one based on human rotavirus serotype G1P[8], and the other a G1-G4 P[8] pentavalent vaccine. However, the recent emergence of the G9 and other novel rotavirus serotypes in Africa and Asia has prompted fears that current vaccines might not be fully effective against these new varieties. RESULTS We report an effort to develop an affordable candidate rotavirus vaccine against the new emerging G9P[6] (RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/GR10924/1999/G9P[6]) strain. The vaccine is based on virus-like particles which are both highly immunogenic and safe. The vaccine candidate was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana by transient expression, as plants allow rapid production of antigens at lower costs, without the risk of contamination by animal pathogens. Western blot analysis of plant extracts confirmed the successful expression of two rotavirus capsid proteins, VP2 and VP6. These proteins assembled into VLPs resembling native rotavirus particles when analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Expression of the rotavirus glycoprotein VP7 and the spike protein VP4 was also tried. However, VP7 expression caused plant wilting during the course of the time trial and expression could never be detected for either protein. We therefore created three fusion proteins adding the antigenic part of VP4 (VP8*) to VP6 in an attempt to produce more appropriately immunogenic particles. Fusion protein expression in tobacco plants was detected by western blot using anti-VP6 and anti-VP4 antibodies, but no regular particles were observed by TEM, even when co-expressed with VP2. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the rotavirus proteins produced in N. benthamiana are candidates for a subunit vaccine specifically for the G9P[6] rotavirus strain. This could be more effective in developing countries, thereby possibly providing a higher overall efficacy for the existing vaccines. The production of rotavirus proteins in plants would probably result in lower manufacturing costs, making it more affordable for developing countries. Further investigation is required to evaluate the immunogenic potential of the VLPs and fusion proteins created in this study.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Gastroenteritis/prevention & control
- Gastroenteritis/virology
- Genotype
- Humans
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Rotavirus/classification
- Rotavirus/genetics
- Rotavirus/immunology
- Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Rotavirus Infections/virology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/genetics
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco F P G Pêra
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - David L R Mutepfa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ayesha M Khan
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Johann H Els
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sandiswa Mbewana
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Dóró R, Farkas SL, Martella V, Bányai K. Zoonotic transmission of rotavirus: surveillance and control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1337-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1089171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Immunogenicity of porcine P[6], P[7]-specific △VP8* rotavirus subunit vaccines with a tetanus toxoid universal T cell epitope. Vaccine 2015; 33:4533-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Fix AD, Harro C, McNeal M, Dally L, Flores J, Robertson G, Boslego JW, Cryz S. Safety and immunogenicity of a parenterally administered rotavirus VP8 subunit vaccine in healthy adults. Vaccine 2015; 33:3766-72. [PMID: 26065919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The P2-VP8 subunit vaccine for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis is comprised of a truncated VP8 subunit protein from the rotavirus Wa strain (G1[P8]) fused to the tetanus toxin P2 epitope, and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide for intramuscular administration. METHODS Three groups of 16 adults were randomized to receive three injections of P2-VP8 (12) or placebo (4) at doses of 10, 30 or 60 μg of vaccine. IgG and IgA antibodies to P2-VP8 were assessed by ELISA in serum and lymphocyte supernatant (ALS). Serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies to homologous and heterologous strains of rotavirus. RESULTS The vaccine was well-tolerated. All vaccine recipients demonstrated significant IgA responses and all but one demonstrated IgG responses; in the 60 μg cohort, geometric mean titers (GMTs) rose 70- and 80-fold for IgA and IgG, respectively. Homologous neutralizing antibody responses were observed in about half of participants in all three dose cohorts; in the 60 μg cohort, GMTs against Wa rose from 128 to 992. Neutralizing antibody responses were robust to P[8] strains, moderate to P[4] strains and negligible to P[6] strains. ALS IgA responses were dose dependent. CONCLUSIONS The P2-VP8 subunit vaccine was well tolerated and evoked promising immune responses. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01764256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Fix
- Vaccine Development Global Program, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - Clayton Harro
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624N. Broadway, Suite 117, Hampton House, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Laboratory for Specialized Clinical Studies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 333 Burnet Avenue ML6014, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Len Dally
- The EMMES Corporation, 401N. Washington Street, Suite 700, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Jorge Flores
- Vaccine Development Global Program, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - George Robertson
- Vaccine Development Global Program, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - John W Boslego
- Vaccine Development Global Program, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - Stanley Cryz
- Vaccine Development Global Program, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
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Xue M, Yu L, Che Y, Lin H, Zeng Y, Fang M, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Characterization and protective efficacy in an animal model of a novel truncated rotavirus VP8 subunit parenteral vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2015; 33:2606-13. [PMID: 25882173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cell-attachment protein VP8* of rotavirus is a potential candidate parenteral vaccine. However, the yield of full-length VP8 protein (VP8*, residues 1-231) expressed in Escherichia coli was low, and a truncated VP8 protein (ΔVP8*, residues 65-231) cannot elicit efficient protective immunity in a mouse model. In this study, tow novel truncated VP8 proteins, VP8-1 (residues 26-231) and VP8-2 (residues 51-231), were expressed in E. coli and evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy, compared with VP8* and ΔVP8*. As well as ΔVP8*, the protein VP8-1 and VP8-2 were successfully expressed in high yield and purified in homogeneous dimeric forms, while the protein VP8* was expressed with lower yield and prone to aggregation and degradation in solution. Although the immunogenicity of the protein VP8*, VP8-1, VP8-2 and ΔVP8* was comparable, immunization of VP8* and VP8-1 elicited significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers than that of VP8-2 and ΔVP8* in mice. Furthermore, when assessed using a mouse maternal antibody model, the efficacy of VP8-1 to protect against rotavirus-induced diarrhea in pups was comparable to that of VP8*, both were dramatically higher than that of VP8-2 and ΔVP8*. Taken together, the novel truncated protein VP8-1, with increased yield, improved homogeneity and high protective efficacy, is a viable candidate for further development of a parenterally administrated prophylactic vaccine against rotavirus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Diarrhea/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Female
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Rotavirus/immunology
- Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoge Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Linqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yaojian Che
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Haijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yuanjun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
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50
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Wen X, Cao D, Jones RW, Hoshino Y, Yuan L. Tandem truncated rotavirus VP8* subunit protein with T cell epitope as non-replicating parenteral vaccine is highly immunogenic. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2483-9. [PMID: 26091081 PMCID: PMC4635725 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1054583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The two currently available live oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix(®) and RotaTeq(®), are highly efficacious in the developed countries. However, the efficacy of such vaccines in resource deprived countries in Africa and Southeast Asia is low. We reported previously that a bacterially-expressed rotavirus P2-P[8] ΔVP8* subunit vaccine candidate administered intramuscularly elicited high-titers of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs and mice and significantly shortened the duration of diarrhea in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs upon oral challenge with virulent human rotavirus Wa strain. To further improve its vaccine potential and provide wider coverage against rotavirus strains of global and regional epidemiologic importance, we constructed 2 tandem recombinant VP8* proteins, P2-P[8] ΔVP8*-P[8] ΔVP8* and P2-P[8] ΔVP8*-P[6] ΔVP8* based on Escherichia coli expression system. The two resulting recombinant tandem proteins were highly soluble and P2-P[8] ΔVP8*-P[8] ΔVP8* was generated with high yield. Moreover, guinea pigs immunized intramuscularly by 3 doses of the P2-P[8] ΔVP8*-P[8] ΔVP8* or P2-P[8] ΔVP8*-P[6] ΔVP8* vaccine with aluminum phosphate adjuvant developed high titers of homotypic and heterotypic neutralizing antibodies against human rotaviruses bearing G1-G4, G8, G9 and G12 with P[8], P[4] or P[6] combination. The results suggest that these 2 subunit vaccines in monovalent or bivalent formulation can provide antigenic coverage to almost all the rotavirus G (VP7) types and major P (VP4) types of global as well as regional epidemiologic importance.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Aluminum Compounds/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Guinea Pigs
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mutant Proteins/genetics
- Mutant Proteins/immunology
- Phosphates/administration & dosage
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Rotavirus Vaccines/genetics
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dianjun Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Ronald W Jones
- Rotavirus Vaccine Development Section; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yasutaka Hoshino
- Rotavirus Vaccine Development Section; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg, VA USA
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