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Wherry TLT, Dassanayake RP, Bannantine JP, Mooyottu S, Stabel JR. Vitamin D3 alters macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking markers in dairy cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1021657. [PMID: 36275033 PMCID: PMC9579537 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1021657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important host defense cells in ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease; JD), a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Classical macrophage functions of pathogen trafficking, degradation, and antigen presentation are interrupted in mycobacterial infection. Immunologic stimulation by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) enhances bovine macrophage function. The present study aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D3 on macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking of MAP in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) cultured from JD-, JD+ subclinical, and JD+ clinically infected cattle. MDMs were pre-treated 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3 and incubated 24 hrs with MAP at 10:1 multiplicity of infection (MOI). In vitro MAP infection upregulated pro-inflammatory (M1) CD80 and downregulated resolution/repair (M2) CD163. Vitamin D3 generally decreased CD80 and increased CD163 expression. Furthermore, early endosomal marker Rab5 was upregulated 140× across all stages of paratuberculosis infection following in vitro MAP infection; however, Rab5 was reduced in MAP-activated MDMs from JD+ subclinical and JD+ clinical cows compared to healthy controls. Rab7 expression decreased in control and clinical cows following MDM infection with MAP. Both forms of vitamin D3 reduced Rab5 expression in infected MDMs from JD- control cows, while 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased Rab7 expression in JD- and JD+ subclinical animals regardless of MAP infection in vitro. Vitamin D3 promoted phagocytosis in MDMs from JD- and JD+ clinical cows treated with either vitamin D3 analog. Results from this study show exogenous vitamin D3 influences macrophage M1/M2 polarization and Rab GTPase expression within MDM culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel,
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Stabel JR, Bannantine JP. Reduced tissue colonization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in neonatal calves vaccinated with a cocktail of recombinant proteins. Vaccine 2021; 39:3131-3140. [PMID: 33966908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An increasing prevalence of paratuberculosis supports the need for new efficacious vaccines as an essential management tool. Two separate studies were performed in neonatal calves to evaluate the effectiveness of pooled recombinant Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) proteins (MAP1087, MAP1204, MAP1272c, MAP2077c) as a potential vaccine. In the first study vaccinated calves were immunized with 400 µg protein cocktail per dose, whereas the second study compared doses of 400 µg and 800 µg of protein cocktail, followed by challenge with live MAP for both vaccinated and nonvaccinated control calves 28 days post-vaccination. At the end of 12 months, tissue colonization with MAP was significantly reduced for the vaccinated calves compared to control animals. A higher dose of vaccine improved protection, with further reductions of MAP burden. Antigen-specific IFN-γ responses and serum antibody responses were similar regardless of vaccination, indicating exposure to MAP invoked conventional host immune responses. Host immunity differed due to vaccination, resulting in increased percentages of CD4+ T cells and B cells after stimulation of PBMCs with antigen. Interestingly, gene expression in PBMCs was similar for both control and vaccinated calves except for significant increases in IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-17 expression observed in vaccinated calves. Vaccination with a cocktail of immunogenic recombinant MAP proteins was efficacious in reducing the level of infection and fecal shedding of neonatal calves and may be a potential tool for curtailing the spread of Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Stabel
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
| | - J P Bannantine
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, United States
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DeKuiper JL, Coussens PM. Mycobacterium avium sp. paratuberculosis (MAP) induces IL-17a production in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and enhances IL-23R expression in-vivo and in-vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 218:109952. [PMID: 31593889 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Control of JD is difficult largely due to insensitive diagnostic tools, a long subclinical stage of infection, and lack of effective vaccines. Correlates of protection are lacking in model systems of JD and the sources of inflammation due to JD are not well characterized. Commonly studied immune responses, such as the Th1/Th2 paradigm, do not adequately explain host responses to MAP. A potential role for non-classical immune responses to MAP, such as that mediated by Th17 cells, has been suggested. Indeed, MAP antigens induce mRNAs encoding the cytokines IL-23 and IL-17a in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). IL-23 and IL-17a production have both been associated with Th17-like immune responses. Th17 cells are also defined by surface expression of the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R). To determine the relative prevalence of potential Th17 cells in PBMCs from MAP test positive and MAP test negative cows, PBMCs were isolated and analyzed by immunostaining and flow cytometry. Fresh PBMCs from MAP test positive cows (n = 12) contained a significantly higher proportion of IL-23R positive cells in populations of CD4+, CD8+, and Yδ + T cells than in cells from MAP test negative cows (n = 12; p < 0.05). Treatment with MAP antigens increased the percentage of all T cell subsets with surface expression of IL-23R when compared to untreated (n = 12; p < 0.05) cells. ELISA results for IL-17a secretion revealed a higher concentration of IL-17a secreted from PBMCs treated with MAP antigen (n = 20) than from PBMCs not treated with MAP antigens (n = 20) (p < 0.001), regardless of the JD test status of source cows. Also, we observed a moderate negative correlation between JD diagnostic scores for JD + cows and plasma IL-17a concentration (n = 42; r = -0.437; p-value < 0.004). Plasma with low and mid JD- scores (n = 31; n = 9; 0.1 ≤ X < 0.3) had significantly more IL-17a when compared to plasma with high JD- scores (n = 10; 0.3 ≤ X < 0.46; p-values < 0.05). Similarly, plasma with low JD + score values (0.55 ≤ X < 1.0; n = 9) had significantly more IL-17a when compared to plasma with high JD + score values (X ≥ 2.0; n = 21; p < 0.05). Overall, plasma from JD + cows (0.55 < X ≤ 2.86; n = 41) had significantly less IL-17a than plasma from JD- cows (0 < X ≤ 0.46; n = 70). Our data suggests that Th17-like cells may indeed play a role in early immune responses to MAP infection and development or control of JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L DeKuiper
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Protection efficacy of Argentinian isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with different genotypes and virulence in a murine model. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:4-11. [PMID: 30300853 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). The disease causes economic losses and, therefore, it is imperative to follow proper control strategies, which should include an effective vaccine. Several strategies have assessed the virulence and immune response of Map strains that could be used as a vaccine. This study evaluates the degree of virulence, immune response, and protection of Argentinian strains of Map with different genotype in a murine model. Four local isolates (Cattle type) with different genotypes (analyzed by MIRU-VNTR and SSRs) were selected and evaluated in a virulence assay in BALB/c mice. This assay allowed us to differentiate virulent and low-virulence Map strains. The less virulent strains (1543/481 and A162) failed to induce a significant production of the proinflammatory cytokine IFNg, whereas the virulent strain 6611 established infection along with a proinflammatory immune response. On the other hand, the virulent strain 1347/498 was efficient in establishing a persistent infection, but failed to promote an important Th1 response compared with 6611 at the evaluated time. We selected the low-virulence strain 1543/498 as a live vaccine and the virulent strain 6611 as a live and inactivated vaccine in a protection assay in mice. Strain 1543/481 failed to protect the animals from challenge, whereas strain 6611, in its live and inactivated form, significantly reduced the CFUs count in the infected mice, although they had different immunological response profiles. The inactivated virulent strain 6611 is a potential vaccine candidate against paratuberculosis to be tested in cattle.
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Rathnaiah G, Zinniel DK, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Gröhn YT, Collins MT, Barletta RG. Pathogenesis, Molecular Genetics, and Genomics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the Etiologic Agent of Johne's Disease. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:187. [PMID: 29164142 PMCID: PMC5681481 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in ruminants causing chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, and muscular wasting. Neonates and young animals are infected primarily by the fecal-oral route. MAP attaches to, translocates via the intestinal mucosa, and is phagocytosed by macrophages. The ensuing host cellular immune response leads to granulomatous enteritis characterized by a thick and corrugated intestinal wall. We review various tissue culture systems, ileal loops, and mice, goats, and cattle used to study MAP pathogenesis. MAP can be detected in clinical samples by microscopy, culturing, PCR, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There are commercial vaccines that reduce clinical disease and shedding, unfortunately, their efficacies are limited and may not engender long-term protective immunity. Moreover, the potential linkage with Crohn's disease and other human diseases makes MAP a concern as a zoonotic pathogen. Potential therapies with anti-mycobacterial agents are also discussed. The completion of the MAP K-10 genome sequence has greatly improved our understanding of MAP pathogenesis. The analysis of this sequence has identified a wide range of gene functions involved in virulence, lipid metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and main metabolic pathways. We also review the transposons utilized to generate random transposon mutant libraries and the recent advances in the post-genomic era. This includes the generation and characterization of allelic exchange mutants, transcriptomic analysis, transposon mutant banks analysis, new efforts to generate comprehensive mutant libraries, and the application of transposon site hybridization mutagenesis and transposon sequencing for global analysis of the MAP genome. Further analysis of candidate vaccine strains development is also provided with critical discussions on their benefits and shortcomings, and strategies to develop a highly efficacious live-attenuated vaccine capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardhan Rathnaiah
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Denise K. Zinniel
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yrjö T. Gröhn
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael T. Collins
- Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Raúl G. Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Barkema HW, Orsel K, Nielsen SS, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Bannantine JP, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Wells SJ, Whittington RJ, Mackintosh CG, Manning EJ, Weber MF, Heuer C, Forde TL, Ritter C, Roche S, Corbett CS, Wolf R, Griebel PJ, Kastelic JP, De Buck J. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:125-148. [PMID: 28941207 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A P Koets
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - G P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - S J Wells
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M F Weber
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - C Heuer
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - C Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Roche
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - C S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria
| | | | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Li M, Cai RJ, Li CL, Song S, Li Y, Jiang ZY, Yang DX. Deletion of ssnA Attenuates the Pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis and Confers Protection against Serovar 2 Strain Challenge. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169791. [PMID: 28081204 PMCID: PMC5232344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is a major porcine and human pathogen which causes arthritis, meningitis, and septicemia. Streptococcus suis nuclease A (SsnA) is a recently discovered deoxyribonuclease (DNase), which has been demonstrated to contribute to escape killing in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). To further determine the effects of ssnA on virulence, the ssnA deletion mutant (ΔssnA) and its complemented strain (C-ΔssnA) were constructed. The ability of ΔssnA mutant to interact with human laryngeal epithelial cell (Hep-2) was evaluated and it exhibited dramatically decreased ability to adhere to and invade Hep-2 cells. This mutation was found to exhibit significant attenuation of virulence when evaluated in CD1 mice, suggesting ssnA plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of SS2. Finally, we found that immunization with the ΔssnA mutant triggered both antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity, and conferred 80% protection against virulent SS2 challenge in mice. Taken together, our results suggest that ΔssnA represents an attractive candidate for designing an attenuated live vaccine against SS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Jian Cai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CLL); (RJC)
| | - Chun-Ling Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CLL); (RJC)
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Xia Yang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
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Garcia AB, Shalloo L. Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 98:5019-39. [PMID: 26074241 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (also called Johne's disease) is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that affects ruminants and other animals. The epidemiology of paratuberculosis is complex and the clinical manifestations and economic impact of the disease in cattle can be variable depending on factors such as herd management, age, infection dose, and disease prevalence, among others. Additionally, considerable challenges are faced in the control of paratuberculosis in cattle, such as the lack of accurate and reliable diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, efforts are directed toward the control of this disease because it can cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry mainly due to increased premature culling, replacement costs, decreased milk yield, reduced feed conversion efficiency, fertility problems, reduced slaughter values, and increased susceptibility to other diseases or conditions. The variability and uncertainty surrounding the estimations of paratuberculosis prevalence and impact influence the design, implementation, and efficiency of control programs in diverse areas of the world. This review covers important aspects of the economic impact and control of paratuberculosis, including challenges related to disease detection, estimations of the prevalence and economic effects of the disease, and the implementation of control programs. The control of paratuberculosis can improve animal health and welfare, increase productivity, reduce potential market problems, and increase overall business profitability. The benefits that can derive from the control of paratuberculosis need to be communicated to all industry stakeholders to promote the implementation of control programs. Moreover, if the suspected link between Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease in humans was established, significant economic losses could be expected, particularly for the dairy industry, making the control of this disease a priority across dairy industries internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Garcia
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - L Shalloo
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Bannantine JP, Lingle CK, Adam PR, Ramyar KX, McWhorter WJ, Stabel JR, Picking WD, Geisbrecht BV. NlpC/P60 domain-containing proteins of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that differentially bind and hydrolyze peptidoglycan. Protein Sci 2016; 25:840-51. [PMID: 26799947 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A subset of proteins containing NlpC/P60 domains are bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases that cleave noncanonical peptide linkages and contribute to cell wall remodeling as well as cell separation during late stages of division. Some of these proteins have been shown to cleave peptidoglycan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and play a role in Mycobacterium marinum virulence of zebra fish; however, there are still significant knowledge gaps concerning the molecular function of these proteins in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The MAP genome sequence encodes five NlpC/P60 domain-containing proteins. We describe atomic resolution crystal structures of two such MAP proteins, MAP_1272c and MAP_1204. These crystal structures, combined with functional assays to measure peptidoglycan cleavage activity, led to the observation that MAP_1272c does not have a functional catalytic core for peptidoglycan hydrolysis. Furthermore, the structure and sequence of MAP_1272c demonstrate that the catalytic residues normally required for hydrolysis are absent, and the protein does not bind peptidoglycan as efficiently as MAP_1204. While the NlpC/P60 catalytic triad is present in MAP_1204, changing the catalytic cysteine-155 residue to a serine significantly diminished catalytic activity, but did not affect binding to peptidoglycan. Collectively, these findings suggest a broader functional repertoire for NlpC/P60 domain-containing proteins than simply hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa
| | - Cari K Lingle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Philip R Adam
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Kasra X Ramyar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - William J McWhorter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Judith R Stabel
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa
| | - William D Picking
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
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Ghosh P, Shippy DC, Talaat AM. Superior protection elicited by live-attenuated vaccines in the murine model of paratuberculosis. Vaccine 2015; 33:7262-7270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Bannantine JP, Hines ME, Bermudez LE, Talaat AM, Sreevatsan S, Stabel JR, Chang YF, Coussens PM, Barletta RG, Davis WC, Collins DM, Gröhn YT, Kapur V. A rational framework for evaluating the next generation of vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:126. [PMID: 25250245 PMCID: PMC4158869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, several investigations have focused on developing a vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep. These studies used whole-cell inactivated vaccines that have proven useful in limiting disease progression, but have not prevented infection. In contrast, modified live vaccines that invoke a Th1 type immune response, may improve protection against infection. Spurred by recent advances in the ability to create defined knockouts in MAP, several independent laboratories have developed modified live vaccine candidates by transpositional mutation of virulence and metabolic genes in MAP. In order to accelerate the process of identification and comparative evaluation of the most promising modified live MAP vaccine candidates, members of a multi-institutional USDA-funded research consortium, the Johne's disease integrated program (JDIP), met to establish a standardized testing platform using agreed upon protocols. A total of 22 candidates vaccine strains developed in five independent laboratories in the United States and New Zealand voluntarily entered into a double blind stage gated trial pipeline. In Phase I, the survival characteristics of each candidate were determined in bovine macrophages. Attenuated strains moved to Phase II, where tissue colonization of C57/BL6 mice were evaluated in a challenge model. In Phase III, five promising candidates from Phase I and II were evaluated for their ability to reduce fecal shedding, tissue colonization and pathology in a baby goat challenge model. Formation of a multi-institutional consortium for vaccine strain evaluation has revealed insights for the implementation of vaccine trials for Johne's disease and other animal pathogens. We conclude by suggesting the best way forward based on this 3-phase trial experience and challenge the rationale for use of a macrophage-to-mouse-to native host pipeline for MAP vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Murray E Hines
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Lab, The University of Georgia Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Luiz E Bermudez
- Departments of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvalis, OR, USA
| | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Food Hygenie, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Judith R Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Raúl G Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
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Virulence and immunity orchestrated by the global gene regulator sigL in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3066-75. [PMID: 24799632 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00001-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic enteric disease responsible for severe economic losses in the dairy industry. Global gene regulators, including sigma factors are important in regulating mycobacterial virulence. However, the biological significance of such regulators in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis rremains elusive. To better decipher the role of sigma factors in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenesis, we targeted a key sigma factor gene, sigL, activated in mycobacterium-infected macrophages. We interrogated an M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ΔsigL mutant against a selected list of stressors that mimic the host microenvironments. Our data showed that sigL was important in maintaining bacterial survival under such stress conditions. Survival levels further reflected the inability of the ΔsigL mutant to persist inside the macrophage microenvironments. Additionally, mouse infection studies suggested a substantial role for sigL in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis virulence, as indicated by the significant attenuation of the ΔsigL-deficient mutant compared to the parental strain. More importantly, when the sigL mutant was tested for its vaccine potential, protective immunity was generated in a vaccine/challenge model of murine paratuberculosis. Overall, our study highlights critical role of sigL in the pathogenesis and immunity of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, a potential role that could be shared by similar proteins in other intracellular pathogens.
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