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Rehman AU, Javed MT, Ahmed I, Saeed MA, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Rafique MK, Sikandar A, Nasir A, Ahmad L, Kashif M, Zeeshan MA. Serological and epidemiological investigation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovines in Pakistan. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1644-1652. [PMID: 38665082 PMCID: PMC11366533 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes at twelve public dairy farms in Punjab, Pakistan. METHODS A total of 2,181 more than two-year-old animals (1,242 cattle and 939 buffaloes) were tested by avian tuberculin, i.e., killed purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood and fecal samples were collected from tuberculin positive animals. These samples were further processed by indirect ELISA. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis and logistic analysis procedures. RESULTS The prevalence of paratuberculosis at public dairy farms was 3.8%, as determined by tuberculin+ELISA test. It varied from 0.71% to 13.5% with a 100% herd prevalence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that species, milk production, total animals, total small ruminants, and total buffaloes were significantly associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis. Odd ratio analysis revealed that with a one-kilogram increase in body weight, there will be a 0.006% increase in disease occurrence. With the increase in one animal in small ruminants and buffaloes, there will be 0.008% and 0.42% greater chances of developing paratuberculosis, respectively. Bivariate logistic regression analysis of cattle and buffaloes revealed that farm number, age, and total number of cattle were significantly associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis. A one-month increase in lactation length increases the chance of tuberculosis by 0.004%; similarly, a one-liter increase in milk production increases the chance of disease by 10%. With each additional buffalo in the herd, there will be a 0.007% greater chance for the occurrence of paratuberculosis. CONCLUSION This study concluded that tuberculin testing can be used in conjunction with ELISA to screen animals for paratuberculosis in countries with scarce resources, such as Pakistan. The efficacy of disease diagnosis can be improved by combining multiple tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz ur Rehman
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Javed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000,
Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Saeed
- Department of Pathobiology (Microbiology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque
- Department of Pathobiology (Microbiology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran Rafique
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Arbab Sikandar
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Amar Nasir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Latif Ahmad
- Baqai College of Veterinary Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, 74200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abid Zeeshan
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
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Liu Y, Long M, Wang Y, Liang Z, Dong Y, Qu M, Ge X, Nan Y, Chen Y, Zhou X. Chitosan-alginate/R8 ternary polyelectrolyte complex as an oral protein-based vaccine candidate induce effective mucosal immune responses. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133671. [PMID: 38971274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing infectious diseases. Oral vaccinations have attracted much attention due to the ability to boost intestinal and systemic immunity. The focus of this study was to develop a poly (lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA)-based ternary polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) with chitosan, sodium alginate, and transmembrane peptides R8 for the delivery of antigen proteins. In this study, the antigen protein (HBf), consisting of the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antigens HBHA, Ag85B, and Bfra, was combined with R8 to generate self-assembled conjugates. The results showed that PEC presented a cross-linked reticular structure to protect the encapsulated proteins in the simulated gastric fluid. Then, the nanocomposite separated into individual nanoparticles after entering the simulated intestinal fluid. The ternary PEC with R8 promoted the in vivo uptake of antigens by intestinal lymphoid tissue. Moreover, the ternary PEC administered orally to mice promoted the secretion of specific antibodies and intestinal mucosal IgA. In addition, in the mouse models of MAP infection, the ternary PEC enhanced splenic T cell responses, thus reducing bacterial load and liver pathology score. These results suggested that this ternary electrolyte complex could be a promising delivery platform for oral subunit vaccine candidates, not limited to MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Meizhen Long
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhengmin Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Mengjin Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xin Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yue Nan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yulan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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3
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Hanafy M, Hansen C, Phanse Y, Wu CW, Nelson K, Aschenbroich SA, Talaat AM. Characterization of early immune responses elicited by live and inactivated vaccines against Johne's disease in goats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1046704. [PMID: 36699320 PMCID: PMC9868903 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1046704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic debilitating condition affecting ruminants causing significant economic losses to the dairy industry. Available inactivated vaccines are not effective in controlling the disease and vaccinated animals can continue to infect newly born calves. Recently, we have shown that a live-attenuated vaccine candidate (pgsN) is protective in goats and calves following challenge with virulent strains of M. paratuberculosis. To decipher the dynamics of the immune responses elicited by both live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, we analyzed key immunological parameters of goats immunized through different routes when a marker-less pgsN vaccine was used. Within a few weeks, the inactivated vaccine triggered the formation of granulomas both at the site of inoculation and in regional lymph nodes, that increased in size over time and persisted until the end of the experiment. In contrast, granulomas induced by the pgsN vaccine were small and subsided during the study. Interestingly, in this vaccine group, histology demonstrated an initial abundance of intra-histiocytic mycobacterial bacilli at the site of inoculation, with recruitment of very minimal T lymphocytes to poorly organized granulomas. Over time, granulomas became more organized, with recruitment of greater numbers of T and B lymphocytes, which coincided with a lack of mycobacteria. For the inactivated vaccine group, mycobacterial bacilli were identified extracellularly within the center of caseating granulomas, with relatively equal proportions of B- and T-lymphocytes maintained across both early and late times. Despite the differences in granuloma-specific lymphocyte recruitment, markers for cell-mediated immunity (e.g., IFN-γ release) were robust in both injected pgsN and inactivated vaccine groups. In contrast, the intranasal live-attenuated vaccine did not elicit any reaction at site of inoculation, nor cell-mediated immune responses. Finally, 80% of animals in the inactivated vaccine group significantly reacted to purified protein derivatives from M. bovis, while reactivity was detected in only 20% of animals receiving pgsN vaccine, suggesting a higher level of cross reactivity for bovine tuberculosis when inactivated vaccine is used. Overall, these results depict the cellular recruitment strategies driving immune responses elicited by both live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines that target Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Hanafy
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Chungyi Hansen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Chia-wei Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kathryn Nelson
- Research Animal Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sophie A. Aschenbroich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States,Sophie A. Aschenbroich ✉
| | - Adel M. Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States,Pan Genome Systems, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Adel M. Talaat ✉
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Ssekitoleko J, Ojok L, Abd El Wahed A, Erume J, Amanzada A, Eltayeb E, Eltom KH, Okuni JB. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Virulence: A Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2623. [PMID: 34946224 PMCID: PMC8707695 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To propose a solution for control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in animals as well as in humans, and develop effective prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of MAP pathogenesis. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by MAP to overcome the host defense system to achieve the virulence status. Putative MAP virulence genes are mentioned and their probable roles in view of other mycobacteria are discussed. This review provides information on MAP strain diversity, putative MAP virulence factors and highlights the knowledge gaps regarding MAP virulence mechanisms that may be important in control and prevention of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judah Ssekitoleko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P. O. Box 7062, Uganda; (J.S.); (L.O.); (J.E.)
- Department of Livestock Health Research, Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Entebbe P. O. Box 295, Uganda
| | - Lonzy Ojok
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P. O. Box 7062, Uganda; (J.S.); (L.O.); (J.E.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu P. O. Box 166, Uganda
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Erume
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P. O. Box 7062, Uganda; (J.S.); (L.O.); (J.E.)
| | - Ahmad Amanzada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - ElSagad Eltayeb
- Ibn Sina Specialised Hospital, Mohammed Najeeb St., Khartoum 11560, Sudan;
- Faculty of Medicine, Al Neelain University, 52nd St., Khartoum 11112, Sudan
| | - Kamal H. Eltom
- Unit of Animal Health and Safety of Animal Products, Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan;
| | - Julius Boniface Okuni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P. O. Box 7062, Uganda; (J.S.); (L.O.); (J.E.)
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Stabel JR, Bannantine JP. Reduced tissue colonization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in neonatal calves vaccinated with a cocktail of recombinant proteins. Vaccine 2021; 39:3131-3140. [PMID: 33966908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An increasing prevalence of paratuberculosis supports the need for new efficacious vaccines as an essential management tool. Two separate studies were performed in neonatal calves to evaluate the effectiveness of pooled recombinant Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) proteins (MAP1087, MAP1204, MAP1272c, MAP2077c) as a potential vaccine. In the first study vaccinated calves were immunized with 400 µg protein cocktail per dose, whereas the second study compared doses of 400 µg and 800 µg of protein cocktail, followed by challenge with live MAP for both vaccinated and nonvaccinated control calves 28 days post-vaccination. At the end of 12 months, tissue colonization with MAP was significantly reduced for the vaccinated calves compared to control animals. A higher dose of vaccine improved protection, with further reductions of MAP burden. Antigen-specific IFN-γ responses and serum antibody responses were similar regardless of vaccination, indicating exposure to MAP invoked conventional host immune responses. Host immunity differed due to vaccination, resulting in increased percentages of CD4+ T cells and B cells after stimulation of PBMCs with antigen. Interestingly, gene expression in PBMCs was similar for both control and vaccinated calves except for significant increases in IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-17 expression observed in vaccinated calves. Vaccination with a cocktail of immunogenic recombinant MAP proteins was efficacious in reducing the level of infection and fecal shedding of neonatal calves and may be a potential tool for curtailing the spread of Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Stabel
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
| | - J P Bannantine
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, United States
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6
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A single dose polyanhydride-based nanovaccine against paratuberculosis infection. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:15. [PMID: 32128256 PMCID: PMC7021715 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) causes Johne’s disease in ruminants and is characterized by chronic gastroenteritis leading to heavy economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. The currently available vaccine (inactivated bacterin in oil base) is not effective in preventing pathogen shedding and is rarely used to control Johne’s disease in dairy herds. To develop a better vaccine that can prevent the spread of Johne’s disease, we utilized polyanhydride nanoparticles (PAN) to encapsulate mycobacterial antigens composed of whole cell lysate (PAN-Lysate) and culture filtrate (PAN-Cf) of M. paratuberculosis. These nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., nanovaccines) were well tolerated in mice causing no inflammatory lesions at the site of injection. Immunological assays demonstrated a substantial increase in the levels of antigen-specific T cell responses post-vaccination in the PAN-Cf vaccinated group as indicated by high percentages of triple cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α) producing CD8+ T cells. Following challenge, animals vaccinated with PAN-Cf continued to produce significant levels of double (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and single cytokine (IFN-γ) secreting CD8+ T cells compared with animals vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. A significant reduction in bacterial load was observed in multiple organs of animals vaccinated with PAN-Cf, which is a clear indication of protection. Overall, the use of polyanhydride nanovaccines resulted in development of protective and sustained immunity against Johne’s disease, an approach that could be applied to counter other intracellular pathogens.
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7
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A peptide-based vaccine for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vaccine 2019; 37:2783-2790. [PMID: 31003915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts to develop a live attenuated vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), revealed relA is important in Map virulence. Deletion of the relA gene impairs the ability of Map to establish a persistent infection. Analysis of the basis for this observation revealed infection with a relA deletion mutant (ΔrelA) elicits development of cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTL) with the ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Further analysis of the recall response elicited by ΔrelA vaccination showed a 35 kDa membrane peptide (MMP) is one of the targets of the immune response, suggesting it might be possible to develop a peptide-based vaccine based on MMP. To explore this possibility, ex vivo vaccination studies were conducted with MMP alone and incorporated into a nanoparticle (NP) vector comprised of poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) and monophosphoryl lipid A (PLGA/MPLA). As reported, ex vivo vaccination studies showed CD8 CTL were elicited with classic and monocyte derived dendritic cells (cDC and MoDC) pulsed with MMP alone and incorporated into a PGLA/MPLA vector. Incorporation of MMP into a NP vector enhanced the ability of CD8 CTL to kill intracellular bacteria. The findings indicate incorporation of MMP into a PGLA/MPLA nanoparticle vector is one of the possible ways to develop a MMP based vaccine for Johne's disease.
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8
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Protection efficacy of Argentinian isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with different genotypes and virulence in a murine model. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:4-11. [PMID: 30300853 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). The disease causes economic losses and, therefore, it is imperative to follow proper control strategies, which should include an effective vaccine. Several strategies have assessed the virulence and immune response of Map strains that could be used as a vaccine. This study evaluates the degree of virulence, immune response, and protection of Argentinian strains of Map with different genotype in a murine model. Four local isolates (Cattle type) with different genotypes (analyzed by MIRU-VNTR and SSRs) were selected and evaluated in a virulence assay in BALB/c mice. This assay allowed us to differentiate virulent and low-virulence Map strains. The less virulent strains (1543/481 and A162) failed to induce a significant production of the proinflammatory cytokine IFNg, whereas the virulent strain 6611 established infection along with a proinflammatory immune response. On the other hand, the virulent strain 1347/498 was efficient in establishing a persistent infection, but failed to promote an important Th1 response compared with 6611 at the evaluated time. We selected the low-virulence strain 1543/498 as a live vaccine and the virulent strain 6611 as a live and inactivated vaccine in a protection assay in mice. Strain 1543/481 failed to protect the animals from challenge, whereas strain 6611, in its live and inactivated form, significantly reduced the CFUs count in the infected mice, although they had different immunological response profiles. The inactivated virulent strain 6611 is a potential vaccine candidate against paratuberculosis to be tested in cattle.
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Barkema HW, Orsel K, Nielsen SS, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Bannantine JP, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Wells SJ, Whittington RJ, Mackintosh CG, Manning EJ, Weber MF, Heuer C, Forde TL, Ritter C, Roche S, Corbett CS, Wolf R, Griebel PJ, Kastelic JP, De Buck J. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:125-148. [PMID: 28941207 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A P Koets
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - G P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - S J Wells
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M F Weber
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - C Heuer
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - C Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Roche
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - C S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria
| | | | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Souza C, Bannantine J, Brown W, Norton M, Davis W, Hwang J, Ziaei P, Abdellrazeq G, Eren M, Deringer J, Laws E, Cardieri M. A nano particle vector comprised of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid and monophosphoryl lipid A and recombinant Mycobacterium avium
subsp paratuberculosis
peptides stimulate a pro-immune profile in bovine macrophages. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:54-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.D. Souza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - J.P. Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center; USDA-Agricultural Research Service; Ames IA USA
| | - W.C. Brown
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - M.G. Norton
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - W.C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - J.K. Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - P. Ziaei
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - G.S. Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
| | - M.V. Eren
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - J.R. Deringer
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - E. Laws
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - M.C.D. Cardieri
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
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11
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Ghosh P, Shippy DC, Talaat AM. Superior protection elicited by live-attenuated vaccines in the murine model of paratuberculosis. Vaccine 2015; 33:7262-7270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Souza CD. Blocking the mitogen activated protein kinase-p38 pathway is associated with increase expression of nitric oxide synthase and higher production of nitric oxide by bovine macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 164:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bannantine JP, Talaat AM. Controlling Johne's disease: vaccination is the way forward. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:2. [PMID: 25653925 PMCID: PMC4301021 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Ames, IA, USA
| | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
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Bannantine JP, Hines ME, Bermudez LE, Talaat AM, Sreevatsan S, Stabel JR, Chang YF, Coussens PM, Barletta RG, Davis WC, Collins DM, Gröhn YT, Kapur V. A rational framework for evaluating the next generation of vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:126. [PMID: 25250245 PMCID: PMC4158869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, several investigations have focused on developing a vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep. These studies used whole-cell inactivated vaccines that have proven useful in limiting disease progression, but have not prevented infection. In contrast, modified live vaccines that invoke a Th1 type immune response, may improve protection against infection. Spurred by recent advances in the ability to create defined knockouts in MAP, several independent laboratories have developed modified live vaccine candidates by transpositional mutation of virulence and metabolic genes in MAP. In order to accelerate the process of identification and comparative evaluation of the most promising modified live MAP vaccine candidates, members of a multi-institutional USDA-funded research consortium, the Johne's disease integrated program (JDIP), met to establish a standardized testing platform using agreed upon protocols. A total of 22 candidates vaccine strains developed in five independent laboratories in the United States and New Zealand voluntarily entered into a double blind stage gated trial pipeline. In Phase I, the survival characteristics of each candidate were determined in bovine macrophages. Attenuated strains moved to Phase II, where tissue colonization of C57/BL6 mice were evaluated in a challenge model. In Phase III, five promising candidates from Phase I and II were evaluated for their ability to reduce fecal shedding, tissue colonization and pathology in a baby goat challenge model. Formation of a multi-institutional consortium for vaccine strain evaluation has revealed insights for the implementation of vaccine trials for Johne's disease and other animal pathogens. We conclude by suggesting the best way forward based on this 3-phase trial experience and challenge the rationale for use of a macrophage-to-mouse-to native host pipeline for MAP vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Murray E Hines
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Lab, The University of Georgia Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Luiz E Bermudez
- Departments of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvalis, OR, USA
| | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Food Hygenie, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Judith R Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Raúl G Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
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Bannantine JP, Everman JL, Rose SJ, Babrak L, Katani R, Barletta RG, Talaat AM, Gröhn YT, Chang YF, Kapur V, Bermudez LE. Evaluation of eight live attenuated vaccine candidates for protection against challenge with virulent Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:88. [PMID: 25072031 PMCID: PMC4077120 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which results in serious economic losses worldwide in farmed livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats. To control this disease, an effective vaccine with minimal adverse effects is needed. In order to identify a live vaccine for Johne's disease, we evaluated eight attenuated mutant strains of MAP using a C57BL/6 mouse model. The persistence of the vaccine candidates was measured at 6, 12, and 18 weeks post vaccination. Only strains 320, 321, and 329 colonized both the liver and spleens up until the 12-week time point. The remaining five mutants showed no survival in those tissues, indicating their complete attenuation in the mouse model. The candidate vaccine strains demonstrated different levels of protection based on colonization of the challenge strain in liver and spleen tissues at 12 and 18 weeks post vaccination. Based on total MAP burden in both tissues at both time points, strain 315 (MAP1566::Tn5370) was the most protective whereas strain 318 (intergenic Tn5367 insertion between MAP0282c and MAP0283c) had the most colonization. Mice vaccinated with an undiluted commercial vaccine preparation displayed the highest bacterial burden as well as enlarged spleens indicative of a strong infection. Selected vaccine strains that showed promise in the mouse model were moved forward into a goat challenge model. The results suggest that the mouse trial, as conducted, may have a relatively poor predictive value for protection in a ruminant host such as goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jamie L Everman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sasha J Rose
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lmar Babrak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robab Katani
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
| | - Raúl G Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Food Hygiene, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
| | - Luiz E Bermudez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
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Virulence and immunity orchestrated by the global gene regulator sigL in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3066-75. [PMID: 24799632 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00001-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic enteric disease responsible for severe economic losses in the dairy industry. Global gene regulators, including sigma factors are important in regulating mycobacterial virulence. However, the biological significance of such regulators in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis rremains elusive. To better decipher the role of sigma factors in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenesis, we targeted a key sigma factor gene, sigL, activated in mycobacterium-infected macrophages. We interrogated an M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ΔsigL mutant against a selected list of stressors that mimic the host microenvironments. Our data showed that sigL was important in maintaining bacterial survival under such stress conditions. Survival levels further reflected the inability of the ΔsigL mutant to persist inside the macrophage microenvironments. Additionally, mouse infection studies suggested a substantial role for sigL in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis virulence, as indicated by the significant attenuation of the ΔsigL-deficient mutant compared to the parental strain. More importantly, when the sigL mutant was tested for its vaccine potential, protective immunity was generated in a vaccine/challenge model of murine paratuberculosis. Overall, our study highlights critical role of sigL in the pathogenesis and immunity of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, a potential role that could be shared by similar proteins in other intracellular pathogens.
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