1
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Bova RA, Diaz L, Eubank S, Overgard A, Armstrong A, Hasson B. Validation of a next generation sequencing method for adventitious virus detection: Demonstration of sensitivity in multiple cell lines. Biologicals 2024; 86:101771. [PMID: 38763040 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past few years NGS has become the technology of choice to replace animal-based virus safety methods and this has been strengthened by the recent revision to the ICHQ5A virus safety chapter. Here we describe the validation of an NGS method using an agnostic analysis to detect and identify RNA virus and actively replicating DNA virus contaminants in cell banks. We report the results of the validation of each step in the sequencing process that established quality criteria to ensure consistent sequencing data. Furthermore, the validation of the analysis algorithm designed to identify virus specific sequences is described along with steps undertaken to ensure the integrity of the sequencing data from generation to analysis. Lastly, the validated sequencing and analysis systems were used to establish a limit of detection (LOD) for model viruses in cells that are commonly used in biomanufacturing. The LOD from these studies ranged from 1E+03 to 1E+04 genome copies and were dependent on the virus type with little variability between the different cell types. Thus, the validation of the NGS method for adventitious agent testing and the establishment of a general LOD for cell-based samples provides a suitable alternative to traditional virus detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Bova
- MilliporeSigma, 14920 Broschart Rd., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Leyla Diaz
- MilliporeSigma, 14920 Broschart Rd., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Scott Eubank
- MilliporeSigma, 14920 Broschart Rd., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Amber Overgard
- MilliporeSigma, 14920 Broschart Rd., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | | | - Bradley Hasson
- MilliporeSigma, 14920 Broschart Rd., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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2
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Meng R, van Ooij M, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xie J. False positive findings associated with adenoviral vector-based vaccine underscore the regulatory necessity to eliminate abnormal toxicity test. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 149:105617. [PMID: 38561146 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that the abnormal toxicity test (ATT) is not suitable as a quality control batch release test for biologics and vaccines. The purpose of the current study was to explore the optimal ATT experimental design for an adenoviral vector-based vaccine product to avoid false positive results following the standard test conditions stipulated in the Pharmacopoeias. ATT were conducted in both mice and guinea pigs based on methods in Pharmacopeias, with modifications to assess effects of dose volume and amount of virus particles (VPs). The results showed intraperitoneal (IP) dosing at human relevant dose and volume (i.e., VPs), as required by pharmacopeia study design, resulted in false positive findings not associated with extraneous contaminants of a product. Considering many gene therapy products use adeno associated virus as the platform for transgene delivery, data from this study are highly relevant in providing convincing evidence to show the ATT is inappropriate as batch release test for biologics, vaccine and gene therapy products. In conclusion, ATT, which requires unnecessary animal usage and competes for resources which otherwise can be spent on innovative medicine research, should be deleted permanently as batch release test by regulatory authorities around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Meng
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen (China) Research & Development, China.
| | - Mark van Ooij
- Technology Transfer, Janssen Research & Development, Netherlands
| | - Yali Li
- Analytics Development, Janssen (China) Research & Development, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen (China) Research & Development, China
| | - Jianxun Xie
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen (China) Research & Development, China
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3
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Valiant WG, Borman J, Cai K, Vallone PM. Efficient extraction of adventitious virus nucleic acid using commercially available methods. Biologicals 2024; 85:101741. [PMID: 38157678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
An essential step in pharmaceutical product development is screening for contamination with adventitious agents, and there is desire to develop highly sensitive assays to detect adventitious viral nucleic acid. This study sought to examine the nucleic acid extraction efficiency of three viral candidates in relevant background matrices using four different extraction methods. Three model adventitious viruses, Minute virus of Mice, Porcine Circovirus, and Feline Leukemia Virus, were diluted within a variety of background matrices relevant to pharmaceutical production methods. Upon extraction, the nucleic acid was quantified using droplet digital PCR methods. Four nucleic acid extraction methods were assessed, including commercially available kits and manual extraction methods. Each method recovered nucleic acid post-extraction for each of the model viruses within the tested background matrices. The silica-column based method recovered a greater amount of viral nucleic acid, compared to the other methods tested. Similar trends were observed when model virus was diluted in bioreactor supernatant, which replicates industry testing conditions and provides details on which extraction methods might be used in Next Generation Sequencing and PCR methods for detecting contamination within pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Valiant
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Applied Genetics Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jon Borman
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peter M Vallone
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Applied Genetics Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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4
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Hirai T, Kataoka K, Yuan Y, Yusa K, Sato Y, Uchida K, Kono K. Evaluation of next-generation sequencing performance for in vitro detection of viruses in biological products. Biologicals 2024; 85:101739. [PMID: 38103398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) can detect nucleic acid sequences in a massively parallel sequencing. This technology is expected to be widely applied for the detection of viral contamination in biologics. The recently published ICH-Q5A (R2) draft indicates that NGS could be an alternative or supplement to in vitro viral tests. To examine the performance of NGS for the in vitro detection of viruses, adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), a model virus, was inoculated into Vero cells, which are the most popular indicator cells for the detection of adventitious viruses in the in vitro test. Total RNA extracted from the Vero cells infected with Ad5 was serially diluted with that from non-infected Vero cells, and each sample was analyzed using short- or long-read NGSs. The limits of detection of both NGS methods were almost the same and both methods were sensitive enough to detect viral sequences as long as there was at least one copy in one assay. Although the multiplexing in NGS carries the risk of cross-contamination among the samples, which could lead to false positives, this technology has the potential to become a rapid and sensitive method for detecting adventitious agents in biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Hirai
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kataoka
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuzhe Yuan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yusa
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan; Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan; Life Science Technology Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Pharmaceuticals Quality Assurance, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan; Department of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Uchida
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ken Kono
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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5
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Wieser A, Modrof J, Kreil TR. Protection of biomanufacturing processes from virus contamination through upstream virus filtration of cell culture media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2917-2924. [PMID: 37337932 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based manufacturing processes have occasionally been exposed to adventitious viruses, leading to manufacturing interruptions and unstable supply situations. The rapid progress of advanced therapy medicinal products needs innovative approaches to avoid any unwelcome reminder of the universal presence of viruses. Here, we investigated upstream virus filtration as a clearance step for any product too complex for downstream interventions. Culture media virus filtration was investigated with respect to virus clearance capacities under extreme conditions such as high process feed loading (up to ~19,000 L/m²), long duration (up to 34 days), and multiple process interruptions (up to 21 h). The small nonenveloped Minute virus of mice was used as relevant target virus, and as worse-case challenge for the investigated virus filters with a stipulated pore-size of about 20 nm. Certain filters-especially of the newer second generation-were capable of effective virus clearance despite the harsh regimen they were subjected to. The biochemical parameters for un-spiked control runs showed the filters to have no measurable impact on the composition of the culture media. Based on these findings, this technology seems to be quite feasible for large volume premanufacturing process culture media preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wieser
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Modrof
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Beurdeley-Fehlbaum P, Pennington M, Hégerlé N, Albert M, Bennett A, Cheval J, Clark A, Cruveiller S, Desbrousses C, Frederick J, Gros E, Hunter K, Jaber T, Gaiser M, Jouffroy O, Lamamy A, Melkowski M, Moro J, Niksa P, Pillai S, Eloit M, Ruppach H. Evaluation of a viral transcriptome Next Generation Sequencing assay as an alternative to animal assays for viral safety testing of cell substrates. Vaccine 2023; 41:5383-5391. [PMID: 37468389 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The viral safety of biological products is ensured by tests throughout the production chain, and, for certain products, by steps in the manufacturing process enabling the elimination or inactivation of viruses. Current testing programs include sample inoculation in animals and embryonic eggs. Following the 3Rs principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal-use methods, such techniques are intended to be replaced not only for ethical reasons but also because of their inherent technical limitations, their long turnaround times, and their limits in virus detection. Therefore, we have compared the limit and range of sensitivity of in vivo tests used for viral testing of cells with a transcriptomic assay based on Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Cell cultures were infected with a panel of nine (9) viruses, among them only five (5) were detected, with variable sensitivity, by in vivo tests. The transcriptomic assay was able to detect one (1) infected cell among 103 to 107 non-infected cells for all viruses assessed, including those not detected by the conventional in vivo tests. Here we show that NGS extends the breath of detection of viral contaminants compared to traditional testing. Collectively, these results support the replacement of the conventional in vivo tests by an NGS-based transcriptomic assay for virus safety testing of cell substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Pennington
- KCAS Bioanalytical & Biomarker Services, 10830 S Clay Blair Blvd., Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Bennett
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA
| | | | - Allison Clark
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Janalyn Frederick
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA.
| | - Edwige Gros
- PathoQuest, 11 rue Watt, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kathryn Hunter
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA
| | - Tareq Jaber
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA
| | - Madison Gaiser
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer Moro
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA
| | - Paula Niksa
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA
| | - Shenba Pillai
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA
| | - Marc Eloit
- PathoQuest, 11 rue Watt, 75013 Paris, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 27 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Découverte des Pathogènes, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Horst Ruppach
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, 01887-1000 Wilmington, MA, USA
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7
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Khan AS, Mallet L, Blümel J, Cassart JP, Knezevic I, Ng SHS, Wall M, Jakava-Viljanen M, Logvinoff C, Goios A, Neels P. Report of the third conference on next-generation sequencing for adventitious virus detection in biologics for humans and animals. Biologicals 2023; 83:101696. [PMID: 37478506 PMCID: PMC10522920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been proven to address some of the limitations of the current testing methods for adventitious virus detection in biologics. The International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare (EDQM) co-organized the "3rd Conference on Next-generation Sequencing for Adventitious Virus Detection in Biologics for Humans and Animals", which was held on September 27-28, 2022, in Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A. The meeting gathered international representatives from regulatory and public health authorities and other government agencies, industry, contract research organizations, and academia to present the current status of NGS applications and the progress on NGS standardization and validation for detection of viral adventitious agents in biologics, including human and animal vaccines, gene therapies, and biotherapeutics. Current regulatory expectations were discussed for developing a scientific consensus regarding using NGS for detection of adventitious viruses. Although there are ongoing improvements in the NGS workflow, the development of reference materials for facilitating method qualification and validation support the current use of NGS for adventitious virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifa S Khan
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Laurent Mallet
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Ivana Knezevic
- Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Siemon H S Ng
- Notch Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ana Goios
- P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Neels
- International Alliance for Biological Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Yip M, Chen J, Zhi Y, Tran NT, Namkung S, Pastor E, Gao G, Tai PWL. Querying Recombination Junctions of Replication-Competent Adeno-Associated Viruses in Gene Therapy Vector Preparations with Single Molecule, Real-Time Sequencing. Viruses 2023; 15:1228. [PMID: 37376529 DOI: 10.3390/v15061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical-grade preparations of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors used for gene therapy typically undergo a series of diagnostics to determine titer, purity, homogeneity, and the presence of DNA contaminants. One type of contaminant that remains poorly investigated is replication-competent (rc)AAVs. rcAAVs form through recombination of DNA originating from production materials, yielding intact, replicative, and potentially infectious virus-like virions. They can be detected through the serial passaging of lysates from cells transduced by AAV vectors in the presence of wildtype adenovirus. Cellular lysates from the last passage are subjected to qPCR to detect the presence of the rep gene. Unfortunately, the method cannot be used to query the diversity of recombination events, nor can qPCR provide insights into how rcAAVs arise. Thus, the formation of rcAAVs through errant recombination events between ITR-flanked gene of interest (GOI) constructs and expression constructs carrying the rep-cap genes is poorly described. We have used single molecule, real-time sequencing (SMRT) to analyze virus-like genomes expanded from rcAAV-positive vector preparations. We present evidence that sequence-independent and non-homologous recombination between the ITR-bearing transgene and the rep/cap plasmid occurs under several events and rcAAVs spawn from diverse clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Yip
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Spirovant Sciences, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yan Zhi
- Spirovant Sciences, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ngoc Tam Tran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Suk Namkung
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eric Pastor
- Spirovant Sciences, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute of Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute of Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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9
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Next-Generation Sequencing: A Promising Tool for Vaccines and Other Biological Products. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030527. [PMID: 36992110 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing (HTS), is a commonly used term to represent a set of DNA sequencing technologies that have been in use for almost two decades [...]
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10
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A Beginner's Guide to Cell Culture: Practical Advice for Preventing Needless Problems. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050682. [PMID: 36899818 PMCID: PMC10000895 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of cells in a favorable artificial environment has become a versatile tool in cellular and molecular biology. Cultured primary cells and continuous cell lines are indispensable in investigations of basic, biomedical, and translation research. However, despite their important role, cell lines are frequently misidentified or contaminated by other cells, bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, or chemicals. In addition, handling and manipulating of cells is associated with specific biological and chemical hazards requiring special safeguards such as biosafety cabinets, enclosed containers, and other specialized protective equipment to minimize the risk of exposure to hazardous materials and to guarantee aseptic work conditions. This review provides a brief introduction about the most common problems encountered in cell culture laboratories and some guidelines on preventing or tackling respective problems.
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11
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Barone PW, Keumurian FJ, Neufeld C, Koenigsberg A, Kiss R, Leung J, Wiebe M, Ait-Belkacem R, Azimpour Tabrizi C, Barbirato C, Beurdeley P, Brussel A, Cassart JP, Cote C, Deneyer N, Dheenadhayalan V, Diaz L, Geiselhoeringer A, Gilleece MM, Goldmann J, Hickman D, Holden A, Keiner B, Kopp M, Kreil TR, Lambert C, Logvinoff C, Michaels B, Modrof J, Mullan B, Mullberg J, Murphy M, O'Donnell S, Peña J, Ruffing M, Ruppach H, Salehi N, Shaid S, Silva L, Snyder R, Spedito-Jovial M, Vandeputte O, Westrek B, Yang B, Yang P, Springs SL. Historical evaluation of the in vivo adventitious virus test and its potential for replacement with next generation sequencing (NGS). Biologicals 2023; 81:101661. [PMID: 36621353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Consortium on Adventitious Agent Contamination in Biomanufacturing (CAACB) collected historical data from 20 biopharmaceutical industry members on their experience with the in vivo adventitious virus test, the in vitro virus test, and the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) for viral safety. Over the past 20 years, only three positive in vivo adventitious virus test results were reported, and all were also detected in another concurrent assay. In more than three cases, data collected as a part of this study also found that the in vivo adventitious virus test had given a negative result for a sample that was later found to contain virus. Additionally, the in vivo adventitious virus test had experienced at least 21 false positives and had to be repeated an additional 21 times all while using more than 84,000 animals. These data support the consideration and need for alternative broad spectrum viral detection tests that are faster, more sensitive, more accurate, more specific, and more humane. NGS is one technology that may meet this need. Eighty one percent of survey respondents are either already actively using or exploring the use of NGS for viral safety. The risks and challenges of replacing in vivo adventitious virus testing with NGS are discussed. It is proposed to update the overall virus safety program for new biopharmaceutical products by replacing in vivo adventitious virus testing approaches with modern methodologies, such as NGS, that maintain or even improve the final safety of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert Kiss
- MIT Center for Biomedical Innovation, USA; UPSIDE Foods, USA
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12
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Khan AS, Theuns S, Mallet L, Cirefice G, Bhuller R, Goios A, Suri R, Neels P. IABS/DCVMN webinar on next generation sequencing. Biologicals 2022; 81:101662. [PMID: 36543633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a new technology that could overcome some of the limitations of the current viral testing methods for demonstrating the absence of adventitious agents in biologics. This report is for the webinar that was organized by the International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS) and the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN), held on July 20, 2022, as an introduction to the technical and bioinformatics concepts of NGS and to some of the strengths and limitations of using the technology for those working in vaccine production or development. The current state of scientific knowledge and readiness of NGS to replace or supplement the current viral tests was further discussed in the 3rd Conference on NGS for Adventitious Virus Detection in Biologics for Humans and Animals that was held in Rockville, Maryland, USA, on September 27-28, 2022. The application of NGS to supplement or replace current in vivo and in vitro assays in adventitious virus testing during vaccine production is promising; however, assay performance (sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility) needs to be demonstrated, which may include laboratory and bioinformatics work. Efforts from regulatory authorities, industry, and researchers are ongoing to facilitate validation and establishment of NGS as a new method for virus detection.
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13
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Valiant WG, Cai K, Vallone PM. A history of adventitious agent contamination and the current methods to detect and remove them from pharmaceutical products. Biologicals 2022; 80:6-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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14
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Hamamoto I, Takahashi H, Shimazaki N, Nakamura K, Mizuta K, Sato K, Nishimura H, Yamamoto N, Hasegawa H, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Nobusawa E. Suitability of NIID-MDCK cells as a substrate for cell-based influenza vaccine development from the perspective of adventitious virus susceptibility. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:361-370. [PMID: 35545856 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The practical use of cell-based seasonal influenza vaccines is currently being considered in Japan. From the perspective of adventitious virus contamination, we assessed the suitability of NIID-MDCK cells (NIID-MDCK-Cs) as a safe substrate for the isolation of influenza viruses from clinical specimens. We first established a sensitive multiplex real-time PCR system to screen for 27 respiratory viruses and used it on 34 virus samples that were isolated by passaging influenza-positive clinical specimens in NIID-MDCK-Cs. Incidentally, the limit of detection of the system was 100 or fewer genome copies per reaction. In addition to influenza viruses, human enterovirus 68 (HEV-D68) genomes were detected in two samples after two or three passages in NIID-MDCK-Cs. To further investigate the susceptibility of NIID-MDCK-Cs to adventitious viruses, eight common respiratory viruses were subjected to passages in NIID-MDCK-Cs. The genome copy numbers of seven viruses other than parainfluenza 3 decreased below the limit of detection (LOD) by passage 4. By passaging in NIID-MDCK-Cs, the genome numbers of the input HEV-D68, 1 x 108 copies, declined to 102 at passage 3 and to under the LOD at passage 4, whereas those of the other six viruses were under the LOD by passage 3. These results implied that during the process of isolating influenza viruses with NIID-MDCK-Cs, contaminating viruses other than parainfluenza 3 can be efficiently removed by passages in NIID-MDCK-Cs. NIID-MDCK-Cs could be a safe substrate for isolating influenza viruses that can be used to develop cell-based influenza vaccine candidate viruses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Hamamoto
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimazaki
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakamura
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ko Sato
- Virus Research Center, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Eri Nobusawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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15
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Hsiao HY, Nien CY, Hong HH, Cheng MH, Yen TH. Application of dental stem cells in three-dimensional tissue regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1610-1624. [PMID: 34909114 PMCID: PMC8641025 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells. Dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, and dental follicle progenitor cells are five different types of dental stem cells that have been identified during different stages of tooth development. The availability of dental stem cells from discarded or removed teeth makes them promising candidates for tissue engineering. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) tissue scaffolds have been used to reconstruct and restore different anatomical defects. With rapid advances in 3D tissue engineering, dental stem cells have been used in the regeneration of 3D engineered tissue. This review presents an overview of different types of dental stem cells used in 3D tissue regeneration, which are currently the most common type of stem cells used to treat human tissue conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Hsiao
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Nien
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hsi Hong
- Department of Periodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Cheng
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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16
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Soice E, Johnston J. How Cellular Agriculture Systems Can Promote Food Security. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.753996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular agriculture, the manufacturing of animal-sourced foods by cell cultures, may promote food security by providing a food source that is available, accessible, utilized, and stable. The extent to which cellular agriculture can promote food security, however, will depend in part on the supply system by which it produces food. Many cellular agriculture companies appear poised to follow a centralized supply system, in which production is concentrated within a small number of large plants and products are distributed over a wide area. This model benefits from economies of scale, but has several weaknesses to food security. By being built of a handful of plants with products distributed by a large transportation network, the centralized model is vulnerable to closures, as became clear for animal-sourced centralized system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cellular agriculture systems are being built now; therefore, alternative supply system models of decentralized and distributed systems should be considered as the systems of cellular agriculture production are established. This paper defines both the requirements of food security and three possible supply system models that cellular agriculture could take and evaluates each model based on the requirements of food security.
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17
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Hayes PR, Przybycien TM, Schneider JW. Viral adventitious agent detection using laser force cytology: Intrinsic cell property changes with infection and comparison to in vitro testing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:134-144. [PMID: 34633076 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adventitious agent testing in biomanufacturing requires assays of broad detection capability to screen for as many infectious agents as possible. The current gold standard for general infectious adventitious virus screening is the in vitro assay in which test articles are cultured onto a panel of different cell lines and observed for cytopathic effect (CPE). However, this assay is inherently subjective due to the nature of visual observation of cell morphology and labor and time intensive, requiring highly trained personnel to identify CPE. Laser force cytology (LFC) is an alternative, automated analytical method that uses a combination of optical and fluidic forces along with imaging to objectively and quantitatively assess CPE in cell culture. Importantly, because LFC uses no labels or antibodies, the assay is appropriate for general adventitious agent testing. Using LFC, changes in cellular features associated with virally infected cells were identified using principal component analysis. Using these features of infected cells, the sensitivity and earliness of detection with LFC was directly compared with the in vitro assay for a diverse panel of viruses incubated with chinese hamster ovary (CHO), Vero, and Medical Research Council cell strain 5 (MRC-5) cells. LFC detected viral infection with a sensitivity equal to the in vitro assay on average, but in certain virus and cell combinations including mouse minute virus (MMV) and reovirus 3 in CHO cells, detection was 4 days earlier and for MMV, the limit of detection was 10-fold lower. Overall, these results demonstrate the ability of LFC to serve as a biopharmaceutical adventitious agent testing methodology with sensitivity equivalent to the in vitro assay, but in an objective and automated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Hayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd M Przybycien
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - James W Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Abolaban FA, Djouider FM. Gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of enveloped viruses with conservation of genome integrity: Potential application for SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:558-570. [PMID: 34131589 PMCID: PMC8174122 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation inactivation of enveloped viruses occurs as the result of damages at the molecular level of their genome. The rapidly emerging and ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia pandemic prompted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global health crisis and an economic devastation. The readiness of an active and safe vaccine against the COVID-19 has become a race against time in this unqualified global panic caused by this pandemic. In this review, which we hope will be helpful in the current situation of COVID-19, we analyze the potential use of γ-irradiation to inactivate this virus by damaging at the molecular level its genetic material. This inactivation is a vital step towards the design and development of an urgently needed, effective vaccine against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad A. Abolaban
- Nuclear Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80204, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathi M. Djouider
- Nuclear Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80204, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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19
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k-mer-Based Metagenomics Tools Provide a Fast and Sensitive Approach for the Detection of Viral Contaminants in Biopharmaceutical and Vaccine Manufacturing Applications Using Next-Generation Sequencing. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e01336-20. [PMID: 33883263 PMCID: PMC8546726 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01336-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adventitious agent detection during the production of vaccines and biotechnology-based medicines is of critical importance to ensure the final product is free from any possible viral contamination. Increasing the speed and accuracy of viral detection is beneficial as a means to accelerate development timelines and to ensure patient safety. Here, several rapid viral metagenomics approaches were tested on simulated next-generation sequencing (NGS) data sets and existing data sets from virus spike-in studies done in CHO-K1 and HeLa cell lines. It was observed that these rapid methods had comparable sensitivity to full-read alignment methods used for NGS viral detection for these data sets, but their specificity could be improved. A method that first filters host reads using KrakenUniq and then selects the virus classification tool based on the number of remaining reads is suggested as the preferred approach among those tested to detect nonlatent and nonendogenous viruses. Such an approach shows reasonable sensitivity and specificity for the data sets examined and requires less time and memory as full-read alignment methods. IMPORTANCE Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been proposed as a complementary method to detect adventitious viruses in the production of biotherapeutics and vaccines to current in vivo and in vitro methods. Before NGS can be established in industry as a main viral detection technology, further investigation into the various aspects of bioinformatics analyses required to identify and classify viral NGS reads is needed. In this study, the ability of rapid metagenomics tools to detect viruses in biopharmaceutical relevant samples is tested and compared to recommend an efficient approach. The results showed that KrakenUniq can quickly and accurately filter host sequences and classify viral reads and had comparable sensitivity and specificity to slower full read alignment approaches, such as BLASTn, for the data sets examined.
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20
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Djemal L, Fournier C, von Hagen J, Kolmar H, Deparis V. Review: High temperature short time treatment of cell culture media and feed solutions to mitigate adventitious viral contamination in the biopharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3117. [PMID: 33372404 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Events of viral contaminations occurring during the production of biopharmaceuticals have been publicly reported by the biopharmaceutical industry. Upstream raw materials were often identified as the potential source of contamination. Viral contamination risk can be mitigated by inactivating or eliminating potential viruses of cell culture media and feed solutions. Different methods can be used alone or in combination on raw materials, cell culture media, or feed solutions such as viral inactivation technologies consisting mainly of high temperature short time, ultraviolet irradiation, and gamma radiation technologies or such as viral removal technology for instance nanofiltration. The aim of this review is to present the principle, the advantages, and the challenges of high temperature short time (HTST) technology. Here, we reviewed effectiveness of HTST treatment and its impact on media (filterability of media, degradation of components), on process performance (cell growth, cell metabolism, productivity), and product quality based on knowledge shared in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Djemal
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Clemence Fournier
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | | | - Harald Kolmar
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Véronique Deparis
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
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21
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Abstract
Despite the widespread need to assess cell-based viral infectivity during vaccine development and production, as well as viral clearance monitoring and adventitious agent testing for viral safety, traditional methods, including the end-point dilution assay (TCID50) and viral plaque assay, are slow, labor-intensive, and can vary depending upon the skill and experience of the user. LumaCyte's Radiance® instrument uses Laser Force CytologyTM (LFC), a combination of advanced optics and microfluidics, to rapidly analyze the viral infectivity of cell populations in a quantitative fashion. LFC applies optical and fluidic forces to single cells in order to measure their intrinsic biophysical and biochemical properties without the use of stains, antibodies or fluorescent labels. These properties, including refractive index, change with a wide variety of biological phenomena, including viral infection, cell differentiation, activation, size, and cytoskeletal stiffness. Here, we present the experimental design and methods to use LFC data to facilitate rapid and robust infectivity measurements for a variety of applications including initial titer measurement (TCID50 replacement), in-process infectivity (e.g., bioreactor monitoring), and viral neutralization (PRNT replacement).
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22
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Rimoldi SG, Stefani F, Gigantiello A, Polesello S, Comandatore F, Mileto D, Maresca M, Longobardi C, Mancon A, Romeri F, Pagani C, Cappelli F, Roscioli C, Moja L, Gismondo MR, Salerno F. Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020. [PMID: 32693284 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.01.20086009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewaters has been demonstrated in many countries affected by this pandemic. Nevertheless, virus presence and infectivity in treated wastewaters, but also in the receiving water bodies are still poorly investigated. In this study, raw and treated samples from three wastewater treatment plants, and three river samples within the Milano Metropolitan Area, Italy, were surveyed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection by means of real time RT-PCR and infectivity test on culture cells. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in raw, but not in treated wastewaters (four and two samples, respectively, sampled in two dates). The isolated virus genome was sequenced, and belonged to the strain most spread in Europe and similar to another found in the same region. RNA presence in raw wastewater samples decreased after eight days, probably following the epidemiological trend estimated for the area. Virus infectivity was always null, indicating the natural decay of viral pathogenicity in time from emission. Samples from receiving rivers (three sites, sampled in the same dates as wastewaters) showed in some cases a positivity to real time RT-PCR, probably due to non-treated, or inefficiently treated discharges, or to the combined sewage overflows. Nevertheless, also for rivers infectivity was null. Risks for public health should be limited, although a precautionary approach to risk assessment is here advocated, giving the preliminary nature of the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Stefani
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy.
| | - Anna Gigantiello
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | | | - Davide Mileto
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Mafalda Maresca
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mancon
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Romeri
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagani
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelli
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy; Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Claudio Roscioli
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Franco Salerno
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
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23
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Rimoldi SG, Stefani F, Gigantiello A, Polesello S, Comandatore F, Mileto D, Maresca M, Longobardi C, Mancon A, Romeri F, Pagani C, Cappelli F, Roscioli C, Moja L, Gismondo MR, Salerno F. Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140911. [PMID: 32693284 PMCID: PMC7358170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewaters has been demonstrated in many countries affected by this pandemic. Nevertheless, virus presence and infectivity in treated wastewaters, but also in the receiving water bodies are still poorly investigated. In this study, raw and treated samples from three wastewater treatment plants, and three river samples within the Milano Metropolitan Area, Italy, were surveyed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection by means of real time RT-PCR and infectivity test on culture cells. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in raw, but not in treated wastewaters (four and two samples, respectively, sampled in two dates). The isolated virus genome was sequenced, and belonged to the strain most spread in Europe and similar to another found in the same region. RNA presence in raw wastewater samples decreased after eight days, probably following the epidemiological trend estimated for the area. Virus infectivity was always null, indicating the natural decay of viral pathogenicity in time from emission. Samples from receiving rivers (three sites, sampled in the same dates as wastewaters) showed in some cases a positivity to real time RT-PCR, probably due to non-treated, or inefficiently treated discharges, or to the combined sewage overflows. Nevertheless, also for rivers infectivity was null. Risks for public health should be limited, although a precautionary approach to risk assessment is here advocated, giving the preliminary nature of the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Stefani
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy.
| | - Anna Gigantiello
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | | | - Davide Mileto
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Mafalda Maresca
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mancon
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Romeri
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagani
- University Hospital "L. Sacco", ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelli
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy; Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Claudio Roscioli
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Franco Salerno
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
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24
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Khan AS, Blümel J, Deforce D, Gruber MF, Jungbäck C, Knezevic I, Mallet L, Mackay D, Matthijnssens J, O'Leary M, Theuns S, Victoria J, Neels P. Report of the second international conference on next generation sequencing for adventitious virus detection in biologics for humans and animals. Biologicals 2020; 67:94-111. [PMID: 32660862 PMCID: PMC7351673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The IABS-EU, in association with PROVAXS and Ghent University, hosted the "2nd Conference on Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) for Adventitious Virus Detection in Human and Veterinary Biologics" held on November 13th and 14th 2019, in Ghent, Belgium. The meeting brought together international experts from regulatory agencies, the biotherapeutics and biologics industries, contract research organizations, and academia, with the goal to develop a scientific consensus on the readiness of NGS for detecting adventitious viruses, and on the use of this technology to supplement or replace/substitute the currently used assays. Participants discussed the progress on the standardization and validation of the technical and bioinformatics steps in NGS for characterization and safety evaluation of biologics, including human and animal vaccines. It was concluded that NGS can be used for the detection of a broad range of viruses, including novel viruses, and therefore can complement, supplement or even replace some of the conventional adventitious virus detection assays. Furthermore, the development of reference viral standards, complete and correctly annotated viral databases, and protocols for the validation and follow-up investigations of NGS signals is necessary to enable broader use of NGS. An international collaborative effort, involving regulatory authorities, industry, academia, and other stakeholders is ongoing toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifa S Khan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | | | | | - Marion F Gruber
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Carmen Jungbäck
- International Association for Biological Standardization for Europe, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maureen O'Leary
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Services, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Pieter Neels
- International Association for Biological Standardization for Europe, Lyon, France
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25
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Charlebois RL, Sathiamoorthy S, Logvinoff C, Gisonni-Lex L, Mallet L, Ng SHS. Sensitivity and breadth of detection of high-throughput sequencing for adventitious virus detection. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:61. [PMID: 32699651 PMCID: PMC7368052 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) is capable of broad virus detection encompassing both known and unknown adventitious viruses in a variety of sample matrices. We describe the development of a general-purpose HTS-based method for the detection of adventitious viruses. Performance was evaluated using 16 viruses equivalent to well-characterized National Institutes of Health (NIH) virus stocks and another six viruses of interest. A viral vaccine crude harvest and a cell substrate matrix were spiked with 22 viruses. Specificity was demonstrated for all 22 viruses at the species level. Our method was capable of detecting and identifying adventitious viruses spiked at 104 genome copies per milliliter in a viral vaccine crude harvest and 0.01 viral genome copies spiked per cell in a cell substrate matrix. Moreover, 9 of the 11 NIH model viruses with published in vivo data were detected by HTS with an equivalent or better sensitivity (in a viral vaccine crude harvest). Our general-purpose HTS method is unbiased and highly sensitive for the detection of adventitious viruses, and has a large breadth of detection, which may obviate the need to perform in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Mallet
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Étoile, France
| | - Siemon H S Ng
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, ON M2R 3T4 Canada
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26
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Barone PW, Wiebe ME, Leung JC, Hussein ITM, Keumurian FJ, Bouressa J, Brussel A, Chen D, Chong M, Dehghani H, Gerentes L, Gilbert J, Gold D, Kiss R, Kreil TR, Labatut R, Li Y, Müllberg J, Mallet L, Menzel C, Moody M, Monpoeho S, Murphy M, Plavsic M, Roth NJ, Roush D, Ruffing M, Schicho R, Snyder R, Stark D, Zhang C, Wolfrum J, Sinskey AJ, Springs SL. Viral contamination in biologic manufacture and implications for emerging therapies. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:563-572. [DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Cleveland MH, Anekella B, Brewer M, Chin PJ, Couch H, Delwart E, Huggett J, Jackson S, Martin J, Monpoeho S, Morrison T, Ng SHS, Ussery D, Khan AS. Report of the 2019 NIST-FDA workshop on standards for next generation sequencing detection of viral adventitious agents in biologics and biomanufacturing. Biologicals 2020; 64:76-82. [PMID: 32094072 PMCID: PMC9987593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adventitious virus testing assures product safety by demonstrating the absence of viruses that could be unintentionally introduced during the manufacturing process. The capabilities of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for broad virus detection in biologics have been demonstrated by the detection of known and novel viruses that were previously missed using the recommended routine assays for adventitious agent testing. A meeting was co-organized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on September 18-19, 2019 in Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, to facilitate standardization of NGS technologies for applications of adventitious virus testing in biologics. The goal was to assess the currently used standards for virus detection by NGS and their public availability, and to identify additional needs for different types of reference materials and standards (natural and synthetic). The meeting focused on the NGS processes from sample preparation through sequencing but did not thoroughly cover bioinformatics, since this was considered to be the topic of a separate meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Cleveland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Bharathi Anekella
- LGC-Clinical Diagnostic Business Unit, 910 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Michael Brewer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 35 Wiggins Ave, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Pei-Ju Chin
- Center for Biologics Research and Evaluation, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Heather Couch
- American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Jim Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK; School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Scott Jackson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Javier Martin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Serge Monpoeho
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 81 Columbia Turnpike, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Tom Morrison
- AccuGenomics, 1410 Commonwealth Dr. Ste. 105, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Siemon H S Ng
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development, 1755, Steeles Avenue West, M2R 3T4, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Ussery
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Arifa S Khan
- Center for Biologics Research and Evaluation, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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Guadix JA, López-Beas J, Clares B, Soriano-Ruiz JL, Zugaza JL, Gálvez-Martín P. Principal Criteria for Evaluating the Quality, Safety and Efficacy of hMSC-Based Products in Clinical Practice: Current Approaches and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110552. [PMID: 31652984 PMCID: PMC6921040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) play an important role as new therapeutic alternatives in advanced therapies and regenerative medicine thanks to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, and ability to migrate to the exact area of injury. These properties have made hMSCs one of the more promising cellular active substances at present, particularly in terms of the development of new and innovative hMSC-based products. Currently, numerous clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the therapeutic activity of hMSC-based products on specific targets. Given the rapidly growing number of hMSC clinical trials in recent years and the complexity of these products due to their cellular component characteristics and medicinal product status, there is a greater need to define more stringent, specific, and harmonized requirements to characterize the quality of the hMSCs and enhance the analysis of their safety and efficacy in final products to be administered to patients. These requirements should be implemented throughout the manufacturing process to guarantee the function and integrity of hMSCs and to ensure that the hMSC-based final product consistently meets its specifications across batches. This paper describes the principal phases involved in the design of the manufacturing process and updates the specific technical requirements needed to address the appropriate clinical use of hMSC-based products. The challenges and limitations to evaluating the safety, efficacy, and quality of hMSCs have been also reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga E-29071, Spain.
- BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), c/ Severo Ochoa nº25, Campanillas, Málaga E-29590, Spain.
| | - Javier López-Beas
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville 41092, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain.
| | - José Luis Soriano-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain.
| | - José Luis Zugaza
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain.
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, building 205, Zamudio E-48170, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Bilbao E-48013, Spain.
| | - Patricia Gálvez-Martín
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain.
- R&D Human Health, Bioibérica S.A.U., Barcelona E-08029, Spain.
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29
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Abuarqoub DA, Aslam N, Barham RB, Ababneh NA, Shahin DA, Al-Oweidi AA, Jafar HD, Al-Salihi MA, Awidi AS. The effect of platelet lysate in culture of PDLSCs: an in vitro comparative study. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7465. [PMID: 31410313 PMCID: PMC6689390 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular therapy clinical applications require large-scale production of stem cells. Therefore, abundance, ease of isolation, and proliferative potential are the most important factors in choosing the appropriate source of cells for transplantation studies. Multipotent stem cells obtained from periodontal ligament (PDL) can be used in periodontal tissue regeneration. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), extracted by either enzymatic digestion or explant methods, and expanded using two different serum types: fetal bovine serum (FBS) and xeno-free platelet lysate (PL). Methods Expanded PDLSCs were assessed for their proliferation capacity, surface markers expression, colony formation, differentiation potential and ability to self-renewal. Most importantly, PDLSCs were evaluated for their ability to produce osteoblasts in vitro. Results PDLSCs isolated by explant method and expanded in PL serve as a promising source of stem cells for osteoblasts regeneration. These cells showed higher proliferation capacity, they retained their stemness characteristics throughout the passages and they revealed an increase in the expression level of osteogenic markers, without showing any karyotypic abnormalities after cell expansion. Conclusions PDLSCs produced using explant extraction method and expanded in cell culture media supplemented with PL provide an excellent source of xeno-free cells for the generation of functional osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazneen Aslam
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Raghda B Barham
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nidaa A Ababneh
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Diana A Shahin
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Hanan D Jafar
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Abdalla S Awidi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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30
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Brussel A, Brack K, Muth E, Zirwes R, Cheval J, Hebert C, Charpin JM, Marinaci A, Flan B, Ruppach H, Beurdeley P, Eloit M. Use of a new RNA next generation sequencing approach for the specific detection of virus infection in cells. Biologicals 2019; 59:29-36. [PMID: 30992161 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of the current combination of in vitro, in vivo and PCR assays for the identification of adventitious viruses in production cells has a limited range of detection. While Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has a broader breadth of detection, it is unable to differentiate sequences from replicating viruses versus background inert sequences. In order to improve NGS specificity, we have designed a new NGS approach which targets subsets of viral RNAs only synthesized during cell infection. In order to evaluate the performance of this approach for detecting low levels of adventitious viruses, we selected two difficult virus/cell systems. This included B95-8 cells persistently infected by Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) and serially diluted into HHV-4 negative Ramos cells and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells with an early infection produced via a low dose of Bovine viral diarrhea virus. We demonstrated that the sensitivity of our RNA NGS approach was equivalent to targeted PCR with an increased specificity for the detection of viral infection. We were also able to identify a previously undetected Murine Leukemia Virus contaminant in Ramos cells. Based on these results, we conclude that this new RNA NGS approach is suitable for conducting viral safety evaluations of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Brack
- Charles River Laboratories Germany GmbH, Erkrath, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alice Marinaci
- Charles River Laboratories Germany GmbH, Erkrath, Germany
| | | | - Horst Ruppach
- Charles River Laboratories Germany GmbH, Erkrath, Germany
| | | | - Marc Eloit
- PathoQuest, Paris, France; National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France; Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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31
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Janvier S, De Spiegeleer B, Vanhee C, Deconinck E. Falsification of biotechnology drugs: current dangers and/or future disasters? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:175-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Somasundaram B, Pleitt K, Shave E, Baker K, Lua LHL. Progression of continuous downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies: Current trends and challenges. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2893-2907. [PMID: 30080940 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in intensifying upstream processes for biologics production have left downstream processing as a bottleneck in the manufacturing scheme. Biomanufacturers are pursuing continuous downstream process development to increase efficiency and flexibility, reduce footprint and cost of goods, and improve product consistency and quality. Even after successful laboratory trials, the implementation of a continuous process at manufacturing scale is not easy to achieve. This paper reviews specific challenges in converting each downstream unit operation to a continuous mode. Key elements of developing practical strategies for overcoming these challenges are detailed. These include equipment valve complexity, favorable column aspect ratio, protein-A resin selection, quantitative assessment of chromatogram peak size and shape, holistic process characterization approach, and a customized process economic evaluation. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive review of current trends and the path forward for implementing continuous downstream processing at the manufacturing scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Somasundaram
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristina Pleitt
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Patheon Biologics-a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Patheon Biologics-a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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33
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da Silva LQ, Montalvão SADL, Justo-Junior ADS, Cunha Júnior JLR, Huber SC, Oliveira CC, Annichino-Bizzacchi JM. Platelet-rich plasma lyophilization enables growth factor preservation and functionality when compared with fresh platelet-rich plasma. Regen Med 2018; 13:775-784. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To compare levels and activity of the growth factors between fresh and lyophilized platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Methods: Analysis of platelet concentration using fibroblast and human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures were compared between fresh and lyophilized PRP obtained from peripheral blood. Results: After lyophilization, 54% of platelets were intact whereas the fresh showed no aggregation with agonists (levels under 20%). The concentration of growth factors (VEGF, EGF, TGF-β and PDGF) in both products were similar. Fresh and lyophilized PRPs induced proliferation in the fibroblasts at 24 h (0.303 vs 0.300, respectively). Conclusion: Lyophilized PRP appears to be an alternative to fresh PRP and the results evidenced the role of growth factors as a key element in the activity of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Queiroz da Silva
- Hemocentro, Haemostasis Laboratory, State University of Campinas–UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amauri da Silva Justo-Junior
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas–UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Stephany Cares Huber
- Hemocentro, Haemostasis Laboratory, State University of Campinas–UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Caliári Oliveira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas–UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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34
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Viganò M, Budelli S, Lavazza C, Montemurro T, Montelatici E, de Cesare S, Lazzari L, Orlandi AR, Lunghi G, Giordano R. Tips and Tricks for Validation of Quality Control Analytical Methods in Good Manufacturing Practice Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Production. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3038565. [PMID: 30254681 PMCID: PMC6142742 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3038565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) for cellular therapy in European Union are classified as advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), and their production must fulfill the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) rules. Despite their classification as medicinal products is already well recognized, there is still a lack of information and indications to validate methods and to adapt the noncompendial and compendial methods to these peculiar biological products with intrinsic characteristics that differentiate them from classic synthetic or biologic drugs. In the present paper, we present the results of the validation studies performed in the context of MSC development as ATMPs for clinical experimental use. Specifically, we describe the validation policies followed for sterility testing, endotoxins, adventitious viruses, cell count, and immunophenotyping. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to fully validate analytical methods also for ATMPs and that a risk-based approach can fill the gap between the prescription of the available guidelines shaped on traditional medicinal products and the peculiar characteristics of these novel and extremely promising new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele Viganò
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Budelli
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, EPIGET Lab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lavazza
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Montemurro
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Montelatici
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania de Cesare
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Orlandi
- Clinical Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lunghi
- Clinical Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Giordano
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Westergaard UB, van Overeem Hansen B, Rud KA, Nielsen C, Stawski G, Hasløv KR. A risk assessment on extraneous virus contamination in a viral vaccine production environment justifies waiving of in vivo testing. Biologicals 2018; 56:9-12. [PMID: 30173936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years in vivo assays have been a corner stone in safety testing of vaccines for human use. However, there is now an increasing regulatory focus on replacement, reduction and refinement of methods involving animal use. Accordingly, European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) monographs and chapters are currently being revised to reduce or discontinue the use of animals in safety and other testing, when such in vivo tests are not absolutely necessary to facilitate risk mitigation. In the current study, a risk assessment of extraneous agents in viral vaccine production has been carried out and it is concluded that only the handling procedures carried out by the technical personnel pose a risk for extraneous viral contamination. A list of named, potentially virulent contaminating viruses, which may have been introduced by these procedures, has been generated. Each of the viruses on this list has been evaluated for possible persistence during the production processes, and it has for all of these been concluded that, if at all present, they only present a negligible risk of introducing extraneous agents in the final product. The overall conclusion of the risk assessment of our vaccine production process is that it justifies the discontinuation of the current in vivo testing, and furthermore demonstrates that there is no need to substitute these in vivo assays with novel in vitro methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe B Westergaard
- Vaccine Quality Control, AJ Vaccines, 5 Artillerivej, DK2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper Abildgaard Rud
- Virus Vaccine Production, AJ Vaccines, 5 Artillerivej, DK2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Claus Nielsen
- Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Gitte Stawski
- Vaccine Quality Control, AJ Vaccines, 5 Artillerivej, DK2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kaare R Hasløv
- Vaccine Quality Control, AJ Vaccines, 5 Artillerivej, DK2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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36
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Khan AS, Benetti L, Blumel J, Deforce D, Egan WM, Knezevic I, Krause PR, Mallet L, Mayer D, Minor PD, Neels P, Wang G. Report of the international conference on next generation sequencing for adventitious virus detection in biologicals. Biologicals 2018; 55:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Geisler C. A new approach for detecting adventitious viruses shows Sf-rhabdovirus-negative Sf-RVN cells are suitable for safe biologicals production. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:8. [PMID: 29415704 PMCID: PMC5803895 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adventitious viral contamination in cell substrates used for biologicals production is a major safety concern. A powerful new approach that can be used to identify adventitious viruses is a combination of bioinformatics tools with massively parallel sequencing technology. Typically, this involves mapping or BLASTN searching individual reads against viral nucleotide databases. Although extremely sensitive for known viruses, this approach can easily miss viruses that are too dissimilar to viruses in the database. Moreover, it is computationally intensive and requires reference cell genome databases. To avoid these drawbacks, we set out to develop an alternative approach. We reasoned that searching genome and transcriptome assemblies for adventitious viral contaminants using TBLASTN with a compact viral protein database covering extant viral diversity as the query could be fast and sensitive without a requirement for high performance computing hardware. Results We tested our approach on Spodoptera frugiperda Sf-RVN, a recently isolated insect cell line, to determine if it was contaminated with one or more adventitious viruses. We used Illumina reads to assemble the Sf-RVN genome and transcriptome and searched them for adventitious viral contaminants using TBLASTN with our viral protein database. We found no evidence of viral contamination, which was substantiated by the fact that our searches otherwise identified diverse sequences encoding virus-like proteins. These sequences included Maverick, R1 LINE, and errantivirus transposons, all of which are common in insect genomes. We also identified previously described as well as novel endogenous viral elements similar to ORFs encoded by diverse insect viruses. Conclusions Our results demonstrate TBLASTN searching massively parallel sequencing (MPS) assemblies with a compact, manually curated viral protein database is more sensitive for adventitious virus detection than BLASTN, as we identified various sequences that encoded virus-like proteins, but had no similarity to viral sequences at the nucleotide level. Moreover, searches were fast without requiring high performance computing hardware. Our study also documents the enhanced biosafety profile of Sf-RVN as compared to other Sf cell lines, and supports the notion that Sf-RVN is highly suitable for the production of safe biologicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12896-017-0412-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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A Multicenter Study To Evaluate the Performance of High-Throughput Sequencing for Virus Detection. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00307-17. [PMID: 28932815 PMCID: PMC5597969 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00307-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent high-throughput sequencing (HTS) investigations have resulted in unexpected discoveries of known and novel viruses in a variety of sample types, including research materials, clinical materials, and biological products. Therefore, HTS can be a powerful tool for supplementing current methods for demonstrating the absence of adventitious or unwanted viruses in biological products, particularly when using a new cell line. However, HTS is a complex technology with different platforms, which needs standardization for evaluation of biologics. This collaborative study was undertaken to investigate detection of different virus types using two different HTS platforms. The results of the independently performed studies demonstrated a similar sensitivity of virus detection, regardless of the different sample preparation and processing procedures and bioinformatic analyses done in the three laboratories. Comparable HTS detection of different virus types supports future development of reference virus materials for standardization and validation of different HTS platforms. The capability of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for detection of known and unknown viruses makes it a powerful tool for broad microbial investigations, such as evaluation of novel cell substrates that may be used for the development of new biological products. However, like any new assay, regulatory applications of HTS need method standardization. Therefore, our three laboratories initiated a study to evaluate performance of HTS for potential detection of viral adventitious agents by spiking model viruses in different cellular matrices to mimic putative materials for manufacturing of biologics. Four model viruses were selected based upon different physical and biochemical properties and commercial availability: human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and human reovirus (REO). Additionally, porcine circovirus (PCV) was tested by one laboratory. Independent samples were prepared for HTS by spiking intact viruses or extracted viral nucleic acids, singly or mixed, into different HeLa cell matrices (resuspended whole cells, cell lysate, or total cellular RNA). Data were obtained using different sequencing platforms (Roche 454, Illumina HiSeq1500 or HiSeq2500). Bioinformatic analyses were performed independently by each laboratory using available tools, pipelines, and databases. The results showed that comparable virus detection was obtained in the three laboratories regardless of sample processing, library preparation, sequencing platform, and bioinformatic analysis: between 0.1 and 3 viral genome copies per cell were detected for all of the model viruses used. This study highlights the potential for using HTS for sensitive detection of adventitious viruses in complex biological samples containing cellular background. IMPORTANCE Recent high-throughput sequencing (HTS) investigations have resulted in unexpected discoveries of known and novel viruses in a variety of sample types, including research materials, clinical materials, and biological products. Therefore, HTS can be a powerful tool for supplementing current methods for demonstrating the absence of adventitious or unwanted viruses in biological products, particularly when using a new cell line. However, HTS is a complex technology with different platforms, which needs standardization for evaluation of biologics. This collaborative study was undertaken to investigate detection of different virus types using two different HTS platforms. The results of the independently performed studies demonstrated a similar sensitivity of virus detection, regardless of the different sample preparation and processing procedures and bioinformatic analyses done in the three laboratories. Comparable HTS detection of different virus types supports future development of reference virus materials for standardization and validation of different HTS platforms.
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[Effect of aging on proliferative and differentiation capacity of human periodontal ligament stem cells]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017. [PMID: 28377353 PMCID: PMC6780434 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.03.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of aging on the proliferative and differentiation capacity of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). METHODS Human periodontal ligament tissues were obtained from surgically extracted third molars from 6 subjects aged 18-20 years (group A) and 6 subjects aged 45-50 years (group B). The proliferative capacity of PDLSCs isolated from the tissues was examined with MTT assay, and the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity of the cells were evaluated using alizarin red staining and oil red O staining. SA-βG expression was analyzed to assess the cell senescence. In both groups, PDLSCs were induced for osteogenic differentiation for 7 days, and the differentiation ability of the cells was assessed by examining alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and by detecting the expressions of osteocalcin (OCN) and ALP using Western blotting. RESULTS Human PDLSCs were successfully isolated from the 12 teeth and were characterized as MSCs. The PDLSCs derived from donors of different ages were all capable of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, but their proliferative and osteogenic differentiation capacity decreased with the donors' age. The cells also exhibited an age- related increase in adipogenic differentiation capacity and SA-βG expression. In both groups, the cells induced in osteogenic medium showed increased OCN expression and ALP activation, and the increments were more obvious in group A. CONCLUSION Human PDLSCs can be isolated from periodontal ligament tissues even from donors of advanced ages, but their proliferative and differentiation capacity decreases and their adipogenic differentiation capacity increases with age.
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Bumbarov V, Golender N, Erster O, Khinich Y. Detection and isolation of Bluetongue virus from commercial vaccine batches. Vaccine 2016; 34:3317-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Spizzo T, Denner J, Gazda L, Martin M, Nathu D, Scobie L, Takeuchi Y. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes-Chapter 2a: source pigs-preventing xenozoonoses. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:25-31. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Scobie
- School of Health and Life Sciences; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow Scotland
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity; Wohl Virion Centre; University College London; London UK
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Development of a candidate reference material for adventitious virus detection in vaccine and biologicals manufacturing by deep sequencing. Vaccine 2015; 34:2035-43. [PMID: 26709640 PMCID: PMC4823300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deep sequencing has potential as an improved adventitious virus screening method. 15 laboratories sequenced a common reagent containing 25 target viruses. 6 viruses were detected by all lab, the remainder were detected by 4–14 labs. A wide range of sample preparation and bioinformatics methods is currently used. A common reference material is essential to enable results to be compared.
Background Unbiased deep sequencing offers the potential for improved adventitious virus screening in vaccines and biotherapeutics. Successful implementation of such assays will require appropriate control materials to confirm assay performance and sensitivity. Methods A common reference material containing 25 target viruses was produced and 16 laboratories were invited to process it using their preferred adventitious virus detection assay. Results Fifteen laboratories returned results, obtained using a wide range of wet-lab and informatics methods. Six of 25 target viruses were detected by all laboratories, with the remaining viruses detected by 4–14 laboratories. Six non-target viruses were detected by three or more laboratories. Conclusion The study demonstrated that a wide range of methods are currently used for adventitious virus detection screening in biological products by deep sequencing and that they can yield significantly different results. This underscores the need for common reference materials to ensure satisfactory assay performance and enable comparisons between laboratories.
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Laner-Plamberger S, Lener T, Schmid D, Streif DA, Salzer T, Öller M, Hauser-Kronberger C, Fischer T, Jacobs VR, Schallmoser K, Gimona M, Rohde E. Mechanical fibrinogen-depletion supports heparin-free mesenchymal stem cell propagation in human platelet lysate. J Transl Med 2015; 13:354. [PMID: 26554451 PMCID: PMC4641400 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) is an efficient alternative to xenogenic supplements for ex vivo expansion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in clinical studies. Currently, porcine heparin is used in pHPL-supplemented medium to prevent clotting due to plasmatic coagulation factors. We therefore searched for an efficient and reproducible medium preparation method that avoids clot formation while omitting animal-derived heparin. Methods We established a protocol to deplete fibrinogen by clotting of pHPL in medium, subsequent mechanical hydrogel disruption and removal of the fibrin pellet. After primary culture, bone-marrow and umbilical cord derived MSCs were tested for surface markers by flow cytometry and for trilineage differentiation capacity. Proliferation and clonogenicity were analyzed for three passages. Results The proposed clotting procedure reduced fibrinogen more than 1000-fold, while a volume recovery of 99.5 % was obtained. All MSC types were propagated in standard and fibrinogen-depleted medium. Flow cytometric phenotype profiles and adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential in vitro were independent of MSC-source or medium type. Enhanced proliferation of MSCs was observed in the absence of fibrinogen but presence of heparin compared to standard medium. Interestingly, this proliferative response to heparin was not detected after an initial contact with fibrinogen during the isolation procedure. Conclusions Here, we present an efficient, reproducible and economical method in compliance to good manufacturing practice for the preparation of MSC media avoiding xenogenic components and suitable for clinical studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0717-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Laner-Plamberger
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Thomas Lener
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Doris Schmid
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Doris A Streif
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Tina Salzer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Michaela Öller
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | - Thorsten Fischer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Volker R Jacobs
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mario Gimona
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Eva Rohde
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Lindhofstrasse 20-22, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Periodontal ligament stem cells: current status, concerns, and future prospects. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:972313. [PMID: 25861283 PMCID: PMC4378705 DOI: 10.1155/2015/972313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), which reside in the perivascular space of the periodontium, possess characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and are a promising tool for periodontal regeneration. Recently, great progress has been made in PDLSC transplantation. Investigators are attempting to maximize the proliferation and differentiation potential of PDLSCs by modifying culture conditions and applying growth factors. Nevertheless, problems remain. First, incomparability among different studies must be minimized by establishing standard guidelines for culture and identification of PDLSCs. Notably, attention should be paid to the biological safety of PDLSC transplantation. The present review updates the latest findings regarding PDLSCs and discusses standard criteria for culture and identification of PDLSCs. Finally, the review calls for careful consideration of PDLSC transplantation safety.
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Role of Analytics in Viral Safety. VACCINE ANALYSIS: STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES, AND CONTROL 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122056 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In summary, this chapter reviews the principles of how the current and routine tests detect adventitious agents, and reviews how novel and emerging methods differ in their detection principles. These facets may permit novel methods to emerge to supplement, refine, or replace the routine methods. We have suggested a framework for risk assessment to assure biosafety in vaccines and suggested quantitative modeling to help crystallize thinking about the place of testing, either routine or novel, in this assurance. We assert that testing for adventitious agents should not be the sole basis on which product biosafety is assured. Appropriate sourcing and quality control of raw and starting materials, adherence to principles of Good Manufacturing Practices, including environmental and personnel monitoring and process validation, and finally, testing as verification are the package needed for maximal assurance of biosafety. Thus, a pathway forward to a new paradigm for adventitious agent testing exists in which detection of a broader array of potential adventitious agents might be included in the testing, with adequate sensitivity to provide the needed assurance of verification that there has been no catastrophic breach, in the context of the overall process, design, and adherence to cGMP. Furthermore, it is our hope that we may be able to implement the 3 Rs policy to reduce, replace, and/or refine the use of animals in product safety testing, at the same time that we provide greater assurance of the biosafety of vaccines.
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