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Shin SH, Hwang SY, Kim HM, Shin SH, Ko MK, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Park JH. Evaluation of a Vaccine Candidate Designed for Broad-Spectrum Protection against Type A Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Asia. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:64. [PMID: 38250877 PMCID: PMC10819240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are currently the most powerful protective and preventive measures used to control FMD. In this study, the chimeric vaccine strain containing antigenic epitopes from the FMD virus serotype A, which belongs to the ASIA topotype, was produced and evaluated. The chimeric vaccine strains contain sea-97/G1 (VP4, VP2, VP3) and A22 Iraq (VP1) or G-VII (VP1) for use in FMD vaccines in Asia. The 50% protective dose was determined in mice. Vaccinated mice were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) seven days post-vaccination (dpv), and mice that received the vaccine candidates were protected against the three viruses. The protective capability of one of the vaccine candidates was evaluated in pigs. Vaccinated pigs were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) at 28 dpv, and pigs that received the vaccine candidate were protected against the three viruses. The results showed that this vaccine candidate, which was designed to provide protection against FMD in Asia, efficiently protected pigs against virus challenge and thus has potential as a broad-spectrum vaccine for various epidemic FMD viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Shin
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Seong Yun Hwang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Se Hee Shin
- VAXDIGM, Room 335, 3rd Floor, 11, Bongeunsa-ro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 060097, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
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El-Ansary RE, Kasem S, El-Tabakh MAM, Badr Y, Abdel-Moneim AS. Isolation, molecular characterization, and genetic diversity of recently isolated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A in Egypt. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295319. [PMID: 38051725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting all hoof-cloven animals. Serotypes A, O and SAT 2 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are circulating in Egypt. The present study aimed to identify and molecularly characterize the FMDV strains circulating in Northern Egypt during an epidemic that struck the nation in 2022. RNA was extracted from the epithelial specimens, vesicular fluid from affected cattle. The samples were screened using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Positive samples underwent individual serotype-specific amplification using primers designed for VP1 of O, A, and SAT 2 serotypes. Subsequently, direct sequencing was performed on the positive samples. The real-time RT-PCR detected positive samples from epithelial and vesicular fluid samples, but not in the blood of infected animals. Out of the 16 samples, seven tested positive for FMDV serotype A. Of these seven positive samples, six were categorized as serotype A-African topotype-G-IV, and these positive samples were isolated in BHK-21 cells, yielding an overt cytopathic effect caused by the virus. In conclusion, it is necessary to sustain continuous surveillance of the evolution of circulating FMDV strains to facilitate the assessment and aid in the selection of vaccine strains for the effective control of FMDV in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy E El-Ansary
- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy Kasem
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, El Geish Street, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M El-Tabakh
- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yassien Badr
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases Division), Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Childs K, Harvey Y, Waters R, Woma T, Wilsden G, Sun H, Sun P, Seago J. Development of a quadrivalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine candidate for use in East Africa. Vaccine 2023; 41:6572-6578. [PMID: 37679279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of livestock which is prevalent across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America where it has a severe economic impact on the agriculture industry. Vaccination with inactivated viral vaccines is used as the main control measure in these endemic regions of the world, however the presence of multiple serotypes, subtypes, and the continual emergence of new, antigenically divergent strains limits its effectiveness. East Africa (EA) has been identified as a region that would particularly benefit from updated FMD vaccines, since those currently in use contain older strains which do not provide good protection against contemporary strains. Four serotypes are currently circulating in EA, necessitating the development of a quadrivalent vaccine containing representative strains of each serotype. A key consideration in the selection of vaccine strains is the stability of the virus particle, since the capsids readily dissociate on exposure to elevated temperatures, but only intact capsids induce protective immunity to FMD. Therefore, with a view to producing a more stable, updated quadrivalent vaccine for EA, we recently screened a panel of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates from the region to select strains with naturally higher thermostabilities and confirmed their immunogenicity in cattle. Herein we describe the formulation and serological assessment of wild-type and recombinant quadrivalent vaccine candidates comprising these stable strains, and demonstrate that both vaccines generate high neutralising antibody titres against the homologous strains and also to heterologous strains from EA. Importantly, the vaccine passed the criteria set by the AgResults vaccine challenge project and offers good cross-protection against a panel of regional FMDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Childs
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Yongjie Harvey
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Woma
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hualu Sun
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd, 21 Ao Dong Nan Road, Hongdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266114, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd, 21 Ao Dong Nan Road, Hongdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266114, China
| | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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Lee Y, Kim N, Roh H, Ho DT, Park J, Lee JY, Kim YJ, Kang HY, Lee J, Song JY, Kim A, Kim MS, Cho M, Choi HS, Park CI, Kim DH. Serotype distribution and antibiogram of Streptococcus parauberis isolated from fish in South Korea. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0440022. [PMID: 37555676 PMCID: PMC10581249 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04400-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus parauberis is the dominant etiological agent of streptococcosis, the most devastating bacterial disease in the olive flounder farming industry in South Korea. In this study, the distribution of serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in S. parauberis isolates obtained between 1999 and 2021 was thoroughly investigated to gain insight into the dynamics of their presence and the relationship between serotypes and antimicrobial resistance. Disk diffusion testing of 103 isolates against 10 antimicrobial agents was performed, and epidemiological cut-off values generated through normalized resistance interpretation analysis were used to classify wild-type (WT) and non-wild-type (NWT) populations. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering were implemented to achieve an understanding on the relationship between serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns. PCR-based serotyping showed that serotype Ia (67.1%) was the most prevalent in South Korea, followed by serotypes Ib/Ic (25.2%) and II (7.7%). The highest proportion of isolates was assigned to NWT against amoxicillin (80.6%), followed by oxytetracycline (77.7%) and erythromycin (48.5%). The time-scale data showed that recently obtained serotypes Ib/Ic and II isolates tended to be categorized as NWT populations resistant to more antibiotics, possibly due to microbial adaptation to antibiotic pressure. ARGs responsible for resistance to oxytetracycline and erythromycin were found only in NWT populations in serotype Ia [tet(S) and erm(B), respectively], and serotype II [tet(M) and mef(J)-msr(I), respectively]. We also found that the mef-msr gene pair in S. parauberis serotype II might be involved in low-level resistance to erythromycin. IMPORTANCE This study presents serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility data along with the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of Streptococcus parauberis, which is an important bacterial fish pathogen worldwide. In particular, almost all oxytetracycline and erythromycin non-wild-type (NWT) populations harbored tet(S) or tet(M), and erm(B) or mef(J)-msr(I), respectively. Interestingly, these ARGs were distributed in a highly serotype-dependent manner, resulting in a clear correlation between the antibiogram and serotype distribution. Moreover, recent isolates belonging to serotypes Ib/Ic and II tended to be more frequently categorized as NWT against antimicrobials, including amoxicillin and cefalexin compared to old isolates, while a dramatic decrease in erythromycin and clindamycin NWT frequencies was observed in recent serotype Ia isolates, which lacked erm(B). These variations might be attributed to shifts in the antibiotics employed in South Korean aquaculture over time. The overall findings would provide important background knowledge for understanding the epidemiology of S. parauberis infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhang Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - HeyongJin Roh
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Diem Tho Ho
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeop Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Young Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Song
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ahran Kim
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Myoung Sug Kim
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Cho
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hye Sung Choi
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, South Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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Mohapatra JK, Dahiya SS, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Biswal JK, Giri P, Nayak V, Singh RP. Emergence of a novel genetic lineage 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' of foot and mouth disease virus serotype A in India: A challenge to reckon with. Virus Res 2023; 333:199140. [PMID: 37268276 PMCID: PMC10352718 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has engendered large scale socioeconomic crises on numerous occasions owing to its extreme contagiousness, transboundary nature, complicated epidemiology, negative impact on productivity, trade embargo, and need for intensive surveillance and expensive control measures. Emerging FMD virus variants have been predicted to have originated and spread from endemic Pool 2, native to South Asia, to other parts of the globe. In this study, 26 Indian serotype A isolates sampled between the year 2015 and 2022 were sequenced for the VP1 region. BLAST and maximum likelihood phylogeny suggest emergence of a novel genetic group within genotype 18, named here as 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' lineage, that is restricted so far only to India and its eastern neighbour, Bangladesh. The lineage subsequent to its first appearance in 2019 seems to have displaced all other prevalent strains, in support of the phenomenon of 'genotype/lineage turnover'. It has diversified into two distinct sub-clusters, reflecting a phase of active evolution. The rate of evolution of the VP1 region for the Indian serotype A dataset was estimated to be 6.747 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. India is implementing a vaccination centric FMD control programme. The novel lineage showed good antigenic match with the proposed vaccine candidate A IND 27/2011 when tested in virus neutralization test, while the existing vaccine strain A IND 40/2000 showed homology with only 31% of the isolates. Therefore, in order to combat this challenge of antigenic divergence, A IND 27/2011 could be the preferred strain in the Indian vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrata Giri
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Vinayak Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Shahein MA, Hussein HA, Ali MH, Ghoniem SM, Shemies OA, Afify AF, Fuoad AA, Hassan AM, Zaher MR, Ela NHA, Habashi AR, Eid S, Hagag NM. Circulating foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A African-genotype IV in Egypt during 2022. Vet World 2023; 16:1429-1437. [PMID: 37621542 PMCID: PMC10446720 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1429-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus causes continuous outbreaks, leading to serious economic consequences that affect animal productivity and restrict trade movement. The potential influence of the disease was due to the emergence of new strains or re-emergence of local strains with major antigenic variations due to genetic mutations. This study aims to evaluate circulating virus in samples collected from infected animals during an outbreak using antigenic characterization and identify whether there is an emergence of a new strain or mutation. Materials and Methods Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to screen 86 samples. Viral protein 1 (VP1) codon sequencing was performed. The virus was isolated from the samples inoculated on the baby-hamster kidney cell line and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for serotyping and antigen detection. Results Based on the RT-PCR screening results, 10 positive samples were selected for sequencing. The sequences belonged to the FMD serotype A African topotype originating from the ancestor prototype Sudan/77, with which it shared 98.48% ± 1.2% similarity. The divergence with local isolates from 2020 was 9.3%. In addition, the sequences were 96.84% ± 1.01% and 95.84% ± 0.79% related to Egyptian-Damietta type 2016 and Sudanese-2018, respectively. Divergence with vaccinal strains ranged from 10% to 17%. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the isolates had variation in the most prominent antigenic regions (residues 35-75) and the immunogenic determinants of the G-H loop of VP1 (residues 100-146 and 161-175). Conclusion The current isolates should be included in the locally produced vaccine to provide broader immunogenic coverage against serotype A African topotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momtaz A. Shahein
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Heba A. Hussein
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - M. H. Ali
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Shimaa M. Ghoniem
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Omayma A. Shemies
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F. Afify
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Amthal Ahmed Fuoad
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ayah M. Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R. Zaher
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Nahla Hussien AbouEl Ela
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R. Habashi
- Virus Strain Bank, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Samah Eid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M. Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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Woldemariyam FT, Kariuki CK, Kamau J, De Vleeschauwer A, De Clercq K, Lefebvre DJ, Paeshuyse J. Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040969. [PMID: 37112947 PMCID: PMC10143177 DOI: 10.3390/v15040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region's livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher Kinyanjui Kariuki
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kamau
- Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197, Kenya
| | | | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Service for Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Service for Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Gelaye E. Vaccine matching and antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from 2018 Ethiopian isolates. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:47-59. [PMID: 34224048 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious, limits live animal trade, and affects ranchers owing to the loss of animal yield. The present study was designed to perform vaccine matching for field FMD virus isolates from clinically diseased cattle and assess the antigenic properties of the field isolates against the current vaccine strains used for vaccine production at the National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia. Both sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used for distinguishing between the viral strains. To evaluate the serological relationship of the vaccine strain with these field isolates (r1 value), in vitro cross-neutralization was performed using ETH/6/2000 and ETH/38/2005 antisera. Infectious field FMD viral samples represented serotypes A and O. Sequence analysis showed that serotype A VP1/1D possessed amino acid variability at positions 28 and 42 to 48, 138, 141, 142, 148, 156, 173, and 197 compared with the ETH/6/2000 vaccine strain, whereas serotype O possessed amino acid variability at positions 45, 48, 138, 139, 140, 141, and 197 compared with the ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain. Based on the one-dimensional virus neutralization test, serotypes A and O demonstrated antigenic matching of up to 13/17 (76.47%) with the vaccine strain, except for the isolates ETH/40/2018, ETH/48/2018, ETH/55/2018, and ETH/61/2018, which had r-values less than 0.3. Therefore, the currently used vaccine strains ETH/38/2005 for serotype O and ETH/6/2000 for serotype A protected against all and most field viruses characterized as serotypes O and A, respectively, and amino acid residue variation was observed in different FMD virus B-C loops, G-H loops, and C-termini of VP1 at sites 1 and 3 in both serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, UP, India.,National Veterinary Institute, POBox: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, UP, India. .,Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, POBox: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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Beeragere Parameshwaraiah S, Mohapatra JK, Jumanal V, Valia Valappil D, Subramaniam S, Patel BHM, Basagoudanavar SH, Hosamani M, Pattnaik B, Singh RK, Sanyal A. Assessment of fitness of foot-and-mouth disease virus A IND 27/2011 as candidate vaccine strain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2996-3000. [PMID: 34033238 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic profiling of recent field outbreak strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A in India has revealed considerable antigenic drift from the vaccine strain, A IND 40/2000, necessitating the selection of a new strain. The complete genome sequence of A IND 27/2011 was analysed. Vaccine quality attributes of the new candidate strain including potency as an inactivated vaccine in cattle were evaluated. The capsid coding region of A IND 27/2011 showed variation at eight antigenically critical amino acid positions from that of A IND 40/2000. The strain suited well with traits required by a vaccine in terms of its adaptability to adherent and suspension cell line, its immunogenicity, and potency as an inactivated vaccine formulation in cattle. Complete protection was observed upon homologous virus challenge at 4 weeks post-vaccination. Taken together, these data demonstrate the suitability of A IND 27/2011 as an effective vaccine strain of FMDV serotype A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veena Jumanal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India.,ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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10
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Compston P, Limon G, Sangula A, Onono J, King DP, Häsler B. Understanding what shapes disease control: An historical analysis of foot-and-mouth disease in Kenya. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105315. [PMID: 33735817 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting the interplay between politics, social demographics and epidemiology is essential for understanding how a disease's occurrence and control evolve over time. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was first detected in Kenya in 1915 and serotyped in 1932. This review aims to describe and appraise initiatives to control FMD in Kenya since its independence from British rule in 1964, using information from the scientific literature. We describe the historical dynamics of FMD epidemiology in the country and determine socio-political factors that have shaped the control strategies used. PubMed, Scopus, CAB abstracts, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to search and retrieve papers, using predetermined search criteria encompassing FMD, Kenya and disease control programme descriptors. In total 1234 papers were identified and screened for relevance using the World Health Organization's guidelines for rapid review. Ultimately 69 references from this search were included, and information extracted and consolidated. These papers highlight that following independence, there was a structured effort to control FMD consisting of a compulsory subsidised vaccination programme in the Rift Valley with movement controls and quarantine when outbreaks occurred. This programme led to an initial decrease in recorded FMD outbreaks. However, endemic circulation continued and this programme was discontinued due to multiple factors, including political deprioritisation and changes in the structure of veterinary services. Only low levels of active surveillance have been applied since 1964; most surveillance is passive and relies on outbreak reports. Currently control focuses on outbreak management and a mixture of public- and privately-funded vaccination. This review highlights critical drivers influencing disease control programme implementation including veterinary service structure, the active participation of stakeholders with farming systems and availability of affordable and matched FMD vaccine. Additionally, it appraises the availability of historical information and draws attention to gaps in the historical record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Compston
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Georgina Limon
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Abraham Sangula
- Foot-and-mouth Disease National Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Joshua Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK.
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11
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Xu W, Yang M. Genetic variation and evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A in relation to vaccine matching. Vaccine 2021; 39:1420-1427. [PMID: 33526282 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease that affects a wide variety of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. FMD vaccines can play a vital role in disease control and are very widely used globally each year. However, due to the diversity of FMDV, the choice of FMD vaccine is still a huge challenge. In this study, 45 FMDV/A isolates were phylogenetically categorized into three topotypes: ASIA (n = 31), AFRICA (n = 10), and EURO-SA (n = 4). Three sera collected from vaccinated cattle with FMDV A22/IRQ/24/64, A/IRN/05, and A/ARG/01 were used to evaluate their antigenic relationship (r1) with the field isolates. The IRQ/24/64 serum demonstrated a 39% (17/44) match (r1 ≥ 0.3) to the field isolates, whereas IRN/05 serum and ARG/01serum showed an 18% (8/44) and a 2% (1/44) match (r1 ≥ 0.3) to the field isolates, respectively. The A22/IRQ/24/64 matched with isolates mainly from topotype ASIA, with limited cross-topotype match with isolates from topotypes AFRICA and EURO-SA. However, the A/IRN/05 did not show a cross-topotype match with topotype AFRICA isolates and A/ARG/01 failed to match any isolates from topotypes ASIA and AFRICA. After analyzing the amino acid variation of the known antigenic sites of 45 strains of FMDV/A, it was found that together antigenic sites 1 and 3 contributed about 71% of the amino acid changes to the vaccine evaluated. Based on the capsid sequences, the FMDV/A evolved unequally among topotypes. The topotypes of ASIA and AFRICA evolves faster than that of EURO-SA. The FMDV/A continues to show a high level of genetic diversity driven by a high substitution rate, purifying selection, and positive selection concentrated on antigenic sites or near antigenic sites. The current research shows the challenges of the FMDV/A vaccine selection and emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of antigenic evolution for the selection of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada.
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12
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Cañas-Arranz R, de León P, Forner M, Defaus S, Bustos MJ, Torres E, Andreu D, Blanco E, Sobrino F. Immunogenicity of a Dendrimer B 2T Peptide Harboring a T-Cell Epitope From FMDV Non-structural Protein 3D. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:498. [PMID: 32851051 PMCID: PMC7433650 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic dendrimer peptides are a promising strategy to develop new FMD vaccines. A dendrimer peptide, termed B2T-3A, which harbors two copies of the major FMDV antigenic B-cell site [VP1 (140–158)], covalently linked to a heterotypic T-cell from the non-structural protein 3A [3A (21–35)], has been shown to protect pigs against viral challenge. Interestingly, the modular design of this dendrimer peptide allows modifications aimed at improving its immunogenicity, such as the replacement of the T-cell epitope moiety. Here, we report that a dendrimer peptide, B2T-3D, harboring a T-cell epitope from FMDV 3D protein [3D (56–70)], when inoculated in pigs, elicited consistent levels of neutralizing antibodies and high frequencies of IFN-γ-producing cells upon in vitro recall with the homologous dendrimers, both responses being similar to those evoked by B2T-3A. Lymphocytes from B2T-3A-immunized pigs were in vitro-stimulated by T-3A peptide and to a lesser extent by B-peptide, while those from B2T-3D- immunized animals preferentially recognized the T-3D peptide, suggesting that this epitope is a potent inducer of IFN-γ producing-cells. These results extend the repertoire of T-cell epitopes efficiently recognized by swine lymphocytes and open the possibility of using T-3D to enhance the immunogenicity and the protection conferred by B2T-dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Bustos
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Torres
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Al Amin M, Ali MR, Islam MR, Alam ASMRU, Shill DK, Rahman MS, Siddique MA, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Development and serology based efficacy assessment of a trivalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:4970-4978. [PMID: 32535015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals throughout the world. The endemicity of this disease in Bangladesh has been causing high economic loss and an impediment to the full potential surge of livestock industries. In Bangladesh, vaccination using imported or locally produced FMD vaccines is the existing practice of controlling the disease, although vaccine failure cases are very common. Hence, to address the problem, the present study was envisaged to develop an effective FMD vaccine tailored to the circulating indigenous foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains. Three local circulating FMDVs O/BAN/TA/Dh-301/2016 (MK088170.1), A/BAN/CH/Sa-304/2016 (MK088171.1) and Asia1/BAN/DH/Sa-318/2018 (MH457186.1) isolates were selected as vaccine strains based on recent epidemiology, genetic and antigenic analyses. These serotype O, A and Asia1 vaccine strains showed strong antigenic relationship (r1 > 0.3) with 100% to 75% of the respective circulating viruses. The candidate viruses were successfully inactivated by 3.0 mM binary ethylenimine within 7-10 h after the onset of inactivation. Extrapolation of inactivation kinetics confirmed < 1 log10 TCID50 in a 10000-liter batch liquid preparation after 24 h inactivation cycle. The inactivated virus particles were significantly (p < 0.05) concentrated and the trivalent vaccine was formulated using 6 µg per dose per serotype antigen payload. The trivalent vaccine was administered in divided doses in different groups of cattle. All doses of the vaccine elicited significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of antibodies as early as 14-day post-vaccination (dpv) and peak antibody titers were achieved in 28 dpv. The 'full dose' (6.0 µg per dose per serotype) vaccine elicited antibody titers expected to confer protection in 100% cattle of the respective group and maintained such level of antibodies beyond 180 dpv. Thus, the trivalent FMD vaccine prepared with 6.0 µg antigen per dose per serotype of the selected candidate viruses will confer protection against circulating FMDVs of Bangladesh and its neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Amin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Rahmat Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Dipok Kumer Shill
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Shaminur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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14
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Seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds raised in Maasai Mara ecosystem in Kenya. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104929. [PMID: 32105863 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) seroprevalence and identify risk factors of exposure among cattle herds raised in three zones with different types of land use and progressively distant from the Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) boundary. We selected five villages purposively; two in zone 1 (area < 20 km from the MMNR), another two in zone 2 (area between 20-40 km away from the MMNR) and one in zone 3 (area >40 km away from the MMNR). A total of 1170 cattle sera were collected from 390 herds in all the zones and tested for antibodies against the non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus (FMDV) using two 3ABC-based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA kits. All sera samples were also screened for serotype-specific antibodies using Solid Phase Competitive ELISA (SPCE) kits (IZSLER, Italy). We targeted FMDV serotypes A, O, South African Territory [SAT] 1 and SAT 2, known to be endemic in East Africa including Kenya. Data on putative risk factors for FMD seropositivity in cattle were collected using a questionnaire. The overall apparent animal-level FMD seroprevalence based on the parallel comparison of the two anti-NSPs ELISA kits was 83.8 % (95 % CI; 81.8-85.9), and differed significantly across zones. Zone 1 had a higher seroprevalence than zones 2 and 3 (χ2 = 116.1, df = 2, p < 0.001). In decreasing order, the overall seroprevalences of FMDV serotypes A, SAT 2, O and SAT 1 were 26.3 % (95 % CI; 23.5-29.2), 21.4 % (95 % CI; 18.8-24.0), 21.2 % (95 % CI; 18.7-23.9) and 13.1 % (95 % CI; 11.1-15.3), respectively. The distribution of these serotypes differed significantly between zones (p < 0.05) except for SAT 2 serotype (χ2 = 0.90, df = 2, p = 0.639). Both serotypes A and O were more prevalent in zones 1 and 2 than zone 3 while serotype SAT 1, was higher in zone 3 compared to other zones. The results of multivariable analyses identified animal sex (i.e., female), raising of cattle in zones 1 and 2 (areas < 40 km away from the MMNR); mixing of cattle from multiple herds at watering points, and pastoral husbandry practices, as significant predictors of animal-level FMD seropositivity. This study established that FMD seroprevalence declined with distance from the MMNR.
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15
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Al-Salihi KA. The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks and its history in Iraq. Vet World 2019; 12:706-712. [PMID: 31327908 PMCID: PMC6584858 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.706-712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is reported in Iraq since 1937 and occurs as a devastating seasonal epidemic. This study intended to explore the epidemiology of FMD in Iraq during 2011-2016, through assessment of outbreak reports among cow, buffalo, and small ruminants (sheep and goat) in 15 Iraqi governorates except for Kurdistan region. Materials and Methods: The reported data regarding FMD cases were collected from veterinary hospitals in 15 Iraqi governorates and were analyzed. Results: The results revealed annual FMD outbreaks in cow, buffalo, and small ruminants in Iraqi governorates with variability in the numbers of the infected and dead animals. The total number of infected animals increased in 2016 compared to 2015 due to the illegal importation of FMD-infected cows at the end of 2015. The prevalence rates of FMD were 68.7%, 46.6%, and 30.3% in cattle, buffalo, and small ruminants, respectively, in 2016, while this was 18.4%, 19.9%, and 17.3%, respectively, in 2015. Conclusion: This study approved the reemergence and endemic nature of FMD in Iraqi livestock. Prompt procedures and a new future strategy need to be implemented to control the increasing incidences of FMD in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Akool Al-Salihi
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
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16
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Kerfua SD, Shirima G, Kusiluka L, Ayebazibwe C, Martin E, Arinaitwe E, Cleaveland S, Haydon DT. Low topotype diversity of recent foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from districts located along the Uganda and Tanzania border. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e4. [PMID: 30944527 PMCID: PMC6441803 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases in East Africa with outbreaks reported annually that cause severe economic losses. It is possible to control disease using vaccination, but antigenic matching of the vaccine to circulating strains is critical. To determine the relationship between foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in districts along the Uganda and Tanzanian border between 2016 and 2017 and currently used vaccines, phylogenetic analysis of the full VP1 virus sequences was carried out on samples collected from both sides of the border. A total of 43 clinical samples were collected from animals exhibiting signs of FMD and VP1 sequences generated from 11 of them. Eight out of the 11 sequences obtained belonged to serotype O and three belonged to serotype A. The serotype O sequences obtained showed limited nucleotide divergence (average of 4.9%) and belonged to topotype East Africa-2, whereas the most common O-type vaccine strain used in the region (O/KEN/77/78) belonged to East Africa-1. The serotype A viruses belonged to topotype Africa-G1 (average nucleotide divergence 7.4%), as did vaccine strain K5/1980. However, vaccine strain K35/1980 belonged to Africa G VII with an average sequence divergence of 20.5% from the study sequences. The genetic distances between current vaccine strains and circulating field strains underscores the crucial need for regular vaccine matching and the importance of collaborative efforts for better control of FMD along this border area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Diana Kerfua
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, P.O.Box 447, Tanzania.,Department of Microbiology, National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Wakiso, P.O.Box 5704, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, P.O.Box 447, Tanzania
| | - Lughano Kusiluka
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, Mzumbe University, Morogoro, P.O.Box 1, Tanzania
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiological Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, P.O.Box 53, Uganda
| | - Esau Martin
- Department of Immunology, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiological Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, P.O.Box 53, Uganda
| | - Eugene Arinaitwe
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiological Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, P.O.Box 53, Uganda
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, United Kingdom
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17
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Casey-Bryars M, Reeve R, Bastola U, Knowles NJ, Auty H, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Fowler VL, Fyumagwa R, Kazwala R, Kibona T, King A, King DP, Lankester F, Ludi AB, Lugelo A, Maree FF, Mshanga D, Ndhlovu G, Parekh K, Paton DJ, Perry B, Wadsworth J, Parida S, Haydon DT, Marsh TL, Cleaveland S, Lembo T. Waves of endemic foot-and-mouth disease in eastern Africa suggest feasibility of proactive vaccination approaches. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1449-1457. [PMID: 30082738 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production in Africa is key to national economies, food security and rural livelihoods, and > 85% of livestock keepers live in extreme poverty. With poverty elimination central to the Sustainable Development Goals, livestock keepers are therefore critically important. Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious livestock disease widespread in Africa that contributes to this poverty. Despite its US$2.3 billion impact, control of the disease is not prioritized: standard vaccination regimens are too costly, its impact on the poorest is underestimated, and its epidemiology is too weakly understood. Our integrated analysis in Tanzania shows that the disease is of high concern, reduces household budgets for human health, and has major impacts on milk production and draft power for crop production. Critically, foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in cattle are driven by livestock-related factors with a pattern of changing serotype dominance over time. Contrary to findings in southern Africa, we find no evidence of frequent infection from wildlife, with outbreaks in cattle sweeping slowly across the region through a sequence of dominant serotypes. This regularity suggests that timely identification of the epidemic serotype could allow proactive vaccination ahead of the wave of infection, mitigating impacts, and our preliminary matching work has identified potential vaccine candidates. This strategy is more realistic than wildlife-livestock separation or conventional foot-and-mouth disease vaccination approaches. Overall, we provide strong evidence for the feasibility of coordinated foot-and-mouth disease control as part of livestock development policies in eastern Africa, and our integrated socioeconomic, epidemiological, laboratory and modelling approach provides a framework for the study of other disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Casey-Bryars
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland.,The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Umesh Bastola
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Harriet Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), An Lòchran, Inverness, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tito Kibona
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Felix Lankester
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman , WA, USA
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Ahmed Lugelo
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Francois F Maree
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Deogratius Mshanga
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Brian Perry
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel T Haydon
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas L Marsh
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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18
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Mahapatra M, Parida S. Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:577-591. [PMID: 29950121 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1492378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lack of cross protection between foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) serotypes as well as incomplete protection between some subtypes of FMDV affect the application of vaccine in the field. Further, the emergence of new variant FMD viruses periodically makes the existing vaccine inefficient. Consequently, periodical vaccine strain selection either by in vivo methods or in vitro methods become an essential requirement to enable utilization of appropriate and efficient vaccines. AREAS COVERED Here we describe the cross reactivity of the existing vaccines with the global pool of circulating viruses and the putative selected vaccine strains for targeting protection against the two major circulating serotype O and A FMD viruses for East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia. EXPERT COMMENTARY Although in vivo cross protection studies are more appropriate methods for vaccine matching and selection than in vitro neutralization test or ELISA, in the face of an outbreak both in vivo and in vitro methods of vaccine matching are not easy, and time consuming. The FMDV capsid contains all the immunogenic epitopes, and therefore vaccine strain prediction models using both capsid sequence and serology data will likely replace existing tools in the future.
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19
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Mohapatra JK, Das B, Rout M, Sreenivasa B, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Alternate vaccine strain selection in the wake of emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A antigenic variants in India. Vaccine 2018; 36:3191-3194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Ramirez-Carvajal L, Pauszek SJ, Ahmed Z, Farooq U, Naeem K, Shabman RS, Stockwell TB, Rodriguez LL. Genetic stability of foot-and-mouth disease virus during long-term infections in natural hosts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190977. [PMID: 29390015 PMCID: PMC5794060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe infection caused by a picornavirus that affects livestock and wildlife. Persistence in ruminants is a well-documented feature of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis and a major concern for disease control. Persistently infected animals harbor virus for extended periods, providing a unique opportunity to study within-host virus evolution. This study investigated the genetic dynamics of FMDV during persistent infections of naturally infected Asian buffalo. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) we obtained 21 near complete FMDV genome sequences from 12 sub-clinically infected buffalo over a period of one year. Four animals yielded only one virus isolate and one yielded two isolates of different serotype suggesting a serial infection. Seven persistently infected animals yielded more than one virus of the same serotype showing a long-term intra-host viral genetic divergence at the consensus level of less than 2.5%. Quasi-species analysis showed few nucleotide variants and non-synonymous substitutions of progeny virus despite intra-host persistence of up to 152 days. Phylogenetic analyses of serotype Asia-1 VP1 sequences clustered all viruses from persistent animals with Group VII viruses circulating in Pakistan in 2011, but distinct from those circulating on 2008–2009. Furthermore, signature amino acid (aa) substitutions were found in the antigenically relevant VP1 of persistent viruses compared with viruses from 2008–2009. Intra-host purifying selective pressure was observed, with few codons in structural proteins undergoing positive selection. However, FMD persistent viruses did not show a clear pattern of antigenic selection. Our findings provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of FMDV populations within naturally occurring subclinical and persistent infections that may have implications to vaccination strategies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LLR); (LRC)
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Umer Farooq
- Animal Health Program, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Naeem
- Animal Health Program, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Reed S. Shabman
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LLR); (LRC)
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Lloyd-Jones K, Mahapatra M, Upadhyaya S, Paton DJ, Babu A, Hutchings G, Parida S. Genetic and antigenic characterization of serotype O FMD viruses from East Africa for the selection of suitable vaccine strain. Vaccine 2017; 35:6842-6849. [PMID: 29102329 PMCID: PMC5722052 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Eastern Africa with circulation of multiple serotypes of the virus in the region. Most of the outbreaks are caused by serotype O followed by serotype A. The lack of concerted FMD control programmes in Africa has provided little incentive for vaccine producers to select vaccines that are tailored to circulating regional isolates creating further negative feedback to deter the introduction of vaccine-based control schemes. In this study a total of 80 serotype O FMD viruses (FMDV) isolated from 1993 to 2012 from East and North Africa were characterized by virus neutralisation tests using bovine antisera to three existing (O/KEN/77/78, O/Manisa and O/PanAsia-2) and three putative (O/EA/2002, O/EA/2009 and O/EA/2010) vaccine strains and by capsid sequencing. Genetically, these viruses were grouped as either of East African origin with subdivision into four topotypes (EA-1, 2, 3 and 4) or of Middle-East South Asian (ME-SA) topotype. The ME-SA topotype viruses were mainly detected in Egypt and Libya reflecting the trade links with the Middle East countries. There was good serological cross-reactivity between the vaccine strains and most of the field isolates analysed, indicating that vaccine selection should not be a major constraint for control of serotype O FMD by vaccination, and that both local and internationally available commercial vaccines could be used. The O/KEN/77/78 vaccine, commonly used in the region, exhibited comparatively lower percent in vitro match against the predominant topotypes (EA-2 and EA-3) circulating in the region whereas O/PanAsia-2 and O/Manisa vaccines revealed broader protection against East African serotype O viruses, even though they genetically belong to the ME-SA topotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK
| | | | - David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Aravindh Babu
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Geoff Hutchings
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; National Institute for Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500049, India.
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Robinson L, Knight-Jones TJD, Charleston B, Rodriguez LL, Gay CG, Sumption KJ, Vosloo W. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 3 - Vaccines. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 63 Suppl 1:30-41. [PMID: 27320164 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed research knowledge gaps in the field of FMDV (foot-and-mouth disease virus) vaccines. The study took the form of a literature review (2011-15) combined with research updates collected in 2014 from 33 institutes from across the world. Findings were used to identify priority areas for future FMD vaccine research. Vaccines play a vital role in FMD control, used both to limit the spread of the virus during epidemics in FMD-free countries and as the mainstay of disease management in endemic regions, particularly where sanitary controls are difficult to apply. Improvements in the performance or cost-effectiveness of FMD vaccines will allow more widespread and efficient disease control. FMD vaccines have changed little in recent decades, typically produced by inactivation of whole virus, the quantity and stability of the intact viral capsids in the final preparation being key for immunogenicity. However, these are exciting times and several promising novel FMD vaccine candidates have recently been developed. This includes the first FMD vaccine licensed for manufacture and use in the USA; this adenovirus-vectored FMD vaccine causes in vivo expression of viral capsids in vaccinated animals. Another promising vaccine candidate comprises stabilized empty FMDV capsids produced in vitro in a baculovirus expression system. Recombinant technologies are also being developed to improve otherwise conventionally produced inactivated vaccines, for example, by creating a chimeric vaccine virus to increase capsid stability and by inserting sequences into the vaccine virus for desired antigen expression. Other important areas of ongoing research include enhanced adjuvants, vaccine quality control procedures and predicting vaccine protection from immune correlates, thus reducing dependency on animal challenge studies. Globally, the degree of independent vaccine evaluation is highly variable, and this is essential for vaccine quality. Previously neglected, the importance of evaluating vaccination programme effectiveness and impact is increasingly being recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - C G Gay
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA, National Program 103-Animal Health, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - K J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of FMD (EuFMD), FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - W Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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Yang M, Xu W, Bittner H, Horsington J, Vosloo W, Goolia M, Lusansky D, Nfon C. Generation of mAbs to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A and application in a competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis. Virol J 2016; 13:195. [PMID: 27894355 PMCID: PMC5126828 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating disease that severely limits international trade of animals. Of the seven FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes, serotype A is one of the most widespread cross the world. Currently antibodies to FMDV are detected in animals using the virus neutralization test (VNT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The VNT is laborious, time-consuming and reliant on live virus and cell cultures, while ELISA has the advantage of using inactivated antigens and often provides more reproducible results. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) for the detection of antibodies to FMDV serotype A (FMDV/A). RESULTS A panel of FMDV/A specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated and their ability to compete with a polyclonal serum from FMDV/A-infected cattle was examined. Two mAbs inhibited the binding of a polyclonal serum to FMDV/A viruses. The binding epitopes of each were determined as conformational and located on the VP2 viral capsid protein. The FMDV/A cELISA was developed using these two mAbs and FMDV/A inactivated virus as antigen. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were 99.7 and 99.3% (98.5-100%) respectively, based on a predetermined cut-off of 50% inhibition. When analysing sera from animals experimentally infected with FMDV/A, the cELISA detected antibodies from 5-days post infection (dpi) and remained positive for at least 21-28 days post infection. Comparison based on the Kappa coefficient showed strong agreement (90-94%) between cELISA and VNT. CONCLUSION The cELISA results are comparable to the VNT for antibody detection making it a simple and reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada.
| | - Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Hilary Bittner
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Melissa Goolia
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Diana Lusansky
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
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24
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Fatemi Nasab GS, Salimi V, Abbasi S, Adjami Nezhad Fard F, Mokhtari Azad T. Comparison of neutralizing antibody titers against outbreak-associated measles genotypes (D4, H1 and B3) in Iran. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw089. [PMID: 27777263 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the accessibility of a promising vaccine, outbreaks of the measles virus (MV) take place even in well-vaccinated populations. D4, H1 and B3 genotypes have been detected regularly in different regions of Iran. These observations highlight the necessity of evaluating the protective efficacy of the vaccine against currently circulating MV genotypes during the elimination phase. A focus reduction neutralization test has been developed to measure the neutralizing antibodies against different genotypes of MV, such as H1, D4, B3 and vaccine strain (A), in children after second doses of measles vaccine. The geometric mean titer (GMT) rates of the sera against D4, H1, B3 and A genotypes were 95.9, 90.5, 32.0 and 76.1, respectively. Low GMTs of antibody against the B3 genotype compared with the other genotypes were indicated. Based on the current study results, the MV antibody titers in the sera of vaccinated cases are sufficient to neutralize all circulating genotypes in Iran; however, neutralizing antibody titers were lower for the B3 genotype than for the H1, D4 and A genotypes. The heterogeneous nature of MV, for instance the nucleotide sequence diversity between different strains, necessitates the evaluation of the protective efficacy of the vaccine against measles B3 genotype in countries where this virus has been the most commonly identified circulating genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Sadat Fatemi Nasab
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Simin Abbasi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Adjami Nezhad Fard
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
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Knight-Jones TJD, McLaws M, Rushton J. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Impact on Smallholders - What Do We Know, What Don't We Know and How Can We Find Out More? Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1079-1094. [PMID: 27167976 PMCID: PMC5516236 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) endemic regions contain three‐quarters of the world's FMD susceptible livestock and most of the world's poor livestock keepers. Yet FMD impact on smallholders in these regions is poorly understood. Diseases of low mortality can exert a large impact if incidence is high. Modelling and field studies commonly find high FMD incidence in endemic countries. Sero‐surveys typically find a third of young cattle are sero‐positive, however, the proportion of sero‐positive animals that developed disease, and resulting impact, are unknown. The few smallholder FMD impact studies that have been performed assessed different aspects of impact, using different approaches. They find that FMD impact can be high (>10% of annual household income). However, impact is highly variable, being a function of FMD incidence and dependency on activities affected by FMD. FMD restricts investment in productive but less FMD‐resilient farming methods, however, other barriers to efficient production may exist, reducing the benefits of FMD control. Applying control measures is costly and can have wide‐reaching negative impacts; veterinary‐cordon‐fences may damage wildlife populations, and livestock movement restrictions and trade bans damage farmer profits and the wider economy. When control measures are ineffective, farmers, society and wildlife may experience the burden of control without reducing disease burden. Foot‐and‐mouth disease control has benefitted smallholders in South America and elsewhere. Success takes decades of regional cooperation with effective veterinary services and widespread farmer participation. However, both the likelihood of success and the full cost of control measures must be considered. Controlling FMD in smallholder systems is challenging, particularly when movement restrictions are hard to enforce. In parts of Africa this is compounded by endemically infected wildlife and limited vaccine performance. This paper reviews FMD impact on smallholders in endemic countries. Significant evidence gaps exist and guidance on the design of FMD impact studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M McLaws
- European Commission for the Control of FMD, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - J Rushton
- The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH), North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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26
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Das B, Mohapatra JK, Pande V, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A. Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A capsid coding (P1) region on a timescale of three decades in an endemic context. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:36-46. [PMID: 27020544 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three decades-long (1977-2013) evolutionary trend of the capsid coding (P1) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A isolated in India was analysed. The exclusive presence of genotype 18 since 2001 and the dominance of the VP3(59)-deletion group of genotype 18 was evident in the recent years. Clade 18c was found to be currently the only active one among the three clades (18a, 18b and 18c) identified in the deletion group. The rate of evolution of the Indian isolates at the capsid region was found to be 4.96×10(-3)substitutions/site/year. The timescale analysis predicted the most recent common ancestor to have existed during 1962 for Indian FMDV serotype A and around 1998 for the deletion group. The evolutionary pattern of serotype A in India appears to be homogeneous as no spatial or temporal structure was observed. Bayesian skyline plots indicate a sharp decline in the effective number of infections after 2008, which might be a result of mass vaccination or inherent loss of virus fitness. Analyses of variability at 38 known antigenically critical positions in a countrywide longitudinal data set suggested that the substitutions neither followed any specific trend nor remained fixed for a long period since frequent reversions and convergence was noticed. A maximum of 6 different amino acid residues was seen in the gene pool at any antigenically critical site over the decades, suggesting a limited combination of residues being responsible for the observed antigenic variation. Evidence of positive selection at some of the antigenically critical residues and the structurally proximal positions suggest a possible role of pre-existing immunity in the host population in driving evolution. The VP1 C-terminus neither revealed variability nor positive selection, suggesting the possibility that this stretch does not contribute to the antigenic variation and adaptation under immune selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India.
| | - Veena Pande
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India.
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Dhikusooka MT, Ayebazibwe C, Namatovu A, Belsham GJ, Siegismund HR, Wekesa SN, Balinda SN, Muwanika VB, Tjørnehøj K. Unrecognized circulation of SAT 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds around Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:5. [PMID: 26739166 PMCID: PMC4704403 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Uganda in spite of the control measures used. Various aspects of the maintenance and circulation of FMD viruses (FMDV) in Uganda are not well understood; these include the role of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) as a reservoir for FMDV. To better understand the epidemiology of FMD at the livestock-wildlife-interface, samples were collected from young, unvaccinated cattle from 24 pastoral herds that closely interact with wildlife around Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda, and analysed for evidence of FMDV infection. Results In total, 37 (15 %) of 247 serum samples had detectable antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins (NSPs) using a pan-serotypic assay. Within these 37 sera, antibody titres ≥ 80 against the structural proteins of serotypes O, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 were detected by ELISA in 5, 7, 4 and 3 samples, respectively, while neutralizing antibodies were only detected against serotype O in 3 samples. Two FMDV isolates, with identical VP1 coding sequences, were obtained from probang samples from clinically healthy calves from the same herd and are serotype SAT 1 (topotype IV (EA-I)). Based on the VP1 coding sequences, these viruses are distinct from previous cattle and buffalo SAT 1 FMDV isolates obtained from the same area (19–30 % nucleotide difference) and from the vaccine strain (TAN/155/71) used within Uganda (26 % nucleotide difference). Eight herds had only one or a few animals with antibodies against FMDV NSPs while six herds had more substantial evidence of prior infection with FMDV. There was no evidence for exposure to FMDV in the other ten herds. Conclusions The two identical SAT 1 FMDV VP1 sequences are distinct from former buffalo and cattle isolates from the same area, thus, transmission between buffalo and cattle was not demonstrated. These new SAT 1 FMDV isolates differed significantly from the vaccine strain used to control Ugandan FMD outbreaks, indicating a need for vaccine matching studies. Only six herds had clear serological evidence for exposure to O and SAT 1 FMDV. Scattered presence of antibodies against FMDV in other herds may be due to the occasional introduction of animals to the area or maternal antibodies from past infection and/or vaccination. The evidence for asymptomatic FMDV infection has implications for disease control strategies in the area since this obstructs early disease detection that is based on clinical signs in FMDV infected animals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0616-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Tefula Dhikusooka
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Alice Namatovu
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda. .,Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, DK 4771, Denmark.
| | - Hans Redlef Siegismund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Sabenzia Nabalayo Wekesa
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Livestock Development, P. O. Box 18021, Embakasi, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Sheila Nina Balinda
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Vincent B Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Kirsten Tjørnehøj
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, DK 4771, Denmark.
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28
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Pedersen CET, Frandsen P, Wekesa SN, Heller R, Sangula AK, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Muwanika VB, Siegismund HR. Time Clustered Sampling Can Inflate the Inferred Substitution Rate in Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Analyses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143605. [PMID: 26630483 PMCID: PMC4667911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of analytical software for the inference of viral evolution, a number of studies have focused on estimating important parameters such as the substitution rate and the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for rapidly evolving viruses. Coupled with an increasing abundance of sequence data sampled under widely different schemes, an effort to keep results consistent and comparable is needed. This study emphasizes commonly disregarded problems in the inference of evolutionary rates in viral sequence data when sampling is unevenly distributed on a temporal scale through a study of the foot-and-mouth (FMD) disease virus serotypes SAT 1 and SAT 2. Our study shows that clustered temporal sampling in phylogenetic analyses of FMD viruses will strongly bias the inferences of substitution rates and tMRCA because the inferred rates in such data sets reflect a rate closer to the mutation rate rather than the substitution rate. Estimating evolutionary parameters from viral sequences should be performed with due consideration of the differences in short-term and longer-term evolutionary processes occurring within sets of temporally sampled viruses, and studies should carefully consider how samples are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Frandsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus Heller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent B. Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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29
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Brito BP, Rodriguez LL, Hammond JM, Pinto J, Perez AM. Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:316-332. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Brito
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - J. M. Hammond
- Centre for Animal & Plant Biosecurity; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Menangle NSW Australia
| | - J. Pinto
- Animal Health Service; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome Italy
| | - A. M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
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30
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Bari FD, Parida S, Asfor AS, Haydon DT, Reeve R, Paton DJ, Mahapatra M. Prediction and characterization of novel epitopes of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in East Africa using site-directed mutagenesis. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1033-1041. [PMID: 25614587 PMCID: PMC4631058 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epitopes on the surface of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid have been identified by monoclonal antibody (mAb) escape mutant studies leading to the designation of four antigenic sites in serotype A FMDV. Previous work focused on viruses isolated mainly from Asia, Europe and Latin America. In this study we report on the prediction of epitopes in African serotype A FMDVs and testing of selected epitopes using reverse genetics. Twenty-four capsid amino acid residues were predicted to be of antigenic significance by analysing the capsid sequences (n = 56) using in silico methods, and six residues by correlating capsid sequence with serum-virus neutralization data. The predicted residues were distributed on the surface-exposed capsid regions, VP1-VP3. The significance of residue changes at eight of the predicted epitopes was tested by site-directed mutagenesis using a cDNA clone resulting in the generation of 12 mutant viruses involving seven sites. The effect of the amino acid substitutions on the antigenic nature of the virus was assessed by virus neutralization (VN) test. Mutations at four different positions, namely VP1-43, VP1-45, VP2-191 and VP3-132, led to significant reduction in VN titre (P value = 0.05, 0.05, 0.001 and 0.05, respectively). This is the first time, to our knowledge, that the antigenic regions encompassing amino acids VP1-43 to -45 (equivalent to antigenic site 3 in serotype O), VP2-191 and VP3-132 have been predicted as epitopes and evaluated serologically for serotype A FMDVs. This identifies novel capsid epitopes of recently circulating serotype A FMDVs in East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Dawo Bari
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Amin S. Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard Reeve
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David J. Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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