1
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Li J, Miller LC, Sang Y. Current Status of Vaccines for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Interferon Response, Immunological Overview, and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:606. [PMID: 38932335 PMCID: PMC11209547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a formidable challenge for the global pig industry. Caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), this disease primarily affects porcine reproductive and respiratory systems, undermining effective host interferon and other immune responses, resulting in vaccine ineffectiveness. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments for PRRSV, vaccines play a crucial role in managing the disease. The current market features a range of vaccine technologies, including live, inactivated, subunit, DNA, and vector vaccines, but only modified live virus (MLV) and killed virus (KV) vaccines are commercially available for PRRS control. Live vaccines are promoted for their enhanced protective effectiveness, although their ability to provide cross-protection is modest. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are emphasized for their safety profile but are limited in their protective efficacy. This review updates the current knowledge on PRRS vaccines' interactions with the host interferon system, and other immunological aspects, to assess their current status and evaluate advents in PRRSV vaccine development. It presents the strengths and weaknesses of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines in the prevention and management of PRRS, aiming to inspire the development of innovative strategies and technologies for the next generation of PRRS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyi Li
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
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2
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Li C, Liu Z, Chen K, Qian J, Hu Y, Fang S, Sun Z, Zhang C, Huang L, Zhang J, Huang N. Efficacy of the Synergy Between Live-Attenuated and Inactivated PRRSV Vaccines Against a NADC30-Like Strain of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in 4-Week Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:812040. [PMID: 35187144 PMCID: PMC8847452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.812040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a novel strain responsible for substantial economic losses to swine production in China. This study evaluated the cross-protective efficacy of the synergy between live-attenuated and inactivated PRRSV vaccines compared with a single vaccination with PRRS modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against challenge with NADC30-like strain, v2016/ZJ/09-03. A total of 45 PRRSV free pigs were randomly divided into five groups: (1) strict control (SC); (2) positive control (PC); (3) single MLV dose (M1); (4) primed intramuscularly with MLV and boosted with killed vaccine 3 weeks later (MK1); and (5) intramuscular prime MLV boosted subcutaneously with killed vaccine B 3 weeks later (MK2). Serological tests in MK groups revealed no differences in both anti-N and anti-GP protein antibodies compared with M1 group, and failed to provide further protection against clinical signs, virus shedding, and gross lesions. However, the viremic titer, gross lung lesions, and average daily weight gain were significantly improved in the MLV vaccinated groups, suggesting that MLV provides substantial cross-protection against the NADC30-like virus. Thus, as a booster, the killed vaccine confers minimal additional protection in NADC30-like infected piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosi Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for LingNan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Qian
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Hu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhe Fang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for LingNan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lv Huang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for LingNan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nian Huang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
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3
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Zhou L, Ge X, Yang H. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Vaccine: A "Leaky" Vaccine with Debatable Efficacy and Safety. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040362. [PMID: 33918580 PMCID: PMC8069561 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important diseases, that has significantly impacted the global pork industry for over three decades, since it was first recognized in the United States in the late 1980s. Attributed to the PRRSV extensive genetic and antigenic variation and rapid mutability and evolution, nearly worldwide epidemics have been sustained by a set of emerging and re-emerging virus strains. Since the first modified live virus (MLV) vaccine was commercially available, it has been widely used for more than 20 years, for preventing and controlling PRRS. On the one hand, MLV can induce a protective immune response against homologous viruses by lightening the clinical signs of pigs and reducing the virus transmission in the affected herd, as well as helping to cost-effectively increase the production performance on pig farms affected by heterologous viruses. On the other hand, MLV can still replicate in the host, inducing viremia and virus shedding, and it fails to confer sterilizing immunity against PRRSV infection, that may accelerate viral mutation or recombination to adapt the host and to escape from the immune response, raising the risk of reversion to virulence. The unsatisfied heterologous cross-protection and safety issue of MLV are two debatable characterizations, which raise the concerns that whether it is necessary or valuable to use this leaky vaccine to protect the field viruses with a high probability of being heterologous. To provide better insights into the immune protection and safety related to MLV, recent advances and opinions on PRRSV attenuation, protection efficacy, immunosuppression, recombination, and reversion to virulence are reviewed here, hoping to give a more comprehensive recognition on MLV and to motivate scientific inspiration on novel strategies and approaches of developing the next generation of PRRS vaccine.
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4
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DUY DT, KIM H, JEONG J, PARK KH, YANG S, OH T, KIM S, KANG I, CHAE C. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of commercial and prototype PRRS subunit vaccines against an HP-PRRSV challenge. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1463-1467. [PMID: 30022776 PMCID: PMC6160886 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) subunit vaccine and a prototype PRRS II subunit vaccine against a highly pathogenic PRRS virus (HP-PRRSV) in pigs. Both vaccines were administered intramuscularly in 2 doses at 21 and 42 days of age, and the pigs were challenged intranasally with HP-PRRSV at 63 days of age. Pigs vaccinated with the prototype PRRS II subunit vaccine had significantly higher anti-PRRSV antibody titers, a greater number of interferon-γ-secreting cells, and a greater reduction in lung lesion scores compared to pigs vaccinated with the commercial PRRS subunit vaccine. Therefore, the commercial PRRS subunit and prototype PRRS II subunit vaccines are efficacious against HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Tien DUY
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nonglam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hanjin KIM
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon JEONG
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan PARK
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon YANG
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan OH
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seeun KIM
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjae KANG
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee CHAE
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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An Attenuated Highly Pathogenic Chinese PRRS Viral Vaccine Confers Cross Protection to Pigs against Challenge with the Emerging PRRSV NADC30-Like Strain. Virol Sin 2018; 33:153-161. [PMID: 29594909 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel PRRSV strain was isolated in China that was genetically similar to the NADC30 strain which is reported to have spread throughout China. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cross-protective efficacy of the live vaccine TJM-F92 in young pigs against challenge with a NADC30-like strain, HN201605. Twenty-five PRRSV- and antibody-free pigs were randomly divided into the following five groups: Vac/ChA, Unvac/ChA, Vac/ChB, Unvac/ChB and the mock. The pigs in groups Vac/ChA and Vac/ChB were inoculated intramuscularly with 1 mL TJM-F92 (105.0 TCID50/mL). At 28 days post vaccination (0 days post challenge), groups Vac/ChA and Unvac/ChA were inoculated intranasally with 104.5 TCID50/mL PRRSV strain TJ F3 (2 mL/pig), while groups Vac/ChB and Unvac/ChB were inoculated, using the same route, with the same dose of the NADC30-like strain HN201605 F3. Protective effects of the PRRSV strain were observed in all pigs in the Vac/ChA and Vac/ChB groups. Neither high fever nor signs of clinical disease were observed through the experiment in these groups, whereas pigs in Unvac/ChA group exhibited serious clinical symptoms, pathological lesions, and weight loss. In Unvac/ChB group, pigs developed milder clinical symptoms, which demonstrated that the NADC30-like strain HN201605 had moderate pathogenicity. The results suggest that the MLV vaccine strain TJM-F92 is an effective and safe vaccine candidate for use in China.
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6
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Robinson SR, Rahe MC, Gray DK, Martins KV, Murtaugh MP. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus neutralizing antibodies provide in vivo cross-protection to PRRSV1 and PRRSV2 viral challenge. Virus Res 2018; 248:13-23. [PMID: 29408442 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine control and prevention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), the most important disease of swine, is difficult to achieve. However, the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibody activity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) under typical field conditions opens the door to new immunologic approaches for robust protection. We show here that passive administration of purified immunoglobulins with neutralizing antibodies reduced PRRSV2 infection by up to 96%, and PRRSV1 infection by up to 87%, whereas immune immunoglobulins lacking neutralizing activity had no effect on viral infection. Hence, immune competence of passive immunoglobulin transfer was associated specifically with antibody neutralizing activity. Current models of PRRSV infection implicate a minor envelope glycoprotein (GP) complex including GP2, GP3, and GP4, as critical to permissive cell infection. However, conserved peptides comprising the putative cell attachment structure did not attenuate neutralization or viral infection. The results show that immunological approaches aimed at induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies may substantially enhance immune protection against PRRSV. The findings further show that naturally occurring viral isolates are able to induce protective humoral immunity against unrelated PRRSV challenge, thus removing a major conceptual barrier to vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally R Robinson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Diem K Gray
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kyra V Martins
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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7
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Huang G, Liu X, Duszynski DW, Tang X, El-Ashram S, Liu Z, Suo X, Li Q. Improved Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Vaccination with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in 4-1BB Transgenic Pigs. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1846. [PMID: 29326720 PMCID: PMC5741594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most reliable measure to prevent infectious diseases in domestic animals. Development of novel vaccines demands extensive studies with new technologies, such as using novel adjuvants and immunomodulatory molecules. The co-stimulatory molecule 4-1BB provides a key signal that directs the fate of T cells during activation, and thus is important to their function in immune protection. To determine whether host immune responses to viral infection could be promoted by enhancing 4-1BB co-stimulation, in this study, we produced transgenic pig clones expressing an extra copy of the 4-1BB gene by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated gene 9-mediated homologous recombination at the Rosa26 locus. The immune responses of transgenic pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine were determined on day 14. We show that peripheral blood lymphocytes of transgenic pigs expressed around twice the level of 4-1BB mRNA than those of control pigs. We also found IL-2, TNF-α, and granzyme B mRNA levels as well as PRRSV-specific IFN-γ response were significantly upregulated in 4-1BB transgenic pigs, leading to more efficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing, whereas the expressions of IL-4, IL-17, and Foxp3 were not affected. These results indicate that higher levels of 4-1BB expression involve in promoting Th1 differentiation and enhancing specific CTL responses to PRRSV, and provide a novel approach to increase the efficacy of current vaccines to control the infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Donal W Duszynski
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengzhu Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Xun Suo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Huang G, Liu X, Tang X, Du L, Feng W, Hu X, Zhu L, Li Q, Suo X. Increased Neutralizing Antibody Production and Interferon-γ Secretion in Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Immunization in Genetically Modified Pigs. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1110. [PMID: 28955336 PMCID: PMC5600919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated immunity plays a prominent role in combating pathogens infection. Both the engagement of the T cell receptor with the peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex and a costimulatory signal are needed for the complete activation of the T cell. To determine whether host immune responses to vaccination could be improved by enhancing CD28-mediated costimulation and verify whether the boosted immune responses could protect the host against viral challenge, we produced a transgenic pig line expressing an extra copy of the CD28 gene controlled by its own promoter at the Rosa26 locus. As expected, in response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain vaccination, CD4+ T cells was remarkably increased in CD28 transgenic pigs and a similar response in CD8+ T cells was elicited after challenge. Importantly, because of increased T cell frequencies, the virus-neutralizing antibody against JXA-1 (a highly pathogenic Chinese PRRSV strain), as well as interferon-γ secretion, were enhanced in transgenic pigs. These findings in our translational study provide a novel concept for farm animal breeding in disease resistance, in which we may use the transgenic technology to force overexpression of confirmed immunity-promoting molecules like CD28 and produce an animal with enhanced immune responses to vaccination and broad-spectrum resistance to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Li Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangquan Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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9
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04949. [PMID: 32625601 PMCID: PMC7009866 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of PRRS to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of PRRS according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to PRRS. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, PRRS can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for PRRS according to Article 8(3) criteria are domestic pigs and wild boar.
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10
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Li Y, Ji G, Xu X, Wang J, Li Y, Tan F, Li X. Development and Application of an RT-PCR to Differentiate the Prevalent NA-PRRSV Strains in China. Open Virol J 2017; 11:66-72. [PMID: 28839506 PMCID: PMC5543690 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: PRRSV features with genetic diversity and high mutation which leads to the emergence of a multiple of circulating virus strains with different virulence. North American (genotype 2) PRRSV (NA-PRRSV) can be divided into classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV), highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV), and NADC30-like PRRSV (NL-PRRSV) according to their genomic characteristics and pathogenicity. So far, the above three subtypes of NA-PRRSV are now circulating in China. Objective and Method: In this study, a reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was established to simultaneously differentiate three subtypes of NA-PRRSV. The established RT-PCR can be applied to PRRSV-infected samples originated from both supernatant of cell culture and pig tissues and showed specificity exclusively to PRRSV. The sensitivity of RT-PCR showed the minimum RNA detection was 0.04ng/µl. Result and Conclusion: The established RT-PCR was next used to differentiate the subtypes of 29 NA-PRRSV isolated in 2016 and the results showed that HP-PRRSV is still the dominant circulating virus strain in the presence of NADC30-like PRRSV in Henan province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Guobiao Ji
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Juan Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Yingying Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Feifei Tan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
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11
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Zhou L, Yang B, Xu L, Jin H, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Efficacy evaluation of three modified-live virus vaccines against a strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus NADC30-like. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:108-116. [PMID: 28757009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome reproductive virus is a devastating pathogen causing tremendous economic losses to swine production worldwide. Emergence of novel and variant PRRSV strains always leads to variable protection efficacy of modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines. Prevalence of PRRSV NADC30-like recently emerging in China has brought about clinical outbreaks of the disease. In the present study, the pathogenicity of a NADC30-like strain CHsx1401 for piglets was analyzed, and the potential cross-protective efficacy of three MLV vaccines including two commercial MLV vaccines and an attenuated low pathogenic PRRSV against this virus was further evaluated in piglets. The NADC30-like CHsx1401 was shown to cause fever, respiratory clinical signs, and lung gross and microscopic lesions of the inoculated piglets, suggesting that this virus is moderate virulent for piglets. Vaccination of piglets with the MLV vaccines could not reduce the clinical signs and lung lesions, and was partially efficacious in the reduction of viral loads in sera upon NADC30-like CHsx1401 challenge, indicating that these three MLV vaccines provide extremely limited cross-protection efficacy against the NADC30-like virus infection. Additionally, Ingelvac PRRS MLV appeared to exert some beneficial efficiency in shortening the period of clinical fever and in improving the growth performance of the challenged pigs. Our findings give valuable guidance for the choice and use of PRRSV MLV vaccines to control NADC30-like virus infection in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Beina Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Calvert JG, Keith ML, Pearce DS, Lenz MC, King VL, Diamondidis YA, Ankenbauer RG, Martinon NC. Vaccination against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reduces the magnitude and duration of viremia following challenge with a virulent heterologous field strain. Vet Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622868 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Forty PRRS-negative, three week-old weaned pigs were randomized into two groups in separate rooms and inoculated with a modified live PRRS vaccine (Fostera® PRRS) or control (PBS). Four weeks after vaccination pigs were rehoused in a single room and challenged intranasally and intramuscularly with virulent PRRSV strain NADC20. Timed serum samples were collected and titrated for PRRS virus and anti-PRRS virus antibodies. The study concluded when ≥80% of the pigs in the control group were determined to be virus negative (27days post-challenge). Mean duration of viremia was significantly lower (p=0.0327) for vaccinated pigs compared to non-vaccinated pigs. A significant reduction (p≤0.0053) in mean post-challenge viremia titer was seen in vaccinates compared to non-vaccinates from days 8 through 22 post-challenge. At the individual pig level, no pigs in the vaccinated group had detectible PRRSV in serum at the end of the study (27days post-challenge), while 15% of non-vaccinated pigs remained positive for virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay G Calvert
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Marcia L Keith
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Douglas S Pearce
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - M Corinne Lenz
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Vickie L King
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Yvette A Diamondidis
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Robert G Ankenbauer
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Nathalie C Martinon
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
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13
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Rahe MC, Murtaugh MP. Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 186:15-18. [PMID: 28413045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to afflict swine nearly 30 years after it was first discovered as the causative agent of "mystery swine disease". Immunological tools of vaccination and exposure to virulent viruses have not succeeded in achieving control and prevention of PRRSV. Humoral immunity, mediated by antibodies, is a hallmark of anti-viral immunity, but little is known about the effector mechanisms of humoral immunity against PRRSV. It is essential to understand the immunological significance of antibody functions, including recently described broadly neutralizing antibodies and potential non-neutralizing activities, in the immune response to PRRSV. Here, we review recent research from PRRSV and other host-pathogen interactions to inform novel routes of exploration into PRRSV humoral immunity which may be important for identifying the immunological correlates of protection against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108 USA.
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108 USA
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14
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Sirisereewan C, Nedumpun T, Kesdangsakonwut S, Woonwong Y, Kedkovid R, Arunorat J, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S. Positive immunomodulatory effects of heterologous DNA vaccine- modified live vaccine, prime-boost immunization, against the highly-pathogenic PRRSV infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 183:7-15. [PMID: 28063479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is one of the most important swine pathogens, and causes a major economic impact worldwide. Recently, a new variant type 2 PRRSV, highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) has emerged and continued to circulate in Southeast Asia region. Currently, commercially available PRRSV vaccines, modified live PRRS vaccines (MLV) are not able to provide complete protection against HP-PRRSV and been reported to induce negative immunomodulatory effects. Interestingly, a novel DNA vaccine was developed and successfully used to improve PRRSV-specific immune responses following MLV vaccination. To investigate the efficacy of a heterologous DNA-MLV prime-boost immunization against the HP-PRRSV infection, an experimental vaccinated-challenged study was conducted. Two-week-old, PRRSV-seronegative, crossbred pigs (5-8 pigs/group) were allocated into 5 groups. At day -14 (D-14), the treatment group (DNA-MLV) was immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding PRRSV-truncated nucleocapsid protein (pORF7t), followed by a commercial modified live type 2 PRRS vaccine (MLV) at D0. The other groups included the group that received PBS at D-14 followed by MLV at D0 (MLV), pORF7t at D-14 (DNA), PBS at D0 (PBS) and the negative control group. At D42, all groups, except the negative control group, were challenged with HP-PRRSV (strain 10PL1). The results demonstrated that pigs that received MLV, regardless of the DNA priming, exhibited less clinical signs and faster viral clearance. Following HP-PRRSV challenge, the DNA-MLV group exhibited improved PRRSV-specific immunity, as observed by increased neutralizing antibody titers and PRRSV-specific IFN-γ production, and reduced IL-10 and PRRSV-specific Treg productions. However, neither the prime-boost immunization nor the MLV was able to induce complete clinical protection against HP-PRRSV infection. In conclusion, improved immunological responses, but not clinical protection, were achieved by DNA-MLV prime-boost immunization. This study highlights the potential use of heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen, where DNA can be incorporated with other vaccine candidates, for improving anti-PRRSV immunity that may eventually lead induction of complete PRRSV protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerawut Nedumpun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sawang Kesdangsakonwut
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yonlayong Woonwong
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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15
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Bai X, Wang Y, Xu X, Sun Z, Xiao Y, Ji G, Li Y, Tan F, Li X, Tian K. Commercial vaccines provide limited protection to NADC30-like PRRSV infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:5540-5545. [PMID: 27712853 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NADC30-like PRRSV has been recently reported and became endemic in vaccinated pig herds in China. The outbreaks of disease in vaccinated pigs indicated the inefficacy of commercial PRRSV vaccines. In this study, five commercial PRRSV vaccines that have been widely used in China were used to evaluate the efficacy to a NADC30-like PRRSV infection. The vaccinated pigs were challenged with HNjz15, a NADC30-like PRRSV at 28days post vaccination. Compared to unvaccinated pigs, the vaccinated pigs clinically shortened the period of fever with less pig numbers of clinical manifestations and had improved body weight gain at the end of the study. However, the vaccinated pigs developed viremia with similar kinetics and suffered pathological lesions in lung and lymphoid tissues as the unvaccinated pigs. The virus load in tonsil, lung and lymph nodes detected by immunohistochemistry staining in vaccinated pigs was also similar to that in unvaccinated pigs which indicated the inability of vaccination to eradicate the virus from tissues of vaccinated pigs. Therefore, the above results suggested current commercial PRRSV vaccines could not provide complete protection to the NADC30-like PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Bai
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Xin Xu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Guobiao Ji
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Yingying Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Feifei Tan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China.
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China; OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Laboratory, Beijing, China.
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16
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Wang G, Yu Y, Zhang C, Tu Y, Tong J, Liu Y, Chang Y, Jiang C, Wang S, Zhou EM, Cai X. Immune responses to modified live virus vaccines developed from classical or highly pathogenic PRRSV following challenge with a highly pathogenic PRRSV strain. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 62:1-7. [PMID: 27119981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Modified live virus vaccines (MLVs) are used on swine farms to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). MLVs from classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV) provide some protection against emergent highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV). This study characterized the protective efficacy and immune response to MLVs from C-PRRSV (CH-1R) or HP-PRRSV (HuN4-F112) in a challenge using HP-PRRSV (HuN4). The outcomes were clinical signs of disease, pathological changes in the thymus and lungs, viremia, and humoral and cellular immune responses. CH-1R provided some protection against challenge with HuN4, while HuN4-F112 was protective in the HuN4 challenge. Compared to unvaccinated piglets, the vaccinated piglets had milder symptoms and fewer pathological changes in the lung and thymus. Piglets vaccinated with HuN4-F112 had higher antibody titers and lower viral loads than piglets vaccinated with CH-1R post challenge. The differences in outcome between the MLVs suggested that underlying differences in the immune responses might warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China; Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Jie Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Yafei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Chenggang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Shujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China.
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17
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Sun Z, Wang J, Bai X, Ji G, Yan H, Li Y, Wang Y, Tan F, Xiao Y, Li X, Tian K. Pathogenicity comparison between highly pathogenic and NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2257-61. [PMID: 27151278 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of HNjz15, an NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), was investigated and compared to that of a highly pathogenic PRRSV JAX1 strain. Six-week-old pigs infected with each virus showed typical clinical symptoms, including high fever and respiratory disorders. Pigs infected with JXA1 had more-severe clinical manifestations than pigs infected with HNjz15. HNjz15 replicated in vivo with kinetics similar to those of JXA1 but induced a lower level of PRRSV-specific antibody at the beginning of virus infection. Histopathologically, JXA1 infection led to more-severe lung lesions and broader organ tropism than HNjz15 did. Different from what was observed with the previously reported NADC30-like PRRSV JL580 strain, all HNjz15-infected pigs survived until the end of the study. All of these results indicated that NADC30-like PRRSV HNjz15 is virulent to pigs but is less pathogenic than the JXA1 and JL580 PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobiao Ji
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - He Yan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Tan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Gao L, Wang L, Huang C, Yang L, Guo XK, Yu Z, Liu Y, Yang P, Feng WH. HP-PRRSV is attenuated by de-optimization of codon pair bias in its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nsp9 gene. Virology 2015; 485:135-44. [PMID: 26247624 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new vaccines against highly pathogenic PRRS virus (HP-PRRSV) variant in China. The actual use of each codon pairs is more or less frequent than that of the statistical prediction and codon pair bias (CPB) usage affects gene translation. We "shuffled" the existing codons in HP-PRRSV genes GP5, M, nsp2 and nsp9, so that the CPB of these genes could be more negative. De-optimization of nsp9, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, significantly decreased PRRSV replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). In vitro study showed that HV-nsp9(min) and HV-nsp29(min) were remarkably attenuated in PAMs, and inoculation of pigs with 2 ml⁎10(5.0) TCID50/ml of HV-nsp9(min) or HV-nsp29(min) did not cause PRRS. Importantly, pigs immunized with HV-nsp29(min) were fully protected against different HP-PRRSV strains׳ lethal challenges. Our results imply that the CPB de-optimized HV-nsp29(min) has the potential to be used as a live vaccine candidate against HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- China Academy of Medicine Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lianghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Longlong Yang
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2137, USA
| | - Xue-Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Beijing Senkang Biotech Development Co., Ltd, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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