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Research Progress on Emerging Viral Pathogens of Small Ruminants in China during the Last Decade. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061288. [PMID: 35746759 PMCID: PMC9228844 DOI: 10.3390/v14061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
China is the country with the largest number of domestic small ruminants in the world. Recently, the intensive and large-scale sheep/goat raising industry has developed rapidly, especially in nonpastoral regions. Frequent trading, allocation, and transportation result in the introduction and prevalence of new pathogens. Several new viral pathogens (peste des petits ruminants virus, caprine parainfluenza virus type 3, border disease virus, enzootic nasal tumor virus, caprine herpesvirus 1, enterovirus) have been circulating and identified in China, which has attracted extensive attention from both farmers and researchers. During the last decade, studies examining the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and vaccines for these emerging viruses have been conducted. In this review, we focus on the latest findings and research progress related to these newly identified viral pathogens in China, discuss the current situation and problems, and propose research directions and prevention strategies for different diseases in the future. Our aim is to provide comprehensive and valuable information for the prevention and control of these emerging viruses and highlight the importance of surveillance of emerging or re-emerging viruses.
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Fahnøe U, Deng Y, Davids NA, Lohse L, Bukh J, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB. Identification of specific amino acid residues in the border disease virus glycoprotein E2 that modify virus growth in pig cells but not in sheep cells. J Gen Virol 2021; 101:1170-1181. [PMID: 32857690 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Border disease virus (BDV) envelope glycoprotein E2 is required for entry into cells and is a determinant of host tropism for sheep and pig cells. Here, we describe adaptive changes in the BDV E2 protein that modify virus replication in pig cells. To achieve this, two BDV isolates, initially collected from a pig and a sheep on the same farm, were passaged in primary sheep and pig cells in parallel with a rescued variant of the pig virus derived from a cloned full-length BDV cDNA. The pig isolate and the rescued virus shared the same amino acid sequence, but the sheep isolate differed at ten residues, including two substitutions in E2 (K771E and Y925H). During serial passage in cells, the viruses displayed clear selectivity for growth in sheep cells; only the cDNA-derived virus adapted to grow in pig cells. Sequencing revealed an amino acid substitution (Q739R) in the E2 domain DA of this rescued virus. Adaptation at the same residue (Q739K/Q739R) was also observed after passaging of the pig isolate in sheep cells. Use of reverse genetics confirmed that changing residue Q739 to R or K (each positively charged) was sufficient to achieve adaptation to pig cells. Furthermore, this change in host tropism was suppressed if Q739R was combined with K771E. Another substitution (Q728R), conferring an additional positive charge, acquired during passaging, restored the growth of the Q739R/K771E variant. Overall, this study provided evidence that specific, positively charged, residues in the E2 domain DA are crucial for pig-cell tropism of BDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Fahnøe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Yu Deng
- School of Animal Science, Xichang College, Xichang 615013, PR China.,DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Nana A Davids
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.,DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.,DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.,Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Hao F, Mao L, Li W, Li J, Yang L, Zhang W, Jiang J, Sun M, Xie X, Liu M. Epidemiological investigation and genomic characterization of Caprine herpesvirus 1 from goats in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 79:104168. [PMID: 31899234 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is a member of the alpha subfamily of herpersviruses, and is responsible for genital lesions and latent infections in goat population worldwide. Here, we describe goats suffered severe respiratory diseases caused by alphaherpesvirus during 2013 to 2014 in Jiangsu province of China. CpHV-1 was detected out by PCR with a prevalence of 21.1% (40/190), among which three novel CpHV-1 strains were firstly identified and isolated in China. Phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein B (gB) gene revealed that these new viruses were closely clustered with CpHV-1 strain E/CH. The isolate JSHA1405 was further studied by transmission electron microscopy, and displayed typical herpesvirus morphology. Then, for the first time, complete viral genome of JSHA1405 was sequenced by Illumina Hiseq and third-generation sequencing technology. The viral genome is 134,617 bp in length and the genome characteristics were deeply analyzed. 69 open reading frames were predicted and annotated, which was less than that of BoHV-1. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome revealed that JSHA1405 was classified into the same branch with previous CpHV-1 strains as well. Moreover, the pathogenicity test is further evidence that JSHA1405 strain induced obvious symptoms of high fever and nasal discharge in infected goats, consistent with clinical manifestations. This is the first report about isolation and identification of CpHV-1 in China and the first characterization of CpHV-1 genome structure. The research also provides a basis for understanding the characteristics, viral genome and pathogenicity of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Li Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jieyuan Jiang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Min Sun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Zhou B. Classical Swine Fever in China-An Update Minireview. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:187. [PMID: 31249837 PMCID: PMC6584753 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most economically important viral diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar worldwide. The causative agent is CSF virus, it is highly contagious, with high morbidity and mortality rates; as such, it is an OIE-listed disease. Owing to a nationwide policy of vaccinations of pigs, CSF is well-controlled in China, with large-scale outbreaks rarely seen. Sporadic outbreaks are however still reported every year. In order to cope with future crises and to eradicate CSF, China should strengthen and support biosecurity measures such as the timely reporting of suspected disease, technologies for reliable diagnoses, culling infected herds, and tracing possible contacts, as well as continued vaccination and support of research into drug and genetic therapies. This mini-review summarizes the epidemiology of and control strategies for CSF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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