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O'Bier NS, Camire AC, Patel DT, Billingsley JS, Hodges KR, Marconi RT. Development of novel multi-protein chimeric immunogens that protect against infection with the Lyme disease agent, Borreliella burgdorferi. mBio 2024:e0215924. [PMID: 39287439 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02159-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in North America. A vaccine for use in humans is not available. Here, we detail the development of two chimeric vaccine antigens, BAF and Chv2M. BAF elicits Abs that target proteins and protein variants produced by Borreliella species in ticks (OspB and OspA) and mammals (FtlA/B). OspB serves as the backbone structure for the BAF chimeric. Two OspA221-240 epitope-containing domain (ECD) variants (#A1 and #A15) were inserted into a loop in OspB. The N-terminal region of the FtlA protein was joined to the C-terminus of the chimeric. The second chimeric, Chv2M, consists of L5 (loop 5) and H5 (helix 5) ECDs derived from diverse OspC proteins. Borreliella species produce OspC upon exposure to the bloodmeal and during early infection in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that BAF and Chv2M are potent immunogens that elicit Abs that bind to each component protein (FtlA, FtlB, OspB, and multiple OspA and OspC variants). Anti-BAF and anti-Chv2M Abs kill Borreliella burgdorferi strains through Ab-mediated complement-dependent and complement-independent mechanisms. Eighty percent (32/40) of mice that received a three-dose vaccine regimen were protected from infection with B. burgdorferi B31. Efficacy increased to 90% (18/20) when the amount of Chv2M was increased in the third vaccine dose. Readouts for infection were flaB PCR and seroconversion to VlsE. This study establishes proof of principle for a chimeric immunogen vaccine formulation that elicits Abs to multiple targets on the B. burgdorferi cell surface produced during tick and mammalian stages of the enzootic cycle.IMPORTANCELyme disease is a growing public health threat across parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Regions that can support sustained tick populations are expanding, and the incidence of tick-borne diseases is increasing. In light of the increasing risk of Lyme disease, effective preventive strategies are needed. Most vaccine development efforts have focused on outer surface protein A, a Borreliella burgdorferi protein produced only in ticks. Herein, we describe the development of a novel vaccine formulation consisting of two multivalent chimeric proteins that are immunogenic and elicit antibodies with bactericidal activity that target several cell surface proteins produced by the Lyme disease spirochetes in feeding ticks and mammals. In a broader sense, this study advances efforts to develop custom-designed vaccinogens comprised of epitope-containing domains from multiple proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S O'Bier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew C Camire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dhara T Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John S Billingsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kelly R Hodges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard T Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Bézay N, Wagner L, Kadlecek V, Obersriebnig M, Wressnigg N, Hochreiter R, Schneider M, Dubischar K, Derhaschnig U, Klingler A, Larcher-Senn J, Eder-Lingelbach S, Bender W. Optimisation of dose level and vaccination schedule for the VLA15 Lyme borreliosis vaccine candidate among healthy adults: two randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 2 studies. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:1045-1058. [PMID: 38830375 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rising Lyme borreliosis incidence rates, potential for severe outcomes, and limitations in accurate and timely diagnosis for treatment initiation suggest the need for a preventive vaccine; however, no vaccine is currently available for human use. We performed two studies in adults to optimise the dose level and vaccination schedule for VLA15, an investigational Lyme borreliosis vaccine targeting outer surface protein A (OspA) serotypes 1-6, which are associated with the most common pathogenic Borrelia species in Europe and North America. METHODS Both randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase 2 studies included participants aged 18-65 years without recent history of Lyme borreliosis or tick bites. Study one was conducted at nine clinical research and study centre sites in the USA (n=6), Germany (n=2), and Belgium (n=1); study two was conducted at five of the study one US sites. Based on a randomisation list created by an unmasked statistician for each study, participants were randomly assigned via an electronic case report form randomisation module to receive 90 μg (study one only), 135 μg, or 180 μg VLA15 or placebo by intramuscular injection at months 0, 1, and 2 (study one) or 0, 2, and 6 (study two). Study one began with a run-in phase to confirm safety, after which the Data Safety Monitoring Board recommended the removal of the 90 μg group and continuation of the study. In the study one run-in phase, randomisation was stratified by study site, whereas in the study one main phase and in study two, randomisation was stratified by study site, age group, and baseline B burgdorferi (sensu lato) serostatus. All individuals were masked, other than staff involved in randomisation, vaccine preparation or administration, or safety data monitoring. The primary endpoint for both studies was OspA-specific IgG geometric mean titres (GMTs) at 1 month after the third vaccination and was evaluated in the per-protocol population. Safety endpoints were evaluated in the safety population: all participants who received at least one vaccination. Both studies are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (study one NCT03769194 and study two NCT03970733) and are completed. FINDINGS For study one, 573 participants were screened and randomly assigned to treatment groups between Dec 21, 2018, and Sept, 26, 2019. For study two, 248 participants were screened and randomly assigned between June 26 and Sept 3, 2019. In study one, 29 participants were assigned to receive 90 μg VLA15, 215 to 135 μg, 205 to 180 μg, and 124 to placebo. In study two, 97 participants were assigned to receive 135 μg VLA15, 100 to 180 μg, and 51 to placebo. At 1 month after the third vaccination (ie, month 3), OspA-specific IgG GMTs in study one ranged from 74·3 (serotype 1; 95% CI 46·4-119·0) to 267·4 units per mL (serotype 3; 194·8-367·1) for 90 μg VLA15, 101·9 (serotype 1; 87·1-119·4) to 283·2 units per mL (serotype 3; 248·2-323·1) for 135 μg, and 115·8 (serotype 1; 98·8-135·7) to 308·6 units per mL (serotype 3; 266·8-356·8) for 180 μg. In study two, ranges at 1 month after the third vaccination (ie, month 7) were 278·5 (serotype 1; 214·9-361·0) to 545·2 units per mL (serotype 2; 431·8-688·4) for 135 μg VLA15 and 274·7 (serotype 1; 209·4-360·4) to 596·8 units per mL (serotype 3; 471·9-754·8) for 180 μg. Relative to placebo, the VLA15 groups had more frequent reports of solicited local adverse events (study one: 94%, 95% CI 91-96 vs 26%, 19-34; study two: 96%, 93-98 vs 35%, 24-49 after any vaccination) and solicited systemic adverse events (study one: 69%, 65-73 vs 43%, 34-52; study two: 74%, 67-80 vs 51%, 38-64); most were mild or moderate. In study one, unsolicited adverse events were reported by 52% (48-57) of participants in the VLA15 groups and 52% (43-60) of those in the placebo groups; for study two these were 65% (58-71) and 69% (55-80), respectively. Percentages of participants reporting serious unsolicited adverse events (study one: 2%, 1-4; study two: 4%, 2-7) and adverse events of special interest (study one: 1%, 0-2; study two: 1%, 0-3) were low across all groups. A single severe, possibly related unsolicited adverse event was reported (worsening of pre-existing ventricular extrasystoles, which resolved after change of relevant concomitant medication); no related serious adverse events or deaths were reported. INTERPRETATION VLA15 was safe, well tolerated, and elicited robust antibody responses to all six OspA serotypes. These findings support further clinical development of VLA15 using the 180 μg dose and 0-2-6-month schedule, which was associated with the greatest immune responses. FUNDING Valneva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bézay
- Valneva Austria, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Wagner
- Valneva Austria, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Kadlecek
- Valneva Austria, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nina Wressnigg
- Valneva Austria, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Ulla Derhaschnig
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Klingler
- Assign Data Management and Biostatistics, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lundberg U, Hochreiter R, Timofoyeva Y, Kanevsky I, Meinke A, Anderson AS, Simon R. Preclinical Evidence for the Protective Capacity of Antibodies Induced by Lyme Vaccine Candidate VLA15 in People. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae467. [PMID: 39233712 PMCID: PMC11372474 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccine candidate VLA15 is designed to protect against the dominant Borrelia genospecies-causing Lyme disease in North America and Europe. Active immunization with VLA15 has protected in the mouse model of tick challenge. VLA15 is currently under evaluation in clinical studies for the prevention of Lyme borreliosis. Methods Mice were passively administered sera from clinical trial participants vaccinated with VLA15, or normal human serum from unvaccinated individuals as control. Posttransfer serum anti-outer surface protein A (OspA) immunoglobulin G titers were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Following passive transfer, mice were challenged with Ixodes ticks colonized with Borrelia burgdorferi (OspA serotype 1) or Borrelia afzelii (OspA serotype 2) and infection was determined by serology for VlsE C6 or by polymerase chain reaction and culture to assess the presence of Borrelia bacteria. Results Passive transfer of immune sera prevented transmission of Borrelia from the tick vector and protected mice against challenge. Posttransfer protective threshold immunoglobulin G antibody titers were observed in this animal model of 131 U/mL for B burgdorferi (OspA serotype 1) and 352 U/mL for B afzelii (serotype 2). Conclusions Passive transfer of sera from trial participants immunized with VLA15 protected mice from borreliosis in a tick challenge model. This indicates that VLA15 induces functional immune responses in people that can be linked to efficacy in a stringent preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isis Kanevsky
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Raphael Simon
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York, USA
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Johnson EE, Hart TM, Fikrig E. Vaccination to Prevent Lyme Disease: A Movement Towards Anti-Tick Approaches. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:S82-S86. [PMID: 39140718 PMCID: PMC11322886 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by Ixodes spp ticks. The rise in Lyme disease cases since its discovery in the 1970s has reinforced the need for a vaccine. A vaccine based on B burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) several decades ago, but was pulled from the market a few years later, reportedly due to poor sales, despite multiple organizations concluding that it was safe and effective. Newer OspA-based vaccines are being developed and are likely to be available in the coming years. More recently, there has been a push to develop vaccines that target the tick vector instead of the pathogen to inhibit tick feeding and thus prevent transmission of tick-borne pathogens to humans and wildlife reservoirs. This review outlines the history of Lyme disease vaccines and this movement to anti-tick vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Johnson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas M Hart
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Vance DJ, Basir S, Piazza CL, Willsey GG, Haque HME, Tremblay JM, Rudolph MJ, Muriuki B, Cavacini L, Weis DD, Shoemaker CB, Mantis NJ. Single-domain antibodies reveal unique borrelicidal epitopes on the Lyme disease vaccine antigen, outer surface protein A (OspA). Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0008424. [PMID: 38470113 PMCID: PMC11003225 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00084-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Camelid-derived, single-domain antibodies (VHHs) have proven to be extremely powerful tools in defining the antigenic landscape of immunologically heterogeneous surface proteins. In this report, we generated a phage-displayed VHH library directed against the candidate Lyme disease vaccine antigen, outer surface protein A (OspA). Two alpacas were immunized with recombinant OspA serotype 1 from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain B31, in combination with the canine vaccine RECOMBITEK Lyme containing lipidated OspA. The phage library was subjected to two rounds of affinity enrichment ("panning") against recombinant OspA, yielding 21 unique VHHs within two epitope bins, as determined through competition enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with a panel of OspA-specific human monoclonal antibodies. Epitope refinement was conducted by hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry. Six of the monovalent VHHs were expressed as human IgG1-Fc fusion proteins and shown to have functional properties associated with protective human monoclonal antibodies, including B. burgdorferi agglutination, outer membrane damage, and complement-dependent borreliacidal activity. The VHHs displayed unique reactivity profiles with the seven OspA serotypes associated with B. burgdorferi genospecies in the United States and Europe consistent with there being unique epitopes across OspA serotypes that should be considered when designing and evaluating multivalent Lyme disease vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Vance
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Saiful Basir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Carol Lyn Piazza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Graham G. Willsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Jacque M. Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Beatrice Muriuki
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa Cavacini
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David D. Weis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
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Rudolph MJ, Davis SA, Haque HME, Ejemel M, Cavacini LA, Vance DJ, Willsey GG, Piazza CL, Weis DD, Wang Y, Mantis NJ. Structure of a transmission blocking antibody in complex with Outer surface protein A from the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi. Proteins 2023; 91:1463-1470. [PMID: 37455569 PMCID: PMC10592432 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
319-44 is a human monoclonal antibody capable of passively protecting mice against tick-mediated infection with Borreliella burgdorferi, the bacterial genospecies responsible for Lyme disease in North America. In vitro, 319-44 has complement-dependent borreliacidal activity and spirochete agglutinating properties. Here, we report the 2.2 Å-resolution crystal structure of 319-44 Fab fragments in complex with Outer surface protein A (OspA), the ~30 kDa lipoprotein that was the basis of the first-generation Lyme disease vaccine approved in the United States. The 319-44 epitope is focused on OspA β-strands 19, 20, and 21, and the loops between β-strands 16-17, 18-19, and 20-21. Contact with loop 20-21 explains competition with LA-2, the murine monoclonal antibody used to estimate serum borreliacidal activities in the first-generation Lyme disease vaccine clinical trials. A high-resolution B-cell epitope map of OspA will accelerate structure-based design of second generation OspA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David J. Vance
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Graham G. Willsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Carol Lyn Piazza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
| | - David D. Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
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7
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Bézay N, Hochreiter R, Kadlecek V, Wressnigg N, Larcher-Senn J, Klingler A, Dubischar K, Eder-Lingelbach S, Leroux-Roels I, Leroux-Roels G, Bender W. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel multivalent OspA-based vaccine candidate against Lyme borreliosis: a randomised, phase 1 study in healthy adults. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:1186-1196. [PMID: 37419129 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme borreliosis, potentially associated with serious long-term complications, is caused by the species complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. We investigated a novel Lyme borreliosis vaccine candidate (VLA15) targeting the six most common outer surface protein A (OspA) serotypes 1-6 to prevent infection with pathogenic Borrelia spp prevalent in Europe and North America. METHODS This was a partially randomised, observer-masked, phase 1 study in healthy adults older than 18 years to younger than 40 years (n=179) done in trial sites in Belgium and the USA. Following a non-randomised run-in phase, a sealed envelope randomisation method was applied with a 1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio; three dose concentrations of VLA15 (12 μg, 48 μg, and 90 μg) were administered by intramuscular injection on days 1, 29, and 57. The primary outcome was safety (frequency of adverse events up to day 85) assessed in participants who received at least one vaccination. Immunogenicity was a secondary outcome. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03010228, and is complete. FINDINGS Between Jan 23, 2017 and Jan 16, 2019, of 254 participants screened for eligibility, 179 were randomly assigned into six groups: alum-adjuvanted 12 μg (n=29), 48 μg (n=31), or 90 μg (n=31) and non-adjuvanted 12 μg (n=29 participants), 48 μg (n=29), or 90 μg (n=30). VLA15 was safe and well tolerated and the majority of adverse events were mild or moderate. Overall, adverse events were more frequent in the 48 μg and 90 μg groups (range 28-30 participants [94-97%]) when compared with the 12 μg group (25 [86%] participants, 95% CI 69·4-94·5) for adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted groups. Common local reactions were tenderness (151 [84%] participants; 356 events, 95% CI 78·3-89·4) and injection site pain (120 [67%]; 224 events, 59·9-73·5); most frequent systemic reactions were headache (80 [45%]; 112 events, 37·6-52·0), excessive fatigue (45 [25%]; 56 events, 19·4-32·0), and myalgia (45 [25%]; 57 events, 19·4-32·0). A similar safety and tolerability profile was observed between adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted formulations. The majority of solicited adverse events were mild or moderate. VLA15 was immunogenic for all OspA serotypes with higher immune responses induced in the adjuvanted higher dose groups (geometric mean titre range 90 μg with alum 61·3 U/mL-321·7 U/mL vs 23·8 U/mL-111·5 U/mL at 90 μg without alum). INTERPRETATION This novel multivalent vaccine candidate against Lyme borreliosis was safe and immunogenic and paves the way to further clinical development. FUNDING Valneva Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bézay
- Valneva Austria, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Vera Kadlecek
- Valneva Austria, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Wressnigg
- Valneva Austria, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anton Klingler
- Assign Data Management and Biostatistics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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A Retrospective Study with a Commercial Vaccine against Lyme Borreliosis in Dogs Using Two Different Vaccination Schedules: Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010043. [PMID: 36679888 PMCID: PMC9867253 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis, a multisystemic disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, is the most common tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. Differently from human medicine, several vaccines are available for dogs. To provide the best protection possible, vaccination schemes should be adapted regularly to meet the needs resulting from an increased tick exposure risk due to an inescapable climate change. In this retrospective study, a total of 183 vaccinations were performed with a commercial, multivalent vaccine against Lyme borreliosis, and vaccinated dogs were monitored over an observation period of 13 months. Dogs were either vaccinated on days 0 and 21 and a booster on day 365 (standard vaccination schedule), or with an additional booster vaccination on day 180. Canine serum samples were then tested for their borrelia-specific antibody levels using a two-tiered test system consisting of a kinetic ELISA followed by a line immunoassay. Dogs vaccinated with the standard vaccination schedule displayed decreasing antibody levels between days 120 and 360, which is probably insufficient to prevent an infection with borreliae. In contrast, the additional booster vaccination received on day 180 intercepts this decline in antibody levels between days 225 and 360, providing a sufficient immunity to prevent infection. The results from this retrospective study allow us to recommend a basic vaccination schedule with an additional booster vaccination on day 180 to ensure the best possible protection for dogs against Lyme borreliosis.
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9
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Haque HME, Ejemel M, Vance DJ, Willsey G, Rudolph MJ, Cavacini LA, Wang Y, Mantis NJ, Weis DD. Human B Cell Epitope Map of the Lyme Disease Vaccine Antigen, OspA. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2515-2528. [PMID: 36350351 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Lyme disease (LD) vaccine formerly approved for use in the United States consisted of recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), the bacterial genospecies responsible for the vast majority of LD in North America. OspA is an ∼30 kDa lipoprotein made up of 21 antiparallel β-strands and a C-terminal α-helix. In clinical trials, protection against LD following vaccination correlated with serum antibody titers against a single epitope near the C-terminus of OspA, as defined by the mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb), LA-2. However, the breadth of the human antibody response to OspA following vaccination remains undefined even as next-generation multivalent OspA-based vaccines are under development. In this report, we employed hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to localize the epitopes recognized by a unique panel of OspA human MAbs, including four shown to passively protect mice against experimental B. burgdorferi infection and one isolated from a patient with antibiotic refractory Lyme arthritis. The epitopes grouped into three spatially distinct bins that, together, encompass more than half the surface-exposed area of OspA. The bins corresponded to OspA β-strands 8-10 (bin 1), 11-13 (bin 2), and 16-20 plus the C-terminal α-helix (bin 3). Bin 3 was further divided into sub-bins relative to LA-2's epitope. MAbs with complement-dependent borreliacidal activity, as well as B. burgdorferi transmission-blocking activity in the mouse model were found within each bin. Therefore, the resulting B cell epitope map encompasses functionally important targets on OspA that likely contribute to immunity to B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Emranul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Monir Ejemel
- MassBiologics, Boston, Massachusetts02126, United States
| | - David J Vance
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York12208, United States
| | - Graham Willsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York12208, United States
| | - Michael J Rudolph
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York10027, United States
| | | | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics, Boston, Massachusetts02126, United States
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York12208, United States
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
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Chen WH, Strych U, Bottazzi ME, Lin YP. Past, present, and future of Lyme disease vaccines: antigen engineering approaches and mechanistic insights. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1405-1417. [PMID: 35836340 PMCID: PMC9529901 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transmitted by ticks, Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern hemisphere. Despite the geographical expansion of human Lyme disease cases, no effective preventive strategies are currently available. Developing an efficacious and safe vaccine is therefore urgently needed. Efforts have previously been taken to identify vaccine targets in the causative pathogen (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) and arthropod vector (Ixodes spp.). However, progress was impeded due to a lack of consumer confidence caused by the myth of undesired off-target responses, low immune responses, a limited breadth of immune reactivity, as well as by the complexities of the vaccine process development. AREA COVERED In this review, we summarize the antigen engineering approaches that have been applied to overcome those challenges and the underlying mechanisms that can be exploited to improve both safety and efficacy of future Lyme disease vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Over the past two decades, several new genetically redesigned Lyme disease vaccine candidates have shown success in both preclinical and clinical settings and built a solid foundation for further development. These studies have greatly informed the protective mechanisms of reducing Lyme disease burdens and ending the endemic of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYSDOH, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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11
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Vaccines for Lyme Borreliosis: Facts and Challenges. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a multisystem infectious disease abundant in the northern countries of the world and is caused by Borrelia species. Vaccination against LB is an effective way to prevent and reduce the number of diseases in endemic areas. Several vaccines have been developed and tested in the past, but no human LB vaccine is currently available on the market. This review aims to uncover and delineate various strategies and diverse technological approaches related to vaccine production. Furthermore, we characterize already tested vaccines, possibilities for their future development, and reasons for their failure.
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Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is the most common vectorborne disease in the northern hemisphere. It usually begins with erythema migrans; early disseminated infection particularly causes multiple erythema migrans or neurologic disease, and late manifestations predominantly include arthritis in North America, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) in Europe. Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis is based on characteristic clinical signs and symptoms, complemented by serological confirmation of infection once an antibody response has been mounted. Manifestations usually respond to appropriate antibiotic regimens, but the disease can be followed by sequelae, such as immune arthritis or residual damage to affected tissues. A subset of individuals reports persistent symptoms, including fatigue, pain, arthralgia, and neurocognitive symptoms, which in some people are severe enough to fulfil the criteria for post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. The reported prevalence of such persistent symptoms following antimicrobial treatment varies considerably, and its pathophysiology is unclear. Persistent active infection in humans has not been identified as a cause of this syndrome, and randomized treatment trials have invariably failed to show any benefit of prolonged antibiotic treatment. For prevention of Lyme borreliosis, post-exposure prophylaxis may be indicated in specific cases, and novel vaccine strategies are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Jan Kullberg
- Department of Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hedwig D Vrijmoeth
- Department of Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Freek van de Schoor
- Department of Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joppe W Hovius
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme borreliosis Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Broadly Protective Multivalent OspA Vaccine against Lyme Borreliosis, Developed Based on Surface Shaping of the C-Terminal Fragment. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00917-19. [PMID: 31932330 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00917-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines for prevention of diseases caused by pathogenic species can encounter major obstacles if high sequence diversity is observed between individual strains. Therefore, development might be restricted either to conserved antigens, which are often rare, or to multivalent vaccines, which renders the production more costly and cumbersome. In light of this complexity, we applied a structure-based surface shaping approach for the development of a Lyme borreliosis (LB) vaccine suitable for the United States and Europe. The surface of the C-terminal fragment of outer surface protein A (OspA) was divided into distinct regions, based primarily on binding sites of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). In order to target the six clinically most relevant OspA serotypes (ST) in a single protein, exposed amino acids of the individual regions were exchanged to corresponding amino acids of a chosen OspA serotype. Six chimeric proteins were constructed, and, based on their immunogenicity, four of these chimeras were tested in mouse challenge models. Significant protection could be demonstrated for all four proteins following challenge with infected ticks (OspA ST1, OspA ST2, and OspA ST4) or with in vitro-grown spirochetes (OspA ST1 and OspA ST5). Two of the chimeric proteins were linked to form a fusion protein, which provided significant protection against in vitro-grown spirochetes (OspA ST1) and infected ticks (OspA ST2). This article presents the proof-of-concept study for a multivalent OspA vaccine targeting a wide range of pathogenic LB Borrelia species with a single recombinant antigen for prevention of Lyme borreliosis.
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Lee SH, Goo YK, Geraldino PJL, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Borrelia garinii (Spirochaetales: Borreliaceae) in Ixodes nipponensis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Parasitizing a Dog in Korea. Pathogens 2019; 8:E289. [PMID: 31817729 PMCID: PMC6963618 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to detect and characterize Borrelia spp. in ticks attached to dogs in Korea. Overall, 562 ticks (276 pools) attached to dogs were collected and tested for Borrelia infection by PCR targeting the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (rrf-rrl). One tick larva (pool level, 0.4%; individual level, 0.2%) was confirmed by sequencing Borrelia garinii, a zoonotic pathogen. For molecular characterization, the outer surface protein A (ospA) and flagellin genes were analyzed. Phylogenetic ospA analysis distinguished B. garinii from B. bavariensis, which has been recently identified as a novel Borrelia species. On the other hand, phylogenetic analysis showed that single gene analysis involving rrf-rrl or flagellin was not sufficient to differentiate B. garinii from B. bavariensis. In addition, the B. garinii-infected tick was identified as Ixodes nipponensis by sequencing according to mitochondrial 16S rRNA and the second transcribed spacer region. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the molecular detection of B. garinii in I. nipponensis parasitizing a dog in Korea. Continuous monitoring of tick-borne pathogens in ticks attached to animals is required to avoid disease distribution and possible transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Youn-Kyoung Goo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Paul John L. Geraldino
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of San Carlos, Talamban Campus, Cebu 6000, Philippines;
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Federizon J, Frye A, Huang WC, Hart TM, He X, Beltran C, Marcinkiewicz AL, Mainprize IL, Wills MKB, Lin YP, Lovell JF. Immunogenicity of the Lyme disease antigen OspA, particleized by cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid liposomes. Vaccine 2019; 38:942-950. [PMID: 31727504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outer surface protein A (OspA) is a Borrelia lipoprotein and an established Lyme disease vaccine target. Admixing non-lipidated, recombinant B. burgdorferi OspA with liposomes containing cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP) resulted in rapid, particulate surface display of the conformationally intact antigen. Particleization was serum-stable and led to enhanced antigen uptake in murine macrophages in vitro. Mouse immunization using CoPoP liposomes that also contained a synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A (PHAD) elicited a Th1-biased OspA antibody response with higher IgG production compared to other vaccine adjuvants. Antibodies were reactive with intact B. burgdorferi spirochetes and Borrelia lysates, and induced complement-mediated borreliacidal activity in vitro. One year after initial immunization, mice maintained high levels of circulating borreliacidal antibodies capable of blocking B. burgdorferi transmission from infected ticks to human blood in a feeding chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Federizon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Amber Frye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Thomas M Hart
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Xuedan He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Christopher Beltran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ashley L Marcinkiewicz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Iain L Mainprize
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Melanie K B Wills
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Knödlseder JM, Fell SF, Straubinger RK. A study with a commercial vaccine against Lyme borreliosis in horses using two different vaccination schedules: Characterization of the humoral immune response. Vaccine 2019; 37:7207-7212. [PMID: 31635975 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 143 horses were included in a study to test a commercial vaccine against Lyme borreliosis. The vaccine contained three different antigens (outer surface protein A, OspA) to prevent the infection with spirochetes - B.burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. garinii. Horses in Group A (49 animals) received two vaccinations on days 0 and 14 and a booster on day 365, whereas 50 horses in Group B received an additional booster vaccination on day 180. Group C (44 animals) was not immunized. Total antibody levels and specific OspA antibody responses were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in two-month intervals over 13-month period. Vaccinees in Groups A and B developed high OspA antibodies levels, whereas horses in Group C did not show specific antibody responses. The additional vaccination applied in Group B enhanced the specific OspA antibody response significantly and prevented its rapid decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin M Knödlseder
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Shari F Fell
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard K Straubinger
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Federizon J, Lin YP, Lovell JF. Antigen Engineering Approaches for Lyme Disease Vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1259-1272. [PMID: 30987418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing rates of Lyme disease necessitate preventive measures such as immunization to mitigate the risk of contracting the disease. At present, there is no human Lyme disease vaccine available on the market. Since the withdrawal of the first and only licensed Lyme disease vaccine based on lipidated recombinant OspA, vaccine and antigen research has aimed to overcome its risks and shortcomings. Replacement of the putative cross-reactive T-cell epitope in OspA via mutation or chimerism addresses the potential risk of autoimmunity. Multivalent approaches in Lyme disease vaccines have been pursued to address sequence heterogeneity of Lyme borreliae antigens and to induce a repertoire of functional antibodies necessary for efficient heterologous protection. This Review summarizes recent antigen engineering strategies that have paved the way for the development of next generation vaccines against Lyme disease, some of which have reached clinical testing. Bioconjugation methods that incorporate antigens to self-assembling nanoparticles for immune response potentiation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Federizon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany , New York 12208 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences , State University of New York at Albany , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
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18
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Lee JJ, Hsieh CL, Widman J, Mingala C, Ardeza Villanueva M, Feng H, Divers T, Chang YF. A luminescence-based assay for evaluating bactericidal antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi in vaccinated horses' serum. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:669-673. [PMID: 30648279 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current serological tests cannot discriminate between bactericidal Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies from others that are merely a response to Borrelia antigenic stimulation. OBJECTIVE To develop a sensitive and convenient luminescence-based serum bactericidal assay (L-SBA) to identify serum borreliacidal activity. STUDY DESIGN Prospective validation study and method comparison. METHODS Serum samples were obtained either from archives of the Animal Health Diagnostic Center at Cornell University (N = 7) or from a vaccination trial (N = 238). Endogenous complement-inactivated serum sample was incubated with exogenic complement and B. burgdorferi ML23 pBBE22luc, which is able to process luciferin with luciferase and produce luminescence in viable Borrelia. After incubation, a light signal can be detected by using a luminometer to calculate the borreliacidal antibody titre. RESULTS Components of the reaction mixture including spirochetes and complement from various sources and concentrations were tested to identify a reliable recipe for our complement-mediated L-SBA. We also applied this L-SBA on measuring bactericidal antibody activities and calculated the half inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of serum samples from clinical collections. Furthermore, we analysed the L-SBA titres and anti-outer surface protein A (OspA) antibody levels from vaccinated horses using the multiplex assays and found that there is a relationship between results generated using these two different assays. The increases of L-SBA titres correlated with increases of anti-OspA antibody titre in sera (r = 0.423). MAIN LIMITATIONS Immunoreactivity of commercial complement may differ from different batches. Clinical protection of borreliacidal antibody levels has not been determined. CONCLUSIONS The L-SBA provided a sensitive and easy-operating platform for the evaluation of bactericidal antibody to B. burgdorferi, and we anticipated L-SBA would function well as an evaluation tool of vaccine efficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lee
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - C L Hsieh
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J Widman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - C Mingala
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - M Ardeza Villanueva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - H Feng
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - T Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Y-F Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Molins CR, Ashton LV, Wormser GP, Andre BG, Hess AM, Delorey MJ, Pilgard MA, Johnson BJ, Webb K, Islam MN, Pegalajar-Jurado A, Molla I, Jewett MW, Belisle JT. Metabolic differentiation of early Lyme disease from southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI). Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/403/eaal2717. [PMID: 28814545 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease, the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States, results from infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Early clinical diagnosis of this disease is largely based on the presence of an erythematous skin lesion for individuals in high-risk regions. This, however, can be confused with other illnesses including southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI), an illness that lacks a defined etiological agent or laboratory diagnostic test, and is coprevalent with Lyme disease in portions of the eastern United States. By applying an unbiased metabolomics approach with sera retrospectively obtained from well-characterized patients, we defined biochemical and diagnostic differences between early Lyme disease and STARI. Specifically, a metabolic biosignature consisting of 261 molecular features (MFs) revealed that altered N-acyl ethanolamine and primary fatty acid amide metabolism discriminated early Lyme disease from STARI. Development of classification models with the 261-MF biosignature and testing against validation samples differentiated early Lyme disease from STARI with an accuracy of 85 to 98%. These findings revealed metabolic dissimilarity between early Lyme disease and STARI, and provide a powerful and new approach to inform patient management by objectively distinguishing early Lyme disease from an illness with nearly identical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Molins
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Laura V Ashton
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gary P Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Barbara G Andre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ann M Hess
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark J Delorey
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Mark A Pilgard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Barbara J Johnson
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Kristofor Webb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - M Nurul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Adoracion Pegalajar-Jurado
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Irida Molla
- Division of Infectious Diseases,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Mollie W Jewett
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - John T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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The novel Lyme borreliosis vaccine VLA15 shows broad protection against Borrelia species expressing six different OspA serotypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184357. [PMID: 28863166 PMCID: PMC5581183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the Outer surface protein A (OspA) based Lyme borreliosis vaccine VLA15 induces protective immunity in mice. Herein, we report the induction of protective immunity by VLA15 with mouse models using ticks infected with B. burgdorferi (OspA serotype 1), B. afzelii (OspA serotype 2) and B. bavariensis (OspA serotype 4) or with in vitro grown B. garinii (OspA serotype 5 and 6) for challenge. For B. garinii (OspA serotype 3), we have developed a growth inhibition assay using chicken complement and functional antibodies targeting B. garinii (OspA serotype 3) could be demonstrated after immunization with VLA15. Furthermore, following three priming immunizations, a booster dose was administered five months later and the induction of immunological memory could be confirmed. Thus, the antibody titers after the booster dose were increased considerably compared to those after primary immunization. In addition, the half-lives of anti-OspA serotype specific antibodies after administration of the booster immunization were longer than after primary immunization. Taken together, we could show that VLA15 induced protection in mice against challenge with four different clinically relevant Borrelia species (B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. bavariensis) expressing five of the six OspA serotypes included in the vaccine. The protection data is supported by functional assays showing efficacy against spirochetes expressing any of the six OspA serotypes (1 to 6). To our knowledge, this is the first time a Lyme borreliosis vaccine has been able to demonstrate such broad protection in preclinical studies. These new data provide further promise for the clinical development of VLA15 and supports our efforts to provide a new Lyme borreliosis vaccine available for global use.
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Kuleš J, Horvatić A, Guillemin N, Galan A, Mrljak V, Bhide M. New approaches and omics tools for mining of vaccine candidates against vector-borne diseases. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2680-94. [PMID: 27384976 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00268d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) present a major threat to human and animal health, as well as place a substantial burden on livestock production. As a way of sustainable VBD control, focus is set on vaccine development. Advances in genomics and other "omics" over the past two decades have given rise to a "third generation" of vaccines based on technologies such as reverse vaccinology, functional genomics, immunomics, structural vaccinology and the systems biology approach. The application of omics approaches is shortening the time required to develop the vaccines and increasing the probability of discovery of potential vaccine candidates. Herein, we review the development of new generation vaccines for VBDs, and discuss technological advancement and overall challenges in the vaccine development pipeline. Special emphasis is placed on the development of anti-tick vaccines that can quell both vectors and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Kuleš
- ERA Chair VetMedZg project, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Anita Horvatić
- ERA Chair VetMedZg project, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- ERA Chair VetMedZg project, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Asier Galan
- ERA Chair VetMedZg project, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- ERA Chair VetMedZg project, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- ERA Chair VetMedZg project, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. and Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovakia Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Guarino C, Asbie S, Rohde J, Glaser A, Wagner B. Vaccination of horses with Lyme vaccines for dogs induces short-lasting antibody responses. Vaccine 2017; 35:4140-4147. [PMID: 28668566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi can induce Lyme disease. Approved Lyme vaccines for horses are currently not available. In an effort to protect horses, veterinarians are using Lyme vaccines licensed for dogs. However, data to assess the response of horses to, or determine the efficacy of this off-label vaccine use are missing. Here, antibodies against outer surface protein A (OspA), OspC, and OspF were quantified in diagnostic serum submissions from horses with a history of vaccination with canine Lyme vaccines. The results suggested that many horses respond with low and often short-lasting antibody responses. Subsequently, four experimental vaccination trials were performed. First, we investigated antibody responses to three canine vaccines in B. burgdorferi-naïve horses. One killed bacterin vaccine induced antibodies against OspC. OspA antibodies were low for all three vaccines and lasted less than 16weeks. The second trial tested the impact of the vaccine dose using the OspA/OspC inducing bacterin vaccine in horses. A 2mL dose produced higher OspA and OspC antibody values than a 1mL dose. However, the antibody response again quickly declined, independent of dose. Third, the horses were vaccinated with 2 doses of a recombinant OspA vaccine. Previous vaccination and/or environmental exposure enhanced the magnitude and longevity of the OspA antibody response to about 20weeks. Last, the influence of intramuscular versus subcutaneous vaccine administration was investigated for the recombinant OspA vaccine. OspA antibody responses were not influenced by injection route. The current work highlights that commercial Lyme vaccines for dogs induce only transient antibody responses in horses which can also be of low magnitude. Protection from infection with B. burgdorferi should not be automatically assumed after vaccinating horses with Lyme vaccines for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Guarino
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sanda Asbie
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer Rohde
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Amy Glaser
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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