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Liu DJ, Zhong XQ, Ru YX, Zhao SL, Liu CC, Tang YB, Wu X, Zhang YS, Zhang HH, She JY, Wan MY, Li YW, Zheng HP, Deng L. Disulfide-stabilized Trimeric Hemagglutinin Ectodomains Provide Enhanced Heterologous Influenza Protection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024:2389095. [PMID: 39101691 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2389095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection poses a continual menace to public health. Here, we developed soluble trimeric HA ectodomain vaccines by establishing interprotomer disulfide bonds in the stem region, which effectively preserve the native antigenicity of stem epitopes. The stable trimeric H1 ectodomain proteins exhibited higher thermal stabilities in comparison with unmodified HAs and showed strong binding activities towards a panel of anti-stem cross-reactive antibodies that recognize either interprotomer or intraprotomer epitopes. Negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed the stable trimer architecture of the interprotomer disulfide-stapled WA11#5, NC99#2, and FLD#1 proteins as well as the irregular aggregation of unmodified HA molecules. Immunizations of mice with those trimeric HA ectodomain vaccines formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant elicited significantly more potent cross-neutralizing antibody responses and offered broader immuno-protection against lethal infections with heterologous influenza strains compared to unmodified HA proteins. Additionally, the findings of our study indicate that elevated levels of HA stem-specific antibody responses correlate with strengthened cross-protections. Our design strategy has proven effective in trimerizing HA ectodomains derived from both influenza A and B viruses, thereby providing a valuable reference for designing future influenza HA immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Jian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yan-Xia Ru
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shi-Long Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yi-Bo Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yi-Shuai Zhang
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhang
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jia-Yue She
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mu-Yang Wan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yao-Wang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - He-Ping Zheng
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Beijing Weimiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100080, China
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Kalita J, Chaudhary SK, Pandey PC, Singh VK, Misra UK. Myositis in H1N1 Infection Compounds to Myasthenic Crisis. Neurol India 2024; 72:148-150. [PMID: 38443018 DOI: 10.4103/neuroindia.ni_482_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Infection is an important trigger of myasthenic crisis (MC), and those infections manifest with pneumonia and muscle involvement may result in more frequent MC. We report two myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with H1N1 infection, and highlight the reasons for deterioration. Two patients with MG had H1N1 infection. The diagnosis of MG was confirmed by neostigmine, repetitive nerve stimulation, and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody tests. H1N1 was confirmed by nucleic acid detection study, and myositis by creatinine kinase. The patient with pneumonia and myositis had MC needing mechanical ventilation for 10 days, and the other patient without myositis did not have MC. They were treated with oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily for 5 days, and the patients with MC received ceftriaxone intravenously. Both the patients were on prednisolone and azathioprine, and none received prior H1N1 vaccination. The lady with MC with myositis was discharged on day 27 in wheelchair bound state, and the other one patient without myositis or MC was discharged on 6th day with full recovery. These patients highlight the need for evaluation for myositis along with pneumonia in the MG patients with H1N1 infection. Vaccination in MG patients on immunosuppression may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayantee Kalita
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarvesh K Chaudhary
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash C Pandey
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Varun K Singh
- Currently Working as Assistant Professor, Neurology in Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Usha K Misra
- Ex Head of Department of Neurology, SGPGI. Currently Working in Apollomadics Super Speciality Hospital and Vivekanand Polyclinic, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Martins JP, Santos M, Martins A, Felgueiras M, Santos R. Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Persons Aged 15-64 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1322. [PMID: 37631889 PMCID: PMC10459161 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, which is highly transmissible in humans. This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and test-negative designs (TNDs) to assess the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of seasonal influenza vaccines (SIVs) in humans aged 15 to 64 years. An electronic search to identify all relevant studies was performed. The outcome measure of interest was VE on laboratory-confirmed influenza (any strain). Quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for RCTs and the ROBINS-I tool for TNDs. The search identified a total of 2993 records, but only 123 studies from 73 papers were included in the meta-analysis. Of these studies, 9 were RCTs and 116 were TNDs. The pooled VE was 48% (95% CI: 42-54) for RCTs, 55.4% (95% CI: 43.2-64.9) when there was a match between the vaccine and most prevalent circulating strains and 39.3% (95% CI: 23.5-51.9) otherwise. The TNDs' adjusted VE was equal to 39.9% (95% CI: 31-48), 45.1 (95% CI: 38.7-50.8) when there was a match and 35.1 (95% CI: 29.0-40.7) otherwise. The match between strains included in the vaccine and strains in circulation is the most important factor in the VE. It increases by more than 25% when there is a match with the most prevalent circulating strains. The laboratorial method for confirmation of influenza is a possible source of bias when estimating VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Martins
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- CEAUL—Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Marlene Santos
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - André Martins
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Miguel Felgueiras
- CEAUL—Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (R.S.)
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena—Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4163, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Rui Santos
- CEAUL—Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (R.S.)
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena—Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4163, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
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Barriers and facilitators to uptake and promotion of influenza vaccination among health care workers in the community in Beijing, China: A qualitative study. Vaccine 2022; 40:2202-2208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Potter GE, Carnegie NB, Sugimoto JD, Diallo A, Victor JC, Neuzil KM, Halloran ME. Using social contact data to improve the overall effect estimate of a cluster-randomized influenza vaccination program in Senegal. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2022; 71:70-90. [PMID: 35721226 PMCID: PMC9202735 DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates the overall effect of two influenza vaccination programs consecutively administered in a cluster-randomized trial in western Senegal over the course of two influenza seasons from 2009-2011. We apply cutting-edge methodology combining social contact data with infection data to reduce bias in estimation arising from contamination between clusters. Our time-varying estimates reveal a reduction in seasonal influenza from the intervention and a nonsignificant increase in H1N1 pandemic influenza. We estimate an additive change in overall cumulative incidence (which was 6.13% in the control arm) of -0.68 percentage points during Year 1 of the study (95% CI: -2.53, 1.18). When H1N1 pandemic infections were excluded from analysis, the estimated change was -1.45 percentage points and was significant (95% CI, -2.81, -0.08). Because cross-cluster contamination was low (0-3% of contacts for most villages), an estimator assuming no contamination was only slightly attenuated (-0.65 percentage points). These findings are encouraging for studies carefully designed to minimize spillover. Further work is needed to estimate contamination - and its effect on estimation - in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E. Potter
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and the Emmes Company, Rockville Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D. Sugimoto
- University of Washington and Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Aldiouma Diallo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Niakhar Senegal
| | | | | | - M. Elizabeth Halloran
- University of Washington Department of Biostatistics and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington, USA
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Rockman S, Laurie K, Barr I. Pandemic Influenza Vaccines: What did We Learn from the 2009 Pandemic and are We Better Prepared Now? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E211. [PMID: 32392812 PMCID: PMC7349738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, a novel A(H1N1) influenza virus emerged with rapid human-to-human spread and caused the first pandemic of the 21st century. Although this pandemic was considered mild compared to the previous pandemics of the 20th century, there was still extensive disease and death. This virus replaced the previous A(H1N1) and continues to circulate today as a seasonal virus. It is well established that vaccines are the most effective method to alleviate the mortality and morbidity associated with influenza virus infections, but the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic, like all significant infectious disease outbreaks, presented its own unique set of problems with vaccine supply and demand. This manuscript describes the issues that confronted governments, international agencies and industries in developing a well-matched vaccine in 2009, and identifies the key improvements and remaining challenges facing the world as the next influenza pandemic inevitably approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rockman
- Seqirus, 63 Poplar Road, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia; (S.R.); (K.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Laurie
- Seqirus, 63 Poplar Road, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia; (S.R.); (K.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
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Skowronski DM, De Serres G. Evidence in a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of Increased 2009 Pandemic Risk Associated With 2008-2009 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Receipt. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69:2230-2231. [PMID: 31056676 PMCID: PMC6880322 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Skowronski
- Communicable Diseases and Immunization Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Direction of Biological and Occupational Risks, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Estimating Vaccine-Driven Selection in Seasonal Influenza. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090509. [PMID: 30231576 PMCID: PMC6165116 DOI: 10.3390/v10090509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination could be an evolutionary pressure on seasonal influenza if vaccines reduce the transmission rates of some ("targeted") strains more than others. In theory, more vaccinated populations should have a lower prevalence of targeted strains compared to less vaccinated populations. We tested for vaccine-induced selection in influenza by comparing strain frequencies between more and less vaccinated human populations. We defined strains in three ways: first as influenza types and subtypes, next as lineages of type B, and finally as clades of influenza A/H3N2. We detected spatial differences partially consistent with vaccine use in the frequencies of subtypes and types and between the lineages of influenza B, suggesting that vaccines do not select strongly among all these phylogenetic groups at regional scales. We did detect a significantly greater frequency of an H3N2 clade with known vaccine escape mutations in more vaccinated countries during the 2014⁻2015 season, which is consistent with vaccine-driven selection within the H3N2 subtype. Overall, we find more support for vaccine-driven selection when large differences in vaccine effectiveness suggest a strong effect size. Variation in surveillance practices across countries could obscure signals of selection, especially when strain-specific differences in vaccine effectiveness are small. Further examination of the influenza vaccine's evolutionary effects would benefit from improvements in epidemiological surveillance and reporting.
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Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Ferroni E, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 2:CD001269. [PMID: 29388196 PMCID: PMC6491184 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001269.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of influenza in adults are mainly time off work. Vaccination of pregnant women is recommended internationally. This is an update of a review published in 2014. Future updates of this review will be made only when new trials or vaccines become available. Observational data included in previous versions of the review have been retained for historical reasons but have not been updated due to their lack of influence on the review conclusions. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (efficacy, effectiveness, and harm) of vaccines against influenza in healthy adults, including pregnant women. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 12), MEDLINE (January 1966 to 31 December 2016), Embase (1990 to 31 December 2016), the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; 1 July 2017), and ClinicalTrials.gov (1 July 2017), as well as checking the bibliographies of retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing influenza vaccines with placebo or no intervention in naturally occurring influenza in healthy individuals aged 16 to 65 years. Previous versions of this review included observational comparative studies assessing serious and rare harms cohort and case-control studies. Due to the uncertain quality of observational (i.e. non-randomised) studies and their lack of influence on the review conclusions, we decided to update only randomised evidence. The searches for observational comparative studies are no longer updated. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We rated certainty of evidence for key outcomes (influenza, influenza-like illness (ILI), hospitalisation, and adverse effects) using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included 52 clinical trials of over 80,000 people assessing the safety and effectiveness of influenza vaccines. We have presented findings from 25 studies comparing inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine against placebo or do-nothing control groups as the most relevant to decision-making. The studies were conducted over single influenza seasons in North America, South America, and Europe between 1969 and 2009. We did not consider studies at high risk of bias to influence the results of our outcomes except for hospitalisation.Inactivated influenza vaccines probably reduce influenza in healthy adults from 2.3% without vaccination to 0.9% (risk ratio (RR) 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36 to 0.47; 71,221 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), and they probably reduce ILI from 21.5% to 18.1% (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.95; 25,795 participants; moderate-certainty evidence; 71 healthy adults need to be vaccinated to prevent one of them experiencing influenza, and 29 healthy adults need to be vaccinated to prevent one of them experiencing an ILI). The difference between the two number needed to vaccinate (NNV) values depends on the different incidence of ILI and confirmed influenza among the study populations. Vaccination may lead to a small reduction in the risk of hospitalisation in healthy adults, from 14.7% to 14.1%, but the CI is wide and does not rule out a large benefit (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.08; 11,924 participants; low-certainty evidence). Vaccines may lead to little or no small reduction in days off work (-0.04 days, 95% CI -0.14 days to 0.06; low-certainty evidence). Inactivated vaccines cause an increase in fever from 1.5% to 2.3%.We identified one RCT and one controlled clinical trial assessing the effects of vaccination in pregnant women. The efficacy of inactivated vaccine containing pH1N1 against influenza was 50% (95% CI 14% to 71%) in mothers (NNV 55), and 49% (95% CI 12% to 70%) in infants up to 24 weeks (NNV 56). No data were available on efficacy against seasonal influenza during pregnancy. Evidence from observational studies showed effectiveness of influenza vaccines against ILI in pregnant women to be 24% (95% CI 11% to 36%, NNV 94), and against influenza in newborns from vaccinated women to be 41% (95% CI 6% to 63%, NNV 27).Live aerosol vaccines have an overall effectiveness corresponding to an NNV of 46. The performance of one- or two-dose whole-virion 1968 to 1969 pandemic vaccines was higher (NNV 16) against ILI and (NNV 35) against influenza. There was limited impact on hospitalisations in the 1968 to 1969 pandemic (NNV 94). The administration of both seasonal and 2009 pandemic vaccines during pregnancy had no significant effect on abortion or neonatal death, but this was based on observational data sets. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Healthy adults who receive inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine rather than no vaccine probably experience less influenza, from just over 2% to just under 1% (moderate-certainty evidence). They also probably experience less ILI following vaccination, but the degree of benefit when expressed in absolute terms varied across different settings. Variation in protection against ILI may be due in part to inconsistent symptom classification. Certainty of evidence for the small reductions in hospitalisations and time off work is low. Protection against influenza and ILI in mothers and newborns was smaller than the effects seen in other populations considered in this review.Vaccines increase the risk of a number of adverse events, including a small increase in fever, but rates of nausea and vomiting are uncertain. The protective effect of vaccination in pregnant women and newborns is also very modest. We did not find any evidence of an association between influenza vaccination and serious adverse events in the comparative studies considered in this review. Fifteen included RCTs were industry funded (29%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Demicheli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASL ALServizio Regionale di Riferimento per l'Epidemiologia, SSEpi‐SeREMIVia Venezia 6AlessandriaPiemonteItaly15121
| | - Tom Jefferson
- University of OxfordCentre for Evidence Based MedicineOxfordUKOX2 6GG
| | - Eliana Ferroni
- Regional Center for Epidemiology, Veneto RegionEpidemiological System of the Veneto RegionPassaggio Gaudenzio 1PadovaItaly35131
| | - Alessandro Rivetti
- ASL CN2 Alba BraDipartimento di Prevenzione ‐ S.Pre.S.A.LVia Vida 10AlbaPiemonteItaly12051
| | - Carlo Di Pietrantonj
- Local Health Unit Alessandria‐ ASL ALRegional Epidemiology Unit SeREMIVia Venezia 6AlessandriaAlessandriaItaly15121
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Different Repeat Annual Influenza Vaccinations Improve the Antibody Response to Drifted Influenza Strains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5258. [PMID: 28701762 PMCID: PMC5507920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccine formulas change almost every year yet information about how this affects the antibody repertoire of vaccine recipients is inadequate. New vaccine virus strains are selected, replacing older strains to better match the currently circulating strains. But even while the vaccine is being manufactured the circulating strains can evolve. The ideal response to a seasonal vaccine would maintain antibodies toward existing strains that might continue to circulate, and to generate cross-reactive antibodies, particularly towards conserved influenza epitopes, potentially limiting infections caused by newly evolving strains. Here we use the hemagglutination inhibition assay to analyze the antibody repertoire in subjects vaccinated two years in a row with either identical vaccine virus strains or with differing vaccine virus strains. The data indicates that changing the vaccine formulation results in an antibody repertoire that is better able to react with strains emerging after the vaccine virus strains are selected. The effect is observed for both influenza A and B strains in groups of subjects vaccinated in three different seasons. Analyses include stratification by age and sex.
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