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Wang Y, Ji W, Li D, Sun T, Zhu P, Li J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yang H, Chen S, Jin Y, Duan G. Active inoculation with an inactivated Coxsackievirus A2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and protects mice against lethal infection. Vaccine 2023; 41:6470-6482. [PMID: 37718187 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A2 (CVA2) is one of the causative agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which poses a great challenge for global public health. However, presently, there are no available commercial vaccines or antivirals to prevent CVA2 infection. Here, we present an inactivated Vero cell-based whole CVA2 vaccine candidate and evaluate its safety and efficacy in this study. Neonatal BALB/c mice were vaccinated at 5 and 7 days old, respectively, and then challenged with either homologous or heterologous strain of CVA2 at a lethal dose at 10 days old. The inactivated whole CVA2 vaccine candidate showed a high protective efficacy. Additionally, our inactivated vaccine stimulated the production of CVA2-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in vivo and high titers of neutralization antibodies (NtAbs) in the serum of immunized mice. Maternal immunization with the inactivated CVA2 vaccine provided full protection to pups against lethal infection. Compared with mice inoculated with only alum, the viral loads were decreased, and pathological changes were relieved in tissue samples of immunized mice. Moreover, the transcription levels of some genes related to cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, CXCL-10 etc.) were significantly reduced. The number of immune cells and levels of cytokines in peripheral blood of mice inoculated with only alum were higher than that of immunized mice. It is noteworthy that this vaccine showed a good cross-immunity efficacy against Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) challenge. In conclusion, our findings suggest that this experimental inactivated CVA2 vaccine is a promising component of polyvalent vaccines related to HFMD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangshan 324100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangshan 324100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Smith WJ, Thompson R, Egan PM, Zhang Y, Indrawati L, Skinner JM, Blue JT, Winters MA. Impact of aluminum adjuvants on the stability of pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2023; 41:5113-5125. [PMID: 37321893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Development of a vaccine drug product requires formulation optimization to ensure that the vaccine's effectiveness is preserved upon storage throughout the shelf-life of the product. Although aluminum adjuvants have been widely used in vaccine formulations to safely and effectively potentiate an immune response, careful attention must be directed towards ensuring that the type of aluminum adjuvant does not impact the stability of the antigenic composition. PCV15 is a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine comprising the pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPs) serotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F), each individually conjugated to the protein carrier CRM197. PCV15 was formulated with either amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate adjuvant (AAHS) or aluminum phosphate adjuvant (AP) and examined for both stability and immunogenicity. Using a collection of methods to evaluate vaccine stability, it was discovered that certain PCV15 serotypes (e.g., 6A, 19A, 19F) formulated with AAHS resulted in a reduction of immunogenicity in vivo and a reduction in recoverable dose as tested by an in vitro potency assay. The same polysaccharide-protein conjugates formulated with AP were stable regarding all measures tested. Moreover, the reduction in potency of certain serotypes correlated with chemical degradation of the polysaccharide antigen caused by the aluminum adjuvant as measured by reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), High-Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography coupled with UV detection (HPSEC-UV) and ELISA immunoassay. This study suggests a formulation, which includes AAHS, may negatively impact the stability of a pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine that contains phosphodiester groups. This decrease in stability would likely result in a decrease in the "active" concentration of antigen dose, and herein, it is shown that such instability directly compromised vaccine immunogenicity in an animal model. The results presented in this study help to explain critical degradation mechanisms of pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smith
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Rachel Thompson
- Vaccine Analytical Research and Development, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Patricia M Egan
- Vaccine Analytical Research and Development, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Vaccine Biometrics Research, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey T Blue
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Kim E, He J, Kaufhold RM, McGuinness D, McHugh P, Nawrocki D, Xie J, Skinner JM. Evaluation of cross-protection between S. Pneumoniae serotypes 35B and 29 in a mouse model. Vaccine 2023; 41:1774-1777. [PMID: 36781335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have reduced vaccine-type pneumococcal disease but in turn have also resulted in replacement with non-vaccine serotypes. One such serotype, 35B, a multidrug resistant type, has been associated with an increase in disease. Mice were immunized intramuscularly with monovalent pneumococcal polysaccharide 35B conjugated to CRM197 containing aluminum phosphate adjuvant on days 0, 14, and 28. Pneumococcal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, opsonophagocytic killing assays, and competition OPA were performed for STs 35B and 29 to measure serotype-specific binding and functional antibodies. On day 52, mice were intratracheally challenged with S. pneumoniae ST29 to evaluate cross-protection. 35B-CRM197 immunized mice had binding and functional antibodies to both PnPs 35B and 29. 35B-CRM197 immunized mice were 100% protected from IT challenge with S. pneumoniae ST29 as compared to 30% survival in the naïve group. Future vaccines containing polysaccharide 35B, such as the investigational 21-valent PCV, V116, may provide cross protection against the non-vaccine serotype 29 due to structural similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Kim
- Department of (1)Infectious Disease/Vaccines Discovery, United States.
| | - Jian He
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, MRL (West Point, PA), Merck &Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA CMC Management, United States
| | - Robin M Kaufhold
- Department of (1)Infectious Disease/Vaccines Discovery, United States
| | - Debra McGuinness
- Department of (1)Infectious Disease/Vaccines Discovery, United States
| | - Patrick McHugh
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, MRL (West Point, PA), Merck &Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA CMC Management, United States
| | - Denise Nawrocki
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, MRL (West Point, PA), Merck &Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA CMC Management, United States
| | - Jinfu Xie
- Department of (1)Infectious Disease/Vaccines Discovery, United States
| | - Julie M Skinner
- Department of (1)Infectious Disease/Vaccines Discovery, United States
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Optimization of the Process for Preparing Bivalent Polysaccharide Conjugates to Develop Multivalent Conjugate Vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis and Comparison with the Corresponding Licensed Vaccines in Animal Models. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:22-34. [PMID: 36680685 PMCID: PMC9862236 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe, optimize and evaluate a method for preparing multivalent conjugate vaccines by simultaneous conjugation of two different bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPs) with tetanus toxoid (TT) as bivalent conjugates. METHODS Different molecular weights (MWs) of polysaccharides, activating agents and capsular polysaccharide/protein (CP/Pro) ratio that may influence conjugation and immunogenicity were investigated and optimized to prepare the bivalent conjugate bulk. Using the described method and optimized parameters, a 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a bivalent meningococcal vaccine were developed and their effectiveness was compared to that of corresponding licensed vaccines in rabbit or mouse models. RESULTS The immunogenicity test revealed that polysaccharides with lower MWs were better for Pn1-TT-Pn3 and MenA-TT-MenC, while higher MWs were superior for Pn4-TT-Pn14, Pn6A-TT-Pn6B, Pn7F-TT-Pn23F and Pn8-TT-Pn11A. For activating polysaccharides, 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) was superior to cyanogen bromide (CNBr), but for Pn1, Pn3 and MenC, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) was the most suitable option. For Pn6A-TT-Pn6B and Pn8-TT-Pn11A, rabbits immunized with bivalent conjugates with lower CP/Pro ratios showed significantly stronger CP-specific antibody responses, while for Pn4-TT-Pn14, higher CP/Pro ratio was better. Instead of interfering with the respective immunological activity, our bivalent conjugates usually induced higher IgG titers than their monovalent counterparts. CONCLUSION The result indicated that the described conjugation technique was feasible and efficacious to prepare glycoconjugate vaccines, laying a solid foundation for developing extended-valent multivalent or combined conjugate vaccines without potentially decreased immune function.
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Curry S, Kaufhold RM, Monslow MA, Zhang Y, McGuinness D, Kim E, Nawrocki DK, McHugh PM, Briggs ML, Smith WJ, He J, Joyce JG, Skinner JM. Preclinical evaluation of an investigational 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, V116, in adult-rhesus monkey, rabbit, and mouse models. Vaccine 2023; 41:903-913. [PMID: 36566163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the overall incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, the global epidemiological landscape continues to be transformed by residual disease from non-vaccine serotypes, thus highlighting the need for vaccines with expanded disease coverage. To address these needs, we have developed V116,an investigational 21-valent non-adjuvanted pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV),containingpneumococcal polysaccharides (PnPs) 3, 6A, 7F, 8, 9N, 10A, 11A,12F, 15A, 16F, 17F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23A, 23B, 24F, 31, 33F, 35B, anda de-O-acetylated 15B(deOAc15B) individually conjugated to the nontoxic diphtheria toxoid CRM197 carrier protein. Preclinical studies evaluated the immunogenicity of V116 inadult monkeys, rabbits, and mice. Following one dose, V116 was found to be immunogenic in preclinical animal species and induced functional antibodies for all serotypes included in the vaccine, in addition to cross-reactive functional antibodies to serotypes 6C and 15B. In these preclinical animal studies, the increased valency of V116 did not result in serotype-specific antibody suppression when compared to lower valent vaccines V114 or PCV13. In addition, when compared with naïve controls, splenocytes from V116 to immunized animals demonstrated significant induction of CRM197-specific T cells in both IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISPOT assays, as well as Th1 and Th2 cytokine induction through in vitro stimulation assays, thus suggesting the ability of V116 to engage T cell dependent immune response pathways to aid in development of memory B cells. V116 also demonstrated significant protection in mice from intratracheal challenge with serotype 24F, a novel serotype not contained in any currently licensed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Curry
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
| | - Robin M Kaufhold
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
| | - Morgan A Monslow
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Non-clinical Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Debra McGuinness
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Ellie Kim
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Denise K Nawrocki
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M McHugh
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Marie L Briggs
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - William J Smith
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jian He
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joseph G Joyce
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Julie M Skinner
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
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Characterization of High Molecular Weight Pneumococcal Conjugate by SEC-MALS and AF4-MALS. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183769. [PMID: 36145915 PMCID: PMC9501040 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause serious pneumococcal diseases and other medical complications among patients. Polysaccharide-based vaccines have been successfully developed as prophylactic agents against such deadly bacterial infections. In the 1980s, PNEUMOVAX® 23 were introduced as the first pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPSV). Later, pneumococcal polysaccharides were conjugated to a carrier protein to improve immune responses. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) such as PREVNAR® and VAXNEUVANCE™ have been developed. Of the more than 90 pneumococcal bacteria serotypes, serotype 1 (ST-1) and serotype 4 (ST-4) are the two main types that cause invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) that could lead to morbidity and mortality. Development of a novel multi-valent PCV against these serotypes requires extensive biophysical and biochemical characterizations of each monovalent conjugate (MVC) in the vaccine. To understand and characterize these high molecular weight (Mw) polysaccharide protein conjugates, we employed the multi-angle light scattering (MALS) technique coupled with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) separation and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4). MALS analysis of MVCs from the two orthogonal separation mechanisms helps shed light on the heterogeneity in conformation and aggregation states of each conjugate.
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Deng JZ, Lancaster C, Winters MA, Phillips KM, Zhuang P, Ha S. Multi-attribute characterization of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine by Size-exclusion chromatography coupled with UV-MALS-RI detections. Vaccine 2022; 40:1464-1471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Catalioto RM, Valenti C, Bellucci F, Cialdai C, Altamura M, Digilio L, Pellacani AUE, Meini S. Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07314. [PMID: 34195422 PMCID: PMC8239470 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). Immunization was performed by two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart, and a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose on week 10. Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Catalioto
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Valenti
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bellucci
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cialdai
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Altamura
- Corporate Preclinical Development for New Technologies, Antiinfectives and Non-oncological Drugs, A. Menarini NewTech S.r.l., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Meini
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
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McGuinness D, Kaufhold RM, McHugh PM, Winters MA, Smith WJ, Giovarelli C, He J, Zhang Y, Musey L, Skinner JM. Immunogenicity of PCV24, an expanded pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in adult monkeys and protection in mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:4231-4237. [PMID: 34074546 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for serious illnesses such as bacteremia, sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia in young children, older adults, and persons with immunocompromising conditions and often leads to death. Although the most recent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been designed to target serotypes identified as the primary causative agents of IPD, the epidemiological landscape continues to change stressing the need to develop new PCVs. We have developed an investigational 24-valent PCV (PCV24) including serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F all conjugated to CRM197 and evaluated this vaccine in adult monkeys. PCV24 was shown to be immunogenic and induced functional antibody for all vaccine serotypes. Of the serotypes common to PCV13 and V114 (PCV15), PCV24 had a similar immunogenic response with the exceptions of 23F which had higher IgG GMCs for PCV13 and V114, and 7F which had higher GMCs for PCV13. Functional antibody responses were similar for the serotypes in common between PCV24, PCV13 and V114 vaccines, with the exception of serotype 7F which was greater for PCV13. Overall, this study shows that PCV24 provided similar immunogenicity as the lower valent vaccines in adult monkeys with no apparent serotype interference. In addition, PCV24 also provided protection against pneumococcal infection in a mouse challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra McGuinness
- Departments of Infectious Diseases/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
| | - Robin M Kaufhold
- Departments of Infectious Diseases/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M McHugh
- Departments of Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Winters
- Departments of Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - William J Smith
- Departments of Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giovarelli
- Departments of Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jian He
- Departments of Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Departments of Non-clinical Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Luwy Musey
- Departments of Clinical Research, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Julie M Skinner
- Departments of Infectious Diseases/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
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Zhao J, Hu G, Huang Y, Huang Y, Wei X, Shi J. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine: A kind of vaccine with great development potential. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Burton RL, Kim HW, Lee S, Kim H, Seok JH, Ku KY, Seo J, Kim SJ, Xie J, McGuinness D, Skinner JM, Choi SK, Baik YO, Bae S, Nahm MH, Kim KH. Assignment of opsonic values to pneumococcal reference serum 007sp and a second pneumococcal OPA calibration serum panel (Ewha QC sera panel B) for 11 serotypes. Vaccine 2020; 38:8145-8153. [PMID: 33162203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been effective in reducing the disease burden caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The first licensed PCV (PCV7) was composed of capsular polysaccharides from seven serotypes. This was followed by PCV10, then PCV13, and currently there are a number of higher valency vaccines in development. As part of licensure, new vaccine iterations require assessment of immunogenicity. Since some antibodies can be non-functional, measuring functional antibodies is desirable. To meet this need, opsonophagocytic assays (OPAs) have been developed. Previous studies have shown there can be significant variations in OPA results from different laboratories. We have previously shown that standardizing OPA data using reference serum 007sp can decrease this variation. To extend this approach to additional serotypes, a panel of sera was tested by five laboratories using a multiplexed OPA for serotypes 2, 8, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 17F, 20B, 22F, and 33F. Each sample was tested in five runs with 007sp tested three times in each run. Results were analyzed using a mixed effects ANOVA model. Standardization of the results significantly decreased the inter-laboratory variation for some serotypes. For serotypes 2, 8, and 11A, the variability was reduced by 40%, 45%, and 40%, respectively. For serotypes 12F, 17F, and 20B, the reductions were more modest (14%, 19%, and 24%, respectively). Standardization had little effect for the remaining serotypes. In many cases, the impact of normalization was blunted by the results from five sera that were collected after an extended post-vaccination interval. We have previously reported consensus values for 007sp for 13 serotypes, as well as the creation of a calibration serum panel ("Ewha Panel A"). Here, we report consensus values for 11 additional serotypes for 007sp and the creation of a second serum panel ("Ewha Panel B"). These consensus values will facilitate the development of next-generation PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Burton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Han Wool Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Bio R&D Center, SK bioscience, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Seok
- Bio R&D Center, SK bioscience, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Young Ku
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals R&D, LG Chem, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seo
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals R&D, LG Chem, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jin Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals R&D, LG Chem, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinfu Xie
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Debra McGuinness
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Julie M Skinner
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Sejong Bae
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Luetscher RND, McKitrick TR, Gao C, Mehta AY, McQuillan AM, Kardish R, Boligan KF, Song X, Lu L, Heimburg-Molinaro J, von Gunten S, Alter G, Cummings RD. Unique repertoire of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in individual human serum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15436. [PMID: 32963315 PMCID: PMC7509809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity to pathogens and other environmental challenges is paramount to maintain normal health, and individuals lacking or unable to make antibodies are at risk. Recent studies indicate that many human protective antibodies are against carbohydrate antigens; however, little is known about repertoires and individual variation of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in healthy individuals. Here we analyzed anti-carbohydrate antibody repertoires (ACARs) of 105 healthy individual adult donors, aged 20-60+ from different ethnic backgrounds to explore variations in antibodies, as defined by binding to glycan microarrays and by affinity purification. Using microarrays that contained > 1,000 glycans, including antigens from animal cells and microbes, we profiled the IgG and IgM ACARs from all donors. Each donor expressed many ACAs, but had a relatively unique ACAR, which included unanticipated antibodies to carbohydrate antigens not well studied, such as chitin oligosaccharides, Forssman-related antigens, globo-type antigens, and bacterial glycans. We also saw some expected antibodies to ABO(H) blood group and α-Gal-type antigens, although these also varied among individuals. Analysis suggests differences in ACARs are associated with ethnicity and age. Thus, each individual ACAR is relatively unique, suggesting that individualized information could be useful in precision medicine for predicting and monitoring immune health and resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph N D Luetscher
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanya R McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert Kardish
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Scienion US, 2640 West Medtronic Way, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | | | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Lenette Lu
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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13
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Weinberger DM, Warren JL, Dalby T, Shapiro ED, Valentiner-Branth P, Slotved HC, Harboe ZB. Differences in the Impact of Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement in Individuals With and Without Underlying Medical Conditions. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:100-106. [PMID: 30321313 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have had a well-documented impact on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). However, declines in IPD due to vaccine-targeted serotypes have been partially offset by increases in IPD due to nonvaccine serotypes (NVTs). The goal of this study was to quantify serotype-specific changes in the incidence of IPD that occurred in different age groups, with or without certain comorbidities, following the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in the childhood vaccination program in Denmark. METHODS We used nationwide surveillance data for IPD and a hierarchical Bayesian regression framework to estimate changes in the incidence of IPD associated with the introduction of PCV7 (2007) and PCV13 (2010) while controlling for serotype-specific epidemic cycles and unrelated secular trends. RESULTS Following the introduction of PCV7 and PCV13 in children, the net impact of serotype replacement varied considerably by age group and comorbidities. Differences in the magnitude of serotype replacement were due to variations in the incidence of NVTs in the different risk groups before the introduction of PCVs. The relative increases in the incidence of IPD caused by specific NVTs did not differ appreciably between risk groups in the postvaccination period. Serotype replacement offset a greater proportion of the benefit of PCVs in strata in which the NVTs comprised a larger proportion of cases prior to the introduction of the vaccines. CONCLUSIONS These findings could help to predict the impact of next-generation PCVs in specific risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Weinberger
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joshua L Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tine Dalby
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eugene D Shapiro
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Hans-Christian Slotved
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zitta Barrella Harboe
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
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14
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Efficacy of a Protein Vaccine and a Conjugate Vaccine Against Co-colonization with Vaccine-type and Non-vaccine Type Pneumococci in Mice. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040278. [PMID: 32290340 PMCID: PMC7238145 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has led to substitution of vaccine-type (VT) strains by non-vaccine type (NVT) strains in nasopharyngeal carriage. We compared the efficacy of PCV13 and a nasal protein formulation containing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) adjuvanted with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP) in the protection against co-colonization challenge models in mice with VT and NVT strains expressing different PspAs. Immunized mice were challenged with two different mixtures: i. VT4 (PspA3) + NVT33 (PspA1) and ii. VT23F (PspA2) + NVT15B/C (PspA4). Results from the first mixture showed a reduction in loads of VT4 strain in the nasopharynx of mice immunized with PCV13. A statistical difference between the loads of the VT and NVT strains was observed, indicating a competitive advantage for the NVT strain in PCV13-immunized animals. In the second mixture, no reduction was observed for the VT23F strain, probably due to low levels of anti-23F polysaccharide IgG induced by PCV13. Interestingly, a combination of the PspA formulation containing wP with PCV13 led to a reduction in colonization with both strains of the two mixtures tested, similar to the groups immunized nasally with wP or PspA plus wP. These results indicate that a combination of vaccines may be a useful strategy to overcome pneumococcal serotype replacement.
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15
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Immunogenicity Comparison of a Next Generation Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Animal Models and Human Infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:70-77. [PMID: 31725555 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in an animal model provides an initial assessment of the performance of the vaccine prior to evaluation in humans. Cost, availability, study duration, cross-reactivity and applicability to humans are several factors which contribute to animal model selection. PCV15 is an investigational 15-valent PCV which includes capsular polysaccharides from pneumococcal serotypes (ST) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F all individually conjugated to cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197). METHODS Immunogenicity of PCV15 was evaluated in infant rhesus macaques (IRM), adult New Zealand white rabbits (NZWR) and CD1 mice using multiplexed pneumococcal electrochemiluminescent (Pn ECL) assay to measure serotype-specific IgG antibodies, multiplexed opsonophagocytosis assay (MOPA) to measure serotype-specific functional antibody responses and bacterial challenge in mice to evaluate protection against a lethal dose of S. pneumoniae. RESULTS PCV15 was immunogenic and induced both IgG and functional antibodies to all 15 vaccine serotypes in all animal species evaluated. PCV15 also protected mice from S. pneumoniae serotype 14 intraperitoneal challenge. Opsonophagocytosis assay (OPA) titers measured from sera of human infants vaccinated with PCV15 in a Phase 2 clinical trial showed a good correlation with that observed in IRM (rs=0.69, P=0.006), a medium correlation with that of rabbits (rs=0.49, P=0.06), and no correlation with that of mice (rs=0.04, P=0.89). In contrast, there was no correlation in serum IgG levels between human infants and animal models. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that PCV15 is immunogenic across multiple animal species, with IRM and human infants showing the best correlation for OPA responses.
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16
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Chen Z, Cox KS, Tang A, Roman J, Fink M, Kaufhold RM, Guan L, Xie A, Boddicker MA, Mcguinness D, Xiao X, Li H, Skinner JM, Verch T, Retzlaff M, Vora KA. Human monoclonal antibodies isolated from a primary pneumococcal conjugate Vaccinee demonstrates the expansion of an antigen-driven Hypermutated memory B cell response. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:613. [PMID: 30509199 PMCID: PMC6278343 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia is a leading infectious cause of hospitalization. A few vaccines exist to prevent pneumococcal disease in adults, including a pneumococcal polysaccharide unconjugated vaccine and a protein conjugated polysaccharide vaccine. Previous studies on the human immune response to the unconjugated vaccine showed that the vaccine boosted the existing memory B cells. In the present study, we investigated the human B cell immune response following pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccination. METHODS Plasmablast B cells from a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccinee were isolated and cloned for analysis. In response to primary vaccination, identical sequences from the plasmablast-derived antibodies were identified from multiple B cells, demonstrating evidence of clonal expansion. We evaluated the binding specificity of these human monoclonal antibodies in immunoassays, and tested there in vitro function in a multiplexed opsonophagocytic assay (MOPA). To characterize the plasmablast B cell response to the pneumococcal conjugated vaccine, the germline usage and the variable region somatic hypermutations on these antibodies were analyzed. Furthermore, a serotype 4 polysaccharide-specific antibody was tested in an animal challenge study to explore the in vivo functional activity. RESULTS The data suggests that the pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine boosted memory B cell responses, likely derived from previous pneumococcal exposure. The majority of the plasmablast-derived antibodies contained higher numbers of variable region somatic hypermutations and evidence for selection, as demonstrated by replacement to silent ratio's (R/S) greater than 2.9 in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). In addition, we found that VH3/JH4 was the predominant germline sequence used in these polysaccharide-specific B cells. All of the tested antibodies demonstrated narrow polysaccharide specificity in ELISA binding, and demonstrated functional opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) activity in the MOPA assay. The in-vivo animal challenge study showed that the tested serotype 4 polysaccharide-specific antibody demonstrated a potent protective effect when administered prior to bacterial challenge. CONCLUSIONS The findings on the pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine responses from a vaccinated subject reported in this study are similar to previously published data on the pneumococcal polysaccharide unconjugated vaccine responses. In both vaccine regimens, the pre-existing human memory B cells were expanded after vaccination with preferential use of the germline VH3/JH4 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Kara S Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Aimin Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jeanette Roman
- Department of Vaccine Analytical Development - Immunoassay, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Malorie Fink
- Department of Vaccine Analytical Development - Immunoassay, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Robin M Kaufhold
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Liming Guan
- Department of Vaccine Analytical Development - Immunoassay, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Andy Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Melissa A Boddicker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Debra Mcguinness
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Hualin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Julie M Skinner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Thorsten Verch
- Department of Vaccine Analytical Development - Immunoassay, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mary Retzlaff
- Department of Vaccine Analytical Development - Immunoassay, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
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17
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of monovalent PCVs containing 22F and 33F polysaccharides in mouse models of colonization and co-infection. Vaccine 2018; 36:5701-5708. [PMID: 30107993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current transmission, we studied the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of serotypes 22F and 33F in the prevention of colonization and of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) pathogenesis during an influenza co-infection. Serotypes 22F and 33F are emerging Spn serotypes, which are not part of currently administered pneumococcal conjugate vaccine formulations (PCVs). Spn serotype 6A is an ingredient in the currently administered PCV13 vaccine and was therefore included in the study as a control. METHODS Adult (six weeks) and infant (two weeks) C57BL/6 mice were intranasally infected in the nasopharynx (NP) with Spn serotypes 22F, 33F, or 6A. Influenza A H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/193 virus (PR8) was introduced one day after the NP Spn colonization. In an immunization challenge study, mice were vaccinated with monovalent 22F, 33F, or 6A polysaccharide conjugated to the CRM197 antigen. The immunized mice were colonized or co-infected to study the vaccines efficacy. RESULTS All three Spn serotypes established colonization in adult and infant mice. The co-infected mice showed an increase in Spn NP density. Invasive Spn infection (bacteremia) was observed following the co-infection with serotypes 22F and 6A but not 33F in adult mice, whereas infant mice developed bacteremia following co-infection with all three Spn serotypes. The vaccinations led to robust serum antibody responses to capsular polysaccharides 22F, 6A, and less for 33F. The vaccinations resulted in reductions of Spn NP colonization density for all three serotypes, prevention of bacteremia, and increased survival with Spn serotypes 22F and 6A. Passive transfer of antisera was associated with a reduction of Spn colonization densities in infant mice. CONCLUSION Vaccinations with monovalent 22F, 33F, or 6A formulations protect against Spn colonization, and the efficacy of the 22F vaccination was comparable to the 6A vaccination in preventing an invasive Spn bacterial infection during an influenza co-infection.
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18
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Zhang C, Zhao Z, Zha JW, Wang GX, Zhu B. Single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery vehicles enhance the immunoprotective effect of a DNA vaccine against spring viremia of carp virus in common carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:191-201. [PMID: 29017940 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is highly contagious and pathogenic to cyprinid fish, causing enormous economic losses in aquaculture. Efficient and economic prophylactic measure against is the most pressing desired for the common carp farming industry. In this research, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as a candidate DNA vaccine carrier was administrated via bath (1, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg L-1) or injection (1, 4, 8, 12, 20 μg) in common carp juvenile, and the different immune treatments to induce immunoprotective effect was analyzed. The results showed that higher levels of transcription and expression of G gene could be detected in muscle, spleen and kidney tissues via bath administration or intramuscular injection in SWCNTs-pEGFP-G treatment groups compared with naked pEGFP-G treatment groups. Meanwhile, complement activity, superoxide dismutase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, immune-related genes (especially the TNF-α) and antibody levels were significantly enhanced in fish immunized with DNA vaccine combined with SWCNTs. The relative percentage survival were significantly enhanced in fish bathed with SWCNTs-pEGFP-G vaccine and the relative percentage survival reached to 57.5% in SWCNTs-pEGFP-G group than that of naked pEGFP-G (40.0%) at the highest vaccine dose (40 mg L-1) after 22 days of post infection, and fish in bath immunization group at a concentration of 40 mg L-1 could reach the similar relative percentage survival in injection group at a dose of 12 μg. This study suggest that ammonium-functionalized SWCNTs is the promising carrier for DNA vaccine and might be used to vaccinate large-scale juvenile fish by bath administration approach in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zha
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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