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Nordholm AC, Emborg HD, Nørgaard SK, Nygaard U, Ronayne A, Nielsen LB, Søborg B, Andersen PH, Dalby T. Pertussis epidemic in Denmark, August 2023 to February 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400160. [PMID: 38577803 PMCID: PMC11004589 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.14.2400160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We report a record high pertussis epidemic in Denmark since August 2023. Highest incidence was in adolescents, while peak incidence in infants was lower vs previous epidemics in 2019 and 2016. Among infants aged 0-2 months, over half (29/48) were hospitalised and one infant died, underlining the disease severity in the youngest. To protect infants, pertussis vaccination in pregnant women was introduced in January 2024 in the national vaccination programme. Improved vaccination surveillance in pregnant women is being implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Christine Nordholm
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne-Dorthe Emborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Kristine Nørgaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrikka Nygaard
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescents, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aoife Ronayne
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Birk Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Søborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter H Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Dalby
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dalby T. Clarifying pertussis in Denmark. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24:e77. [PMID: 38128561 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Dalby
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Knuutila A, Dalby T, Ahvenainen N, Barkoff AM, Jørgensen CS, Fuursted K, Mertsola J, He Q. Antibody avidity to pertussis toxin after acellular pertussis vaccination and infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2174782. [PMID: 36715361 PMCID: PMC9936998 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2174782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a unique virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, and therefore a key component of acellular pertussis vaccines. Although immunity after infection seems to persist longer than after vaccination, the exact mechanisms are not fully known. In this study the overall binding strength (avidity) of anti-PT IgG antibodies was compared after acellular booster vaccination and infection, as a parameter to evaluate long-lasting protection.Danish and Finnish serum samples from a total of 134 serologically confirmed patients and 112 children who received acellular booster vaccines were included in this study. The concentration of anti-PT IgG was first determined by ELISA, followed by two separate ELISAs to evaluate antibody avidity: either with a dilution series of urea as a bond-breaking agent of antibody and antigen binding and a constant anti-PT IgG concentration between the samples or with a constant dilution ratio of sera and detergent. In addition to urea, the use of diethylamine and ammonium thiocyanate as disruptive agents were first compared between each other.A strong Spearman correlation (R > 0.801) was noted between avidity and concentration of anti-PT IgG antibodies if a constant serum dilution method was used, and avidity was noted to be higher in patients in comparison to vaccinees in Denmark, but not in Finland. However, no correlation between antibody concentration and avidity was found if a constant anti-PT IgG concentration was used (R = -0.157). With this method, avidity after vaccination was significantly higher in comparison to that after infection in both Danish and Finnish subjects (p < 0.01). A shorter time since the latest booster vaccination was found to affect avidity positively on the next PT-antigen exposure with either vaccination or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Qiushui He
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4
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Shaw D, Abad R, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Bautista A, Bennett D, Broughton K, Cao B, Casanova C, Choi EH, Chu YW, Claus H, Coelho J, Corcoran M, Cottrell S, Cunney R, Cuypers L, Dalby T, Davies H, de Gouveia L, Deghmane AE, Demczuk W, Desmet S, Domenech M, Drew R, du Plessis M, Duarte C, Erlendsdóttir H, Fry NK, Fuursted K, Hale T, Henares D, Henriques-Normark B, Hilty M, Hoffmann S, Humphreys H, Ip M, Jacobsson S, Johnson C, Johnston J, Jolley KA, Kawabata A, Kozakova J, Kristinsson KG, Krizova P, Kuch A, Ladhani S, Lâm TT, León ME, Lindholm L, Litt D, Maiden MCJ, Martin I, Martiny D, Mattheus W, McCarthy ND, Meehan M, Meiring S, Mölling P, Morfeldt E, Morgan J, Mulhall R, Muñoz-Almagro C, Murdoch D, Murphy J, Musilek M, Mzabi A, Novakova L, Oftadeh S, Perez-Argüello A, Pérez-Vázquez M, Perrin M, Perry M, Prevost B, Roberts M, Rokney A, Ron M, Sanabria OM, Scott KJ, Sheppard C, Siira L, Sintchenko V, Skoczyńska A, Sloan M, Slotved HC, Smith AJ, Steens A, Taha MK, Toropainen M, Tzanakaki G, Vainio A, van der Linden MPG, van Sorge NM, Varon E, Vohrnova S, von Gottberg A, Yuste J, Zanella R, Zhou F, Brueggemann AB. Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium. Lancet Digit Health 2023; 5:e582-e593. [PMID: 37516557 PMCID: PMC10914672 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic. METHODS For this prospective analysis, laboratories in 30 countries and territories representing five continents submitted surveillance data from Jan 1, 2018, to Jan 2, 2022, to private projects within databases in PubMLST. The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the overall number of cases was analysed, and changes in disease distributions by patient age and serotype or group were examined. Interrupted time-series analyses were done to quantify the impact of pandemic response measures and their relaxation on disease rates, and autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to estimate effect sizes and forecast counterfactual trends by hemisphere. FINDINGS Overall, 116 841 cases were analysed: 76 481 in 2018-19, before the pandemic, and 40 360 in 2020-21, during the pandemic. During the pandemic there was a significant reduction in the risk of disease caused by S pneumoniae (risk ratio 0·47; 95% CI 0·40-0·55), H influenzae (0·51; 0·40-0·66) and N meningitidis (0·26; 0·21-0·31), while no significant changes were observed for S agalactiae (1·02; 0·75-1·40), which is not transmitted via the respiratory route. No major changes in the distribution of cases were observed when stratified by patient age or serotype or group. An estimated 36 289 (95% prediction interval 17 145-55 434) cases of invasive bacterial disease were averted during the first 2 years of the pandemic among IRIS-participating countries and territories. INTERPRETATION COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a sustained decrease in the incidence of invasive disease caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis during the first 2 years of the pandemic, but cases began to increase in some countries towards the end of 2021 as pandemic restrictions were lifted. These IRIS data provide a better understanding of microbial transmission, will inform vaccine development and implementation, and can contribute to health-care service planning and provision of policies. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Health, Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, Merck, and the Greek National Public Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shaw
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raquel Abad
- National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zahin Amin-Chowdhury
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Desiree Bennett
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Broughton
- Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section, AMRHAI, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Carlo Casanova
- Swiss National Reference Center for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yiu-Wai Chu
- Department of Health, Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Heike Claus
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Coelho
- Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section, AMRHAI, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Mary Corcoran
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Robert Cunney
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lize Cuypers
- National Reference Centre for Streptococcus pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather Davies
- Meningococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Linda de Gouveia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ala-Eddine Deghmane
- Institut Pasteur, Univeristé Paris Cité, Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Paris, France
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stefanie Desmet
- National Reference Centre for Streptococcus pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mirian Domenech
- National Center for Microbiology and CIBER of Respiratory Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Drew
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Clinical Innovation Unit, Rotunda, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Helga Erlendsdóttir
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Norman K Fry
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division and Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Kurt Fuursted
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hale
- Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Desiree Henares
- Microbiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Hilty
- Swiss National Reference Center for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Steen Hoffmann
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hilary Humphreys
- Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Susanne Jacobsson
- National Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Jana Kozakova
- National Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karl G Kristinsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pavla Krizova
- National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alicja Kuch
- National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Thiên-Trí Lâm
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Laura Lindholm
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Litt
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Delphine Martiny
- National Belgian Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles-Universitair Laboratorium van Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Noel D McCarthy
- Population Health Medicine, Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Meehan
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Meiring
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paula Mölling
- National Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Julie Morgan
- Streptococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Robert Mulhall
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Microbiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Martin Musilek
- National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandre Mzabi
- Ministère de la Santé - Direction de la santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ludmila Novakova
- National Reference Laboratory for Haemophilus Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shahin Oftadeh
- NSW Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amaresh Perez-Argüello
- Microbiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pérez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Benoit Prevost
- National Belgian Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles-Universitair Laboratorium van Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Assaf Rokney
- Public Health Laboratories-Jerusalem, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Merav Ron
- Public Health Laboratories-Jerusalem, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Kevin J Scott
- Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carmen Sheppard
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Lotta Siira
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- NSW Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Skoczyńska
- National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrew J Smith
- Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anneke Steens
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Muhamed-Kheir Taha
- Institut Pasteur, Univeristé Paris Cité, Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Paris, France
| | | | - Georgina Tzanakaki
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Anni Vainio
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark P G van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, German National Reference Centre for Streptococci, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, and Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Varon
- Laboratory of Medical Biology and National Reference Centre for Pneumococci, Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Sandra Vohrnova
- National Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jose Yuste
- National Center for Microbiology and CIBER of Respiratory Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosemeire Zanella
- National Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections, Center of Bacteriology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Angela B Brueggemann
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Nielsen RT, Dalby T, Emborg HD, Larsen AR, Petersen A, Torpdahl M, Hoffmann S, Vestergaard LS, Valentiner-Branth P. COVID-19 preventive measures coincided with a marked decline in other infectious diseases in Denmark, spring 2020. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e138. [PMID: 35899864 PMCID: PMC9343452 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to descriptively analyse the possible impact of the national COVID-19 interventions on the incidence of common infectious diseases in Denmark during spring and summer 2020. This observational study focused on national register data on infections caused by 16 different bacterial and viral pathogens. We included new cases registered between 1 January 2016 and 31 July 2020. The weekly number of new cases were analysed with respect to the COVID-19-related interventions introduced during 2020. We found a marked decrease in infections associated with droplet transmission coinciding with the COVID-19 interventions in spring and summer 2020. These included decreases in both viral and bacterial airway infections and also decreases in invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis. There was also a reduction in cases associated with foodborne transmission during the COVID-19 lockdown period. We found no effect of the lockdown on infections by invasive beta-haemolytic streptococci group B, C and G, Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Clostridioides difficile. In conclusion, we found that the widespread interventions such as physical distancing, less travel, hygiene measures and lockdown of schools, restaurants and workplaces together coincided with a marked decline in respiratory infections and, to a smaller extent, some foodborne-transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Thoft Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Dalby
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Author for correspondence: Tine Dalby, E-mail:
| | - Hanne-Dorthe Emborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Petersen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Hoffmann
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Skafte Vestergaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Valentiner-Branth
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Lefrancq N, Bouchez V, Fernandes N, Barkoff AM, Bosch T, Dalby T, Åkerlund T, Darenberg J, Fabianova K, Vestrheim DF, Fry NK, González-López JJ, Gullsby K, Habington A, He Q, Litt D, Martini H, Piérard D, Stefanelli P, Stegger M, Zavadilova J, Armatys N, Landier A, Guillot S, Hong SL, Lemey P, Parkhill J, Toubiana J, Cauchemez S, Salje H, Brisse S. Global spatial dynamics and vaccine-induced fitness changes of Bordetella pertussis. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn3253. [PMID: 35476597 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
As with other pathogens, competitive interactions between Bordetella pertussis strains drive infection risk. Vaccines are thought to perturb strain diversity through shifts in immune pressures; however, this has rarely been measured because of inadequate data and analytical tools. We used 3344 sequences from 23 countries to show that, on average, there are 28.1 transmission chains circulating within a subnational region, with the number of chains strongly associated with host population size. It took 5 to 10 years for B. pertussis to be homogeneously distributed throughout Europe, with the same time frame required for the United States. Increased fitness of pertactin-deficient strains after implementation of acellular vaccines, but reduced fitness otherwise, can explain long-term genotype dynamics. These findings highlight the role of vaccine policy in shifting local diversity of a pathogen that is responsible for 160,000 deaths annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Lefrancq
- Insitut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Valérie Bouchez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 75724 Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Fernandes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- University of Turku UTU, Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Infections and Immunity, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Thijs Bosch
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi/Infectious Disease Preparedness, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Åkerlund
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Unit for Laboratory Surveillance of Bacterial Pathogens, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jessica Darenberg
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Unit for Laboratory Surveillance of Bacterial Pathogens, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Katerina Fabianova
- National Institute of Public Health, Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, CZ-10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Didrik F Vestrheim
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Infectious Disease Control and Vaccine, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Norman K Fry
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England-National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK.,Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England-National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Juan José González-López
- University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Microbiology Department, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karolina Gullsby
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, 80187 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Adele Habington
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, D12 N512 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Qiushui He
- University of Turku UTU, Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Infections and Immunity, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - David Litt
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England-National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Helena Martini
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Bordetella pertussis, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Piérard
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Bordetella pertussis, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, IT-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Stegger
- Statens Serum Institut, Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi/Infectious Disease Preparedness, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jana Zavadilova
- National Institute of Public Health, National Reference Laboratory for Pertussis and Diphtheria, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Armatys
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 75724 Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Annie Landier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 75724 Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Guillot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 75724 Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Samuel L Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Julie Toubiana
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 75724 Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, 75724 Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Department of General Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Insitut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Henrik Salje
- Insitut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 75724 Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, 75724 Paris, France
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7
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Wehlin L, Ljungman M, Kühlmann-Berenzon S, Galanis I, Huygen K, Pierard D, Dalby T, Petridou E, Molnár Z, Carollo M, Ausiello CM, Lipnickiene V, Haider J, Aase A, Herstad TK, Rastawicki W, Rio C, Popovici O, De Ory Manchon F, Bacci S, Barkoff AM, Hänninen A, He Q, Hallander H. Pertussis seroprevalence among adults of reproductive age (20-39 years) in fourteen European countries. APMIS 2021; 129:556-565. [PMID: 34120372 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The reported incidence of pertussis in European countries varies considerably. We aimed to study specific Bordetella pertussis seroprevalence in Europe by measuring serum IgG antibody levels to pertussis toxin (anti-PT IgG). Fourteen national laboratories participated in this study including Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and Sweden. Each country collected approximately 250 samples (N = 7903) from the age groups 20-29 years (N = 3976) and 30-39 years (N = 3927) during 2010-2013. Samples were anonymous residual sera from diagnostic laboratories and were analyzed at the national laboratories by a Swedish reference method, a commercial ELISA kit, or were sent to Sweden for analysis. The median anti-PT IgG concentrations ranged from 4 to 13.6 IU/mL. The proportion of samples with anti-PT IgG ≥100 IU/mL, indicating a recent infection ranged from 0.2% (Hungary) to 5.7% (Portugal). The highest proportion of sera with anti-PT IgG levels between 50 and <100 IU/mL, indicating an infection within the last few years, was found in Portugal (12.3%) and Italy (13.9%). This study shows that the circulation of B. pertussis is quite extensive in adults, aged 20-39 years, despite well-established vaccination programs in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wehlin
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Kris Huygen
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (Sciensano, WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evi Petridou
- Serology - Microbiology Department, "Aghia Sophia", Athens Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Carollo
- Core Facilities Technical Scientific Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara M Ausiello
- Core Facilities Technical Scientific Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Julie Haider
- Pathology Laboratorie, Pathology Department, Mater Dei Hospital, Valetta, Malta
| | - Audun Aase
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Waldemar Rastawicki
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carla Rio
- National Institute of Health, Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Sabrina Bacci
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Arno Hänninen
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Berbers G, van Gageldonk P, Kassteele JVD, Wiedermann U, Desombere I, Dalby T, Toubiana J, Tsiodras S, Ferencz IP, Mullan K, Griskevicius A, Kolupajeva T, Vestrheim DF, Palminha P, Popovici O, Wehlin L, Kastrin T, Maďarová L, Campbell H, Ködmön C, Bacci S, Barkoff AM, He Q. Circulation of pertussis and poor protection against diphtheria among middle-aged adults in 18 European countries. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2871. [PMID: 34001895 PMCID: PMC8128873 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported incidence of pertussis in the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA) varies and may not reflect the real situation, while vaccine-induced protection against diphtheria and tetanus seems sufficient. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of DTP antibodies in EU/EEA countries within the age groups of 40-49 and 50-59 years. Eighteen countries collected around 500 samples between 2015 and 2018 (N = 10,302) which were analysed for IgG-DTP specific antibodies. The proportion of sera with pertussis toxin antibody levels ≥100 IU/mL, indicative of recent exposure to pertussis was comparable for 13/18 countries, ranging between 2.7-5.8%. For diphtheria the proportion of sera lacking the protective level (<0.1 IU/mL) varied between 22.8-82.0%. For tetanus the protection was sufficient. Here, we report that the seroprevalence of pertussis in these age groups indicates circulation of B. pertussis across EU/EEA while the lack of vaccine-induced seroprotection against diphtheria is of concern and deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Berbers
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter van Gageldonk
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van de Kassteele
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lena Wehlin
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara Kastrin
- Slovenia National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucia Maďarová
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Csaba Ködmön
- European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Bacci
- European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Qiushui He
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Hansen CB, Fuursted K, Valentiner-Branth P, Dalby T, Jørgensen CS, Slotved HC. Molecular characterization and epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 8 in Denmark. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:421. [PMID: 33952197 PMCID: PMC8097992 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06103-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 8 incidence has increased in Denmark after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCV). The mechanism behind the serotype 8 replacement is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to present epidemiological data on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and molecular characterization of 96 serotype 8 clinical isolates. Methods IPD data from 1999 to 2019 were used to calculate the incidence and age distribution. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was performed on 96 isolates (6.8% of the total serotype 8 IPD isolates in the period) to characterize the isolates with respect to pneumococcal lineage traits, a range of genes with potential species discrimination, presence of colonization and virulence factors, and molecular resistance pattern. Results The serotype 8 IPD incidence increased significantly (P < 0.05) for the age groups above 15 years after the introduction of PCV13, primarily affecting the elderly (65+). All isolates were phenotypically susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Molecular characterization revealed seven different MLST profiles with ST53 as the most prevalent lineage (87.5%) among the analyzed serotype 8 isolates. The genes covering the cell-surface proteins: lytA, rspB, pspA, psaA & Xisco and the pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin = ply were present in all isolates, while genes for the membrane transporter proteins: piaA/piaB/piaC; the capsular genes: cpsA (wzg) & psrP; the metallo-binding proteins zmpB & zmpC; and the neuroamidase proteins: nanA/nanB were variably present. Surprisingly, the putative transcriptional regulator gene SP2020 was not present in all isolates (98%). Susceptibility to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin was molecularly confirmed. Conclusion The observed serotype 8 replacement was not significantly reflected with a change in the MLST profile or changes in antibiotic resistance- or virulence determinants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06103-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bülow Hansen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kurt Fuursted
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Tine Dalby
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H-C Slotved
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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10
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Andersen MA, Niemann CU, Rostgaard K, Dalby T, Sørrig R, Weinberger DM, Hjalgrim H, Harboe ZB. Differences and Temporal Changes in Risk of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Adults with Hematological Malignancies: Results from a Nationwide 16-Year Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:463-471. [PMID: 32463435 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hematological malignancies (HM) are known to carry an increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). However, temporal variations in IPD risks following a cancer diagnosis remain poorly characterized. To inform vaccine guidelines and patient management, we assessed the IPD incidence among patients with HM and other malignancies. METHODS The study population included all individuals aged ≥15 years during 2000-2016 in Denmark. Variations in incidences of IPD over time and between different types of hematological malignancies and diagnoses were assessed by Poisson regression. RESULTS During 85 002 224 person-years of observation, 13 332 episodes of a first IPD were observed, of which 765 (5.7%) occurred among individuals with HM. Among HM patients, the IPD incidence rate decreased continuously during the study period (rate ratio per year, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, .90-.92). The risk of IPD in patients with HM was up to 39 times higher when compared to the background population and was highest for multiple myeloma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Unlike other malignancies, the increased IPD risk did not wane with the time since HM diagnosis. We found a vaccination uptake of only ≤2% in patients with HM and ≤1% for those with other types of malignancies. CONCLUSIONS Adults with HM in general and patients with lymphoid malignancies in particular have an increased risk for IPD, compared with patients with other types of cancer and with individuals free of cancer. The pneumococcal vaccination uptake is extremely low in this at risk-population. Efforts to prevent IPD in HM patients are continuously warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Asger Andersen
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Utoft Niemann
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Rostgaard
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Dalby
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Sørrig
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel M Weinberger
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zitta Barrella Harboe
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Nordsjælland, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Bennett JC, Hetrich MK, Garcia Quesada M, Sinkevitch JN, Deloria Knoll M, Feikin DR, Zeger SL, Kagucia EW, Cohen AL, Ampofo K, Brandileone MCC, Bruden D, Camilli R, Castilla J, Chan G, Cook H, Cornick JE, Dagan R, Dalby T, Danis K, de Miguel S, De Wals P, Desmet S, Georgakopoulou T, Gilkison C, Grgic-Vitek M, Hammitt LL, Hilty M, Ho PL, Jayasinghe S, Kellner JD, Kleynhans J, Knol MJ, Kozakova J, Kristinsson KG, Ladhani SN, MacDonald L, Mackenzie GA, Mad’arová L, McGeer A, Mereckiene J, Morfeldt E, Mungun T, Muñoz-Almagro C, Nuorti JP, Paragi M, Pilishvili T, Puentes R, Saha SK, Sahu Khan A, Savrasova L, Scott JA, Skoczyńska A, Suga S, van der Linden M, Verani JR, von Gottberg A, Winje BA, Yildirim I, Zerouali K, Hayford K. Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 Following Introduction of PCV10 and PCV13: Findings from the PSERENADE Project. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040696. [PMID: 33801760 PMCID: PMC8066231 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 (ST1) was an important cause of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) globally before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) containing ST1 antigen. The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project gathered ST1 IPD surveillance data from sites globally and aimed to estimate PCV10/13 impact on ST1 IPD incidence. We estimated ST1 IPD incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing the pre-PCV10/13 period to each post-PCV10/13 year by site using a Bayesian multi-level, mixed-effects Poisson regression and all-site IRRs using a linear mixed-effects regression (N = 45 sites). Following PCV10/13 introduction, the incidence rate (IR) of ST1 IPD declined among all ages. After six years of PCV10/13 use, the all-site IRR was 0.05 (95% credibility interval 0.04–0.06) for all ages, 0.05 (0.04–0.05) for <5 years of age, 0.08 (0.06–0.09) for 5–17 years, 0.06 (0.05–0.08) for 18–49 years, 0.06 (0.05–0.07) for 50–64 years, and 0.05 (0.04–0.06) for ≥65 years. PCV10/13 use in infant immunization programs was followed by a 95% reduction in ST1 IPD in all ages after approximately 6 years. Limited data availability from the highest ST1 disease burden countries using a 3 + 0 schedule constrains generalizability and data from these settings are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Bennett
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.K.H.); (M.G.Q.); (J.N.S.); (S.L.Z.); (L.L.H.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.B.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Marissa K. Hetrich
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.K.H.); (M.G.Q.); (J.N.S.); (S.L.Z.); (L.L.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Maria Garcia Quesada
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.K.H.); (M.G.Q.); (J.N.S.); (S.L.Z.); (L.L.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Jenna N. Sinkevitch
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.K.H.); (M.G.Q.); (J.N.S.); (S.L.Z.); (L.L.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.K.H.); (M.G.Q.); (J.N.S.); (S.L.Z.); (L.L.H.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.B.); (M.D.K.)
| | | | - Scott L. Zeger
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.K.H.); (M.G.Q.); (J.N.S.); (S.L.Z.); (L.L.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Eunice W. Kagucia
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Epidemiology and Demography Department, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, P.O. Box 230-80108 Kilifi, Kenya; (E.W.K.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Adam L. Cohen
- World Health Organization, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Krow Ampofo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;
| | - Maria-Cristina C. Brandileone
- National Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections, Center of Bacteriology, Institute Adolfo Lutz (IAL), São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil;
| | - Dana Bruden
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA;
| | - Romina Camilli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Jesús Castilla
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (C.M.-A.)
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra—IdiSNA, 31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Guanhao Chan
- Singapore Ministry of Health, Communicable Diseases Division, Singapore 308442, Singapore;
| | - Heather Cook
- Centre for Disease Control, Department of Health and Community Services, Darwin, NT 8000, Australia;
| | - Jennifer E. Cornick
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK;
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Chichiri, P.O. Box 30096 Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ron Dagan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel;
| | - Tine Dalby
- Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kostas Danis
- Santé Publique France, the French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice CEDEX, 94415 Paris, France;
| | - Sara de Miguel
- Epidemiology Department, Dirección General de Salud Pública, 28009 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Philippe De Wals
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Stefanie Desmet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- National Reference Centre for Streptococcus Pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Charlotte Gilkison
- Epidemiology Team, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, Wellington 5240, New Zealand;
| | - Marta Grgic-Vitek
- Communicable Diseases Centre, National Institute of Public Health, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Laura L. Hammitt
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.K.H.); (M.G.Q.); (J.N.S.); (S.L.Z.); (L.L.H.); (K.H.)
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Epidemiology and Demography Department, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, P.O. Box 230-80108 Kilifi, Kenya; (E.W.K.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Markus Hilty
- Swiss National Reference Centre for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Pak-Leung Ho
- Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Sanjay Jayasinghe
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children’s Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - James D. Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
| | - Jackie Kleynhans
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (J.K.); (A.v.G.)
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Mirjam J. Knol
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Jana Kozakova
- National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), 100 42 Praha, Czech Republic;
| | - Karl G. Kristinsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali—The National University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Shamez N. Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK;
| | | | - Grant A. Mackenzie
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273 Banjul, The Gambia
- New Vaccines Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lucia Mad’arová
- National Reference Centre for Pneumococcal and Haemophilus Diseases, Regional Authority of Public Health, 975 56 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia;
| | - Allison McGeer
- Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Jolita Mereckiene
- HSE Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Mountjoy, Dublin D01 A4A3, Ireland;
| | - Eva Morfeldt
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Tuya Mungun
- National Center of Communicable Diseases (NCCD), Ministry of Health, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar 13336, Mongolia;
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (C.M.-A.)
- Medicine Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Pekka Nuorti
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland;
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Metka Paragi
- Centre for Medical Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Tamara Pilishvili
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (T.P.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Rodrigo Puentes
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Santiago Metropolitan, Chile;
| | - Samir K. Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | | | - Larisa Savrasova
- Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia, 1005 Riga, Latvia;
- Doctoral Studies Department, Riga Stradinš University, 1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - J. Anthony Scott
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Epidemiology and Demography Department, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, P.O. Box 230-80108 Kilifi, Kenya; (E.W.K.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Anna Skoczyńska
- National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Shigeru Suga
- Infectious Disease Center and Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Mie Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-0125, Japan;
| | - Mark van der Linden
- National Reference Center for Streptococci, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Jennifer R. Verani
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (T.P.); (J.R.V.)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), P.O. Box 606-00621 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (J.K.); (A.v.G.)
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Brita A. Winje
- Department of Infection Control and Vaccine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale New Haven Children’s Hospital, New Haven, CT 06504, USA;
| | - Khalid Zerouali
- Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Centre, Casablanca 20250, Morocco;
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
| | - Kyla Hayford
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.K.H.); (M.G.Q.); (J.N.S.); (S.L.Z.); (L.L.H.); (K.H.)
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12
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Larsen HD, Fonager J, Lomholt FK, Dalby T, Benedetti G, Kristensen B, Urth TR, Rasmussen M, Lassaunière R, Rasmussen TB, Strandbygaard B, Lohse L, Chaine M, Møller KL, Berthelsen ASN, Nørgaard SK, Sönksen UW, Boklund AE, Hammer AS, Belsham GJ, Krause TG, Mortensen S, Bøtner A, Fomsgaard A, Mølbak K. Preliminary report of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and mink farmers associated with community spread, Denmark, June to November 2020. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33541485 PMCID: PMC7863232 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.5.210009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In June–November 2020, SARS-CoV-2-infected mink were detected in 290 of 1,147 Danish mink farms. In North Denmark Region, 30% (324/1,092) of people found connected to mink farms tested SARS-CoV-2-PCR-positive and approximately 27% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25–30) of SARS-CoV-2-strains from humans in the community were mink-associated. Measures proved insufficient to mitigate spread. On 4 November, the government ordered culling of all Danish mink. Farmed mink constitute a potential virus reservoir challenging pandemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Mortensen
- Department of Animal Health, Danish Veterinary and Food administration, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Weinberger DM, Warren JL, Dalby T, Shapiro ED, Valentiner-Branth P, Slotved HC, Harboe ZB. Differences in the Impact of Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement in Individuals With and Without Underlying Medical Conditions. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:100-106. [PMID: 30321313 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have had a well-documented impact on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). However, declines in IPD due to vaccine-targeted serotypes have been partially offset by increases in IPD due to nonvaccine serotypes (NVTs). The goal of this study was to quantify serotype-specific changes in the incidence of IPD that occurred in different age groups, with or without certain comorbidities, following the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in the childhood vaccination program in Denmark. METHODS We used nationwide surveillance data for IPD and a hierarchical Bayesian regression framework to estimate changes in the incidence of IPD associated with the introduction of PCV7 (2007) and PCV13 (2010) while controlling for serotype-specific epidemic cycles and unrelated secular trends. RESULTS Following the introduction of PCV7 and PCV13 in children, the net impact of serotype replacement varied considerably by age group and comorbidities. Differences in the magnitude of serotype replacement were due to variations in the incidence of NVTs in the different risk groups before the introduction of PCVs. The relative increases in the incidence of IPD caused by specific NVTs did not differ appreciably between risk groups in the postvaccination period. Serotype replacement offset a greater proportion of the benefit of PCVs in strata in which the NVTs comprised a larger proportion of cases prior to the introduction of the vaccines. CONCLUSIONS These findings could help to predict the impact of next-generation PCVs in specific risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Weinberger
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joshua L Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tine Dalby
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eugene D Shapiro
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Hans-Christian Slotved
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zitta Barrella Harboe
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
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14
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Knuutila A, Dalby T, Barkoff AM, Jørgensen CS, Fuursted K, Mertsola J, Markey K, He Q. Differences in epitope-specific antibodies to pertussis toxin after infection and acellular vaccinations. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1161. [PMID: 32765879 PMCID: PMC7396262 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pertussis toxin (PT) is a component of all acellular pertussis vaccines. PT must be detoxified to be included in acellular vaccines, which results in conformational changes in the functional epitopes of PTs. Therefore, induced epitope‐specific antibodies to PT may vary after vaccinations or natural infections, and this information could reveal biomarkers implicated for protection and successful immunisation. Methods Pertussis toxin epitope‐specific antibodies in sera from 152 vaccinated children and 72 serologically confirmed patients were tested with a blocking ELISA, based on monoclonal antibodies that target protective PT epitopes. Results All study groups induced considerable antibody titres to subunit 1 (S1). Of interest, S3 7E10‐specific antibodies were present in patients, but not after vaccinations (P < 0.001). The impact of glutaraldehyde treatment of PT was visible on epitope 1D7 (S1), whereas epitopes 1B7 (S1) and 10D (S1) were more preserved. Antibodies to these epitopes were higher after three primary vaccine doses than after a single booster dose. Conclusion The high amount of 7E10‐specific antibodies in patients suggests this epitope might be functionally relevant in protection. The overall characteristics of epitope‐specific antibodies are influenced by infection or vaccination background, by the used detoxification method of PT and by the amount of the toxin used in immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Kevin Markey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Potters Bar UK
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku Turku Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology Capital Medical University Beijing China
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15
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Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, Pierard D, Dalby T, Hoegh SV, Guillot S, Stefanelli P, van Gent M, Berbers G, Vestrheim D, Greve-Isdahl M, Wehlin L, Ljungman M, Fry NK, Markey K, He Q. Pertactin-deficient Bordetella pertussis isolates: evidence of increased circulation in Europe, 1998 to 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30782265 PMCID: PMC6381657 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.7.1700832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Pertussis outbreaks have occurred in several industrialised countries using acellular pertussis vaccines (ACVs) since the 1990s. High prevalence of pertactin (PRN)-deficient Bordetella pertussis isolates has been found in these countries. Aims To evaluate in Europe: (i) whether proportions of PRN-deficient strains increased in consecutive collections of B. pertussis clinical isolates; (ii) if the frequency of PRN-deficient strains in countries correlated with the time since ACV introduction; (iii) the presence of pertussis toxin (PT)-, filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA)- or fimbriae (Fim)-deficient isolates. Methods B. pertussis clinical isolates were obtained from different European countries during four periods (EUpert I–IV studies): 1998 to 2001 (n = 102), 2004 to 2005 (n = 154), 2007 to 2009 (n = 140) and 2012 to 2015 (n = 265). The isolates’ selection criteria remained unchanged in all periods. PRN, PT, FHA and Fim2 and Fim3 expression were assessed by ELISA. Results In each period 1.0% (1/102), 1.9% (3/154), 6.4% (9/140) and 24.9% (66/265) of isolates were PRN-deficient. In EUpert IV, PRN-deficient isolates occurred in all countries sampled and in six countries their frequency was higher than in EUpert III (for Sweden and the United Kingdom, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0155, respectively). Sweden and Italy which used ACVs since the mid 1990s had the highest frequencies (69%; 20/29 and 55%; 11/20, respectively) while Finland, where primary immunisations with ACV containing PRN dated from 2009 had the lowest (3.6%). Throughout the study, no PT- or FHA-deficient isolate and one Fim2/3-deficient was detected. Conclusion Results suggest that the longer the period since the introduction of ACVs containing PRN, the higher the frequency of circulating PRN-deficient isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Denis Pierard
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Preparedness - Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silje Vermedal Hoegh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense, University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sophie Guillot
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence de la Coqueluche et autres Bordetelloses, Paris, France
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marjolein van Gent
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Guy Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Didrik Vestrheim
- Department of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margrethe Greve-Isdahl
- Department of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena Wehlin
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Norman K Fry
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Markey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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16
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Raeven RHM, van der Maas L, Pennings JLA, Fuursted K, Jørgensen CS, van Riet E, Metz B, Kersten GFA, Dalby T. Antibody Specificity Following a Recent Bordetella pertussis Infection in Adolescence Is Correlated With the Pertussis Vaccine Received in Childhood. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1364. [PMID: 31275314 PMCID: PMC6592373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella (B.) pertussis resurgence affects not only the unvaccinated, but also the vaccinated population. Different vaccines are available, however, it is currently unknown whether the type of childhood vaccination has an influence on antibody responses following a B. pertussis infection later in life. Therefore, the study aim was to profile serum antibody responses in young adults with suspected B. pertussis infections, immunized during childhood with either whole-cell (wPV) or monocomponent acellular pertussis (aPV) vaccines. Serum anti-pertussis toxin (PTx) IgG antibody levels served as an indicator for a recent B. pertussis infection. Leftover sera from a diagnostic laboratory from 36 Danish individuals were included and divided into four groups based on immunization background (aPV vs. wPV) and serum anti-PTx IgG levels (– vs. +). Pertussis-specific IgG/IgA antibody levels and antigen specificity were determined by using multiplex immunoassays (MIA), one- and two-dimensional immunoblotting (1 & 2DEWB), and mass spectrometry. Besides enhanced anti-PTx levels, wPV(+) and aPV(+) groups showed increased IgG and IgA levels against pertactin, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae 2/3, and pertussis outer membrane vesicles (OMV). In the wPV(–) and aPV(–) groups, only low levels of anti-OMV antibodies were detected. 1DEWB demonstrated that antibody patterns differed between groups but also between individuals with the same immunization background and anti-PTx levels. 2DWB analysis for serum IgG revealed 133 immunogenic antigens of which 40 were significantly different between groups allowing to differentiate wPV(+) and aPV(+) groups. Similarly, for serum IgA, 7 of 47 immunogenic protein spots were significantly different. This study demonstrated that B. pertussis infection-induced antibody responses were distinct on antigen level between individuals with either wPV or aPV immunization background. Importantly, only 2DEWB and not MIA could detect these differences indicating the potential of this method. Moreover, in individuals immunized with an aPV containing only PTx in childhood, the infection-induced antibody responses were not limited to PTx alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H M Raeven
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Kurt Fuursted
- Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elly van Riet
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Dalby T, Rasmussen E, Schiellerup P, Krogfelt KA. Development of an LPS-based ELISA for diagnosis of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 infections in Danish patients: a follow-up study. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:125. [PMID: 28545413 PMCID: PMC5445397 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica causes gastroenteritis in humans. The study aimed to develop a diagnostic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS antibodies in sera from Danish patients with suspected Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 gastrointestinal infection. As a part of this, antibody decay profiles after culture confirmed Yersinia enteritis were studied. RESULTS An ELISA using Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS as the coating antigen was developed for measuring IgA, IgG and IgM specific antibodies. A longitudinal collection of 220 sera drawn between 20 and 1053 days after onset of symptoms from 85 adult Danish patients with verified Yersinia enteritis were examined. A control group of 100 sera from healthy Danish blood-donors were analysed in order to determine the cut-off for interpretation of results. Serum samples from 62 out of 81 patients who delivered either the first or the second sample were found positive for specific antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS (77%). For samples collected within 60 days after onset of symptoms (n = 48) sensitivities of 58%, 42% and 79% for IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies were found. A sensitivity of 81% was found for these samples when using the definition of a positive result in either IgA, IgG or IgM as a combined positive. All samples received up to 36 days after onset of symptoms (n = 10) were found to be positive using this definition. For the period 61 to 90 days after onset of symptoms (n = 32), a combined sensitivity of 63% was found. The antibody levels as well as decay profiles for the three different immunoglobulin classes for the individual patients exhibited a large degree of variation. CONCLUSIONS Using a definition of positive as a positive result for either IgA, IgG or IgM antibodies, a diagnostic sensitivity of 81% was achieved for samples received within 60 days after onset of symptoms. In particular, the levels of specific IgM antibodies were elevated. In comparison, the standard tube-agglutination assay achieved a sensitivity of 60% on the same samples. The sensitivity of the ELISA decreased the longer the duration of time since onset of symptoms. The ELISA was highly specific for Yersinia when testing sera from individuals with confirmed gastrointestinal infections by other bacteria. Moreover, the knowledge gained from this longitudinal study of antibody decay profiles can be used in future epidemiological studies of seroprevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Dalby
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Eva Rasmussen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Peter Schiellerup
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
We describe incidence and age distribution of laboratory-confirmed pertussis in Denmark from 1995 to 2013. Notification has been mandatory since 2007. Since 1997, an acellular monocomponent vaccine has been used. The latest epidemic occurred in 2002 with an incidence of 36 per 100,000; since 1995, only six infant deaths have been recorded. The inter-epidemic incidence lies below 10 per 100,000. In 1995, the mean age of confirmed cases was 9.2 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.9–10.5; median: 5.1), this gradually increased to 23.9 years in 2013 (95% CI: 22.0–25.8; median: 15.7). In 1995, 14% of laboratory-confirmed cases were 20 years and older, 43% in 2013. In the study period, the highest incidence among children was among those younger than one year with incidences between 84 and 331 per 100,000 in inter-epidemic periods (mean: 161/100,000) and 435 for the epidemic in 2002. After introduction of a preschool booster in 2003, the highest incidence among children one year and older changed gradually from three to five-year-olds in 2003 to 12 to 14-year-olds in 2013. In 2013, PCR was the primary method used for laboratory-diagnosis of pertussis in Denmark, while serology was the method with the highest percentage of positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Microbiology and Infection Control, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Slotved HC, Dalby T, Harboe ZB, Valentiner-Branth P, Casadevante VFD, Espenhain L, Fuursted K, Konradsen HB. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal serotype 3 disease in the Danish population is not reduced by PCV-13 vaccination. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00198. [PMID: 27957553 PMCID: PMC5133732 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, Denmark has included the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV-13) in the childhood immunization programme. However, serotype 3 remains as an important cause of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Denmark. IPD surveillance data (1999-2016) was used to calculate the incidence and age-distribution of serotype 3 IPD, and the effect of PCV-13 on serotype 3 IPD incidence was examined. The incidence of serotype 3 IPD in the age group below 65 years was 0.51/100,000 pre PCV-13, and 0.45/100,000 post PCV-13. In the group 0-4 years, serotype 3 IPD incidence was 0.28/100,000 pre PCV-13, and 0.16/100,000 post PCV-13. Serotype 3 IPD incidence in the elderly showed a mean of 4.27/100,000 pre PCV-13, and 4.32/100,000 post PCV-13. PCV-13 childhood immunization in Denmark has not lead to a reduction of the incidence of IPD caused by serotype 3. The reason behind this missing effect needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Slotved
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Dalby
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zitta Barrella Harboe
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Laura Espenhain
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Fuursted
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Bossen Konradsen
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Slotved HC, Dalby T, Hoffmann S. The effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by ten non-vaccine serotypes in Denmark. Vaccine 2016; 34:769-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Slotved HC, Dalby T, Hoffmann S. Multilocus sequence types of invasive pneumococcal isolates from Danish infants (0-90 days) 2003-2013. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:563. [PMID: 26467543 PMCID: PMC4606476 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been part of the Danish childhood immunization programme since October 2007. It is administered at the ages of 3, 5 and 12 months and healthy infants younger than 90 days are consequently not vaccinated. Initially the PCV-7 vaccine was used but this was replaced by the PCV-13 in April 2010. Vaccination coverage in Denmark is approximately 90 %.The aim of this study was to present multilocus sequence typing (MLST) profiles of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Danish infants (0–90 days) with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the period 2003–2013. Findings 32 IPD isolates were investigated for their MLST profiles. The identified sequence types (STs) had previously been observed in other European countries. Among the clones were ST 306 (serotype 1), ST 180 (serotype 3) and ST 191 (serotype 7F). Conclusions The ST profile distribution in this study is similar to that observed in other European studies and show a variety of STs. Our data show that the majority of STs found in Denmark is also observed in other European countries, indicating that the IPD isolates were from clones generally circulating in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Slotved
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tine Dalby
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Steen Hoffmann
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Tan T, Dalby T, Forsyth K, Halperin SA, Heininger U, Hozbor D, Plotkin S, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Wirsing von König CH. Pertussis Across the Globe: Recent Epidemiologic Trends From 2000 to 2013. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:e222-32. [PMID: 26376316 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis has reemerged as a problem across the world. To better understand the nature of the resurgence, we reviewed recent epidemiologic data and we report disease trends from across the world. Published epidemiologic data from January 2000 to July 2013 were obtained via PubMed searches and open-access websites. Data on vaccine coverage and reported pertussis cases from 2000 through 2012 from the 6 World Health Organization regions were also reviewed. Findings are confounded not only by the lack of systematic and comparable observations in many areas of the world but also by the cyclic nature of pertussis with peaks occurring every 3-5 years. It appears that pertussis incidence has increased in school-age children in North America and western Europe, where acellular pertussis vaccines are used, but an increase has also occurred in some countries that use whole-cell vaccines. Worldwide, pertussis remains a serious health concern, especially for infants, who bear the greatest disease burden. Factors that may contribute to the resurgence include lack of booster immunizations, low vaccine coverage, improved diagnostic methods, and genetic changes in the organism. To better understand the epidemiology of pertussis and optimize disease control, it is important to improve surveillance worldwide, irrespective of pertussis vaccine types and schedules used in each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tan
- *Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; †Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; ‡Department of Pediatrics, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; §Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; ¶Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; ‖Department of Pediatrics, Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Argentina; **Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; ††Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños de Costa Rica "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera," San José, Costa Rica; and ‡‡Labor:Medizin Krefeld MVZ, Krefeld, Germany
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van Gent M, Heuvelman CJ, van der Heide HG, Hallander HO, Advani A, Guiso N, Wirsing von Kőnig CH, Vestrheim DF, Dalby T, Fry NK, Pierard D, Detemmerman L, Zavadilova J, Fabianova K, Logan C, Habington A, Byrne M, Lutyńska A, Mosiej E, Pelaz C, Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela K, Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, Economopoulou A, He Q, Mooi FR. Analysis of Bordetella pertussis clinical isolates circulating in European countries during the period 1998-2012. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:821-30. [PMID: 25527446 PMCID: PMC4365279 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite more than 50 years of vaccination, pertussis is still an endemic disease, with regular epidemic outbreaks. With the exception of Poland, European countries have replaced whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) by acellular vaccines (ACVs) in the 1990s. Worldwide, antigenic divergence in vaccine antigens has been found between vaccine strains and circulating strains. In this work, 466 Bordetella pertussis isolates collected in the period 1998–2012 from 13 European countries were characterised by multi-locus antigen sequence typing (MAST) of the pertussis toxin promoter (ptxP) and of the genes coding for proteins used in the ACVs: pertussis toxin (Ptx), pertactin (Prn), type 2 fimbriae (Fim2) and type 3 fimbriae (Fim3). Isolates were further characterised by fimbrial serotyping, multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results showed a very similar B. pertussis population for 12 countries using ACVs, while Poland, which uses a WCV, was quite distinct, suggesting that ACVs and WCVs select for different B. pertussis populations. This study forms a baseline for future studies on the effect of vaccination programmes on B. pertussis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Gent
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands,
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Slotved HC, Dalby T, Hoffmann S. Invasive pneumococcal isolates from Danish infants (0 - 90 Days) during the years 1943 to 2013. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106180. [PMID: 25157997 PMCID: PMC4144964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) was introduced in the Danish childhood immunization program (at 3, 5 and 12 months of age) in 2007 and was replaced with PCV-13 in 2010 without changes to the schedule. After the introduction of these vaccines the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) due to vaccine types (VTs) declined markedly in children aged 0–2 years; however, cases among infants too young to be protected by vaccination have not been studied in detail. We present data on IPD in infants less than 90 days from 1943 until 2013. Study design The study included all infants younger than 90 days born from 1943 through 2013, who had not been PCV vaccinated and from whom a pneumococcus isolate from blood or cerebrospinal fluid had been submitted to the Danish national reference laboratory. All isolates were serotyped using Pneumotest Latex and Quellung reaction. Results A total of 216 IPD cases were identified. The age group specific incidence (total number of IPD cases per 100,000 live births) varied from 0 to 16 in the period 1943 to 2007 and from 1.7 to 9.2 in the period 2008 to 2013. IPD cases due to PCV-7 serotypes were not observed later than 2009. Conclusion In Danish infants younger than 90 days, IPD due to PCV-7 serotypes has decreased and has not been observed since 2009, but the total incidence of IPD has not changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Slotved
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory (NSRlab), Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Tine Dalby
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory (NSRlab), Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Hoffmann
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory (NSRlab), Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zeddeman A, van Gent M, Heuvelman CJ, van der Heide HG, Bart MJ, Advani A, Hallander HO, Wirsing von Konig CH, Riffelman M, Storsaeter J, Vestrheim DF, Dalby T, Krogfelt KA, Fry NK, Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, He Q, Mooi F. Investigations into the emergence of pertactin-deficient Bordetella pertussis isolates in six European countries, 1996 to 2012. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25166348 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.33.20881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen adaptation has been proposed to contribute to the resurgence of pertussis. A striking recent example is the emergence of isolates deficient in the vaccine component pertactin (Prn). This study explores the emergence of such Prn-deficient isolates in six European countries. During 2007 to 2009, 0/83 isolates from the Netherlands, 0/18 from the United Kingdom, 0/17 Finland, 0/23 Denmark, 4/99 Sweden and 5/20 from Norway of the isolates collected were Prn-deficient. In the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively 4/146 and 1/8 were observed in a later period (2010–12). The Prn-deficient isolates were genetically diverse and different mutations were found to inactivate the prn gene. These are indications that Prn-deficiency is subject to positive selective pressure. We hypothesise that the switch from whole cell to acellular pertussis vaccines has affected the balance between ‘costs and benefits’ of Prn production by Bordetella pertussis to the extent that isolates that do not produce Prn are able to expand. The absence of Prn-deficient isolates in some countries may point to ways to prevent or delay the spread of Prn-deficient strains. In order to substantiate this hypothesis, trends in the European B. pertussis population should be monitored continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zeddeman
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
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26
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Harboe ZB, Dalby T, Weinberger DM, Benfield T, Mølbak K, Slotved HC, Suppli CH, Konradsen HB, Valentiner-Branth P. Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in invasive pneumococcal disease incidence and mortality. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1066-73. [PMID: 25034421 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) at the population level is unclear. We explored PCV13's effect in reducing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD)-related morbidity and mortality, and whether serotype-specific changes were attributable to vaccination or expected as a part of natural, cyclical variations. METHODS This was a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study based on the linkage of laboratory surveillance data and the Danish Civil Registration System. Changes in IPD incidence and mortality during baseline (2000-2007), 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) (2008-2010), and PCV13 (2011-2013) periods were estimated. Predicted incidences of serotypes were estimated controlling for cyclical trends from historical patterns observed during the past 20 years. RESULTS We observed a 21% reduction (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%-25%) in IPD incidence in the total population after PCV13's introduction, and a 71% reduction (95% CI, 62%-79%) in children aged <2 years, considered as the vaccine effectiveness. We estimated a 28% reduction (95% CI, 18%-37%) in IPD-related 30-day mortality, from 3.4 deaths (95% CI, 3.2-3.6) per 100 000 population in the pre-PCV period to 2.4 (95% CI, 2.2-2.7) in the PCV13 period. The decline in mortality was observed across all age groups but was mainly related to mortality reductions in the nonvaccinated population. For serotypes 1 and 3, there were no significant changes in incidence beyond what would be expected from natural cyclical patterns. Serotype 19A significantly increased following PCV7's introduction, but the incidence declined toward baseline in 2012. CONCLUSIONS PCV13 has brought greater benefits than we had expected in our setting. We observed a further decline on IPD incidence shortly after the shift from PCV7 to PCV13 in the national immunization program. This decline was accompanied by a substantial population-level decline in pneumococcal-related mortality of nearly 30% among nonvaccinated persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitta Barrella Harboe
- National Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Tine Dalby
- National Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut
| | - Daniel M Weinberger
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Slotved
- National Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut
| | - Camilla H Suppli
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Bossen Konradsen
- National Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut
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Bart MJ, Harris SR, Advani A, Arakawa Y, Bottero D, Bouchez V, Cassiday PK, Chiang CS, Dalby T, Fry NK, Gaillard ME, van Gent M, Guiso N, Hallander HO, Harvill ET, He Q, van der Heide HGJ, Heuvelman K, Hozbor DF, Kamachi K, Karataev GI, Lan R, Lutyńska A, Maharjan RP, Mertsola J, Miyamura T, Octavia S, Preston A, Quail MA, Sintchenko V, Stefanelli P, Tondella ML, Tsang RSW, Xu Y, Yao SM, Zhang S, Parkhill J, Mooi FR. Global population structure and evolution of Bordetella pertussis and their relationship with vaccination. mBio 2014; 5:e01074. [PMID: 24757216 PMCID: PMC3994516 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01074-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis, a respiratory disease that is most severe for infants. Vaccination was introduced in the 1950s, and in recent years, a resurgence of disease was observed worldwide, with significant mortality in infants. Possible causes for this include the switch from whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) to less effective acellular vaccines (ACVs), waning immunity, and pathogen adaptation. Pathogen adaptation is suggested by antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and circulating strains and by the emergence of strains with increased pertussis toxin production. We applied comparative genomics to a worldwide collection of 343 B. pertussis strains isolated between 1920 and 2010. The global phylogeny showed two deep branches; the largest of these contained 98% of all strains, and its expansion correlated temporally with the first descriptions of pertussis outbreaks in Europe in the 16th century. We found little evidence of recent geographical clustering of the strains within this lineage, suggesting rapid strain flow between countries. We observed that changes in genes encoding proteins implicated in protective immunity that are included in ACVs occurred after the introduction of WCVs but before the switch to ACVs. Furthermore, our analyses consistently suggested that virulence-associated genes and genes coding for surface-exposed proteins were involved in adaptation. However, many of the putative adaptive loci identified have a physiological role, and further studies of these loci may reveal less obvious ways in which B. pertussis and the host interact. This work provides insight into ways in which pathogens may adapt to vaccination and suggests ways to improve pertussis vaccines. IMPORTANCE Whooping cough is mainly caused by Bordetella pertussis, and current vaccines are targeted against this organism. Recently, there have been increasing outbreaks of whooping cough, even where vaccine coverage is high. Analysis of the genomes of 343 B. pertussis isolates from around the world over the last 100 years suggests that the organism has emerged within the last 500 years, consistent with historical records. We show that global transmission of new strains is very rapid and that the worldwide population of B. pertussis is evolving in response to vaccine introduction, potentially enabling vaccine escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon R. Harris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abdolreza Advani
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Daniela Bottero
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Pamela K. Cassiday
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Tine Dalby
- Microbiology & Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Norman K. Fry
- Public Health England—Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - María Emilia Gaillard
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marjolein van Gent
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans O. Hallander
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Han G. J. van der Heide
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Heuvelman
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela F. Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Kazunari Kamachi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gennady I. Karataev
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna Lutyńska
- National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ram P. Maharjan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Preston
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Quail
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Lucia Tondella
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Raymond S. W. Tsang
- Laboratory for Syphilis Diagnostics and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yinghua Xu
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Man Yao
- Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, Republic of China
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Reduced genetic diversity possibly resulted from introduction of pertussis vaccines We used multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and multiple antigen sequence typing to characterize isolates of Bordetella pertussis strains circulating in Denmark during periods with and without pertussis vaccination coverage. Our results show substantial shifts in the B. pertussis population over time and a reduction in genetic diversity. These changes might have resulted from the introduction of pertussis vaccines in Denmark and other parts of Europe. The predominant strains currently circulating in Denmark resemble those in other European countries.
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Kuhn KG, Falkenhorst G, Ceper T, Dalby T, Ethelberg S, Mølbak K, Krogfelt KA. Detection of antibodies to Campylobacter in humans using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays: a review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 74:113-8. [PMID: 22795964 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the European Union and the United States. Infection with Campylobacter spp. is frequently associated with different sequelae including neuropathies and reactive arthritis. Diagnosis is mainly by bacterial culturing which is time consuming, expensive, and not well suited for diagnosing sequelae or identifying infections from stool samples with nonviable bacteria. Serologic assays, in particular ELISAs, are well suited for this purpose, but, at present, there is no international consensus on antibody assays for human campylobacteriosis. In an extensive literature review, 19 studies validating such assays were identified of which 13 were more than 10 years old. We conclude that the best validated of these assays are developed and used in-house for research purposes rather than for routine diagnostics. Considering the burden of disease and potential long-term severity of Campylobacter infections, developing a standardized, commercially available antibody assay could be of great benefit for diagnostic and surveillance purposes worldwide.
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Thierry-Carstensen B, Jordan K, Uhlving HH, Dalby T, Sørensen C, Jensen AM, Heilmann C. A randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority clinical trial on the safety and immunogenicity of a tetanus, diphtheria and monocomponent acellular pertussis (TdaP) vaccine in comparison to a tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccine when given as booster vaccinations to healthy adults. Vaccine 2012; 30:5464-71. [PMID: 22776216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing incidence of pertussis in adolescents and adults has stimulated the development of safe and immunogenic acellular pertussis vaccines for booster vaccination of adolescents and adults. PURPOSE To obtain clinical documentation of the safety and immunogenicity of a tetanus, diphtheria and monocomponent acellular pertussis combination vaccine (TdaP), when given as a booster vaccination to adults. METHODS The trial was double-blind, controlled and randomised. 802 healthy adults, aged 18-55 years who had completed childhood vaccination with diphtheria, tetanus and whole cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP), were booster vaccinated with TdaP or Td. Blood samples were taken before and one month after the vaccination for serological analysis and adverse events were recorded during the one-month-follow-up period. RESULTS The monocomponent acellular pertussis vaccine (aP) in the TdaP vaccine was immunogenic in adults with 92.0% of TdaP vaccinated subjects obtaining an anti-pertussis toxin (anti-PT) antibody booster response. TdaP was non-inferior to Td in eliciting seroprotective anti-tetanus and diphtheria antibody concentrations with more than 98% of subjects obtaining post-vaccination seroprotective concentrations (≥ 0.1 IU/mL). T and d booster response rates were 93.0% and 97.5%, respectively. The frequencies of solicited local adverse reactions were low and comparable between TdaP and Td vaccinees. In the TdaP group, 30.7% reported pain, 4.2% swelling and 2.0% erythema at the injection site. The most frequent solicited general symptoms were headache (20.4%), fatigue (17.0%) and myalgia (10.0%). In the Td group, 35.7% reported pain, 2.5% swelling and 3.2% erythema at the injection site, whereas headache, fatigue and myalgia were reported by 15.7%, 14.5% and 12.5%, respectively. In conclusion, TdaP Vaccine SSI was safe and immunogenic when given as a booster vaccination to adults.
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Kuhn KG, Falkenhorst G, Ceper TH, Dalby T, Ethelberg S, Mølbak K, Krogfelt KA. Detecting non-typhoid Salmonella in humans by ELISAs: a literature review. J Med Microbiol 2011; 61:1-7. [PMID: 22034162 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.034447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoid salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness throughout the world. Serological methods for the diagnosis of Salmonella infections vary widely and the most commonly used test is limited by high running costs as well as low sensitivity and specificity. Fast and reliable immunoassays which detect subunit antigens for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi are commercially available but at present there is no international consensus on similar tests for non-typhoid salmonellosis. In contrast to the veterinary and food sectors, most immunoassays for non-typhoid human Salmonella diagnosis are developed in-house and used in-house for research or surveillance purposes, rather than for routine diagnostics. Considering the current burden of disease, the development of a validated and standardized, commercially available antibody assay for diagnosing non-typhoid human salmonellosis could be of great benefit for diagnostic and surveillance purposes throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Kuhn
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Falkenhorst
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T H Ceper
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Dalby
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Ethelberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Mølbak
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K A Krogfelt
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dalby T, Harboe ZB, Krogfelt KA. Seroprevalence of pertussis among Danish patients with cough of unknown etiology. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17:2016-23. [PMID: 20926698 PMCID: PMC3008190 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00270-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The common perception that pertussis is only a childhood disease is not correct. Vaccination or infection with Bordetella pertussis provides only short-lived protection against pertussis-and the majority of the population is consequently at risk of contracting pertussis. We evaluated the seroprevalence of pertussis antibodies (IgG against pertussis toxin) in serum samples from 265 Danish patients, aged 8 years and older, with coughs of unknown etiology. Depending on the cutoff chosen, we found that 2.6% to 10.9% of these patients were seropositive for pertussis. Of 178 patients with a reported duration of cough between 2 weeks and 3 months, 3.4% to 12.4% were seropositive for pertussis, indicating recent infection. Our study indicates that B. pertussis infection may be underdiagnosed among older children and adults with coughs in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Dalby
- Department of Microbiologic Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 45-305, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Abstract
Dalby T, Sørensen C, Petersen JW, Krogfelt KA. Pertussis serology: assessment of IgG anti-PT ELISA for replacement of the CHO cell assay. APMIS 2010; 118: 968–72. Two types of serological assays are commonly used for the assessment of pertussis vaccine-induced antibodies; the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO cell) assay and the immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti pertussis toxin (PT) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgG anti-PT ELISA). Recently, both the techniques have been modified to improve performance with sera with interfering activity (CHO cell assay) or with heat-treated sera (IgG anti-PT ELISA). These two improved techniques were compared by the analysis of 100 individual serum samples from a previous clinical trial and 213 sera from a longitudinal serum collection from 20 Danish adults recently vaccinated with the Danish acellular pertussis vaccine. The comparison showed a significant linear correlation between the results of the two assays with a p-value of <0.0001 for the 100 individual samples. We, therefore, conclude that the improved IgG anti-PT ELISA can be used as a replacement for the often troublesome and time-consuming CHO cell assay for the measurement of vaccine-induced human antibodies to PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Dalby
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dalby T, Petersen JW, Harboe ZB, Krogfelt KA. Antibody responses to pertussis toxin display different kinetics after clinical Bordetella pertussis infection than after vaccination with an acellular pertussis vaccine. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:1029-1036. [PMID: 20508003 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.020826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of IgG anti-pertussis toxin (IgG anti-PT) antibodies by ELISA is a frequently used method for studying the antibody responses after pertussis vaccination and after Bordetella pertussis infection. Such responses vary according to the different vaccines used as well as to the immunization and infection history of the participants. In the present study, the decay kinetics of the IgG anti-PT antibody response was determined for 71 Danish children and adults with bacteriologically confirmed B. pertussis infection and for 20 Danish adults booster-vaccinated with an acellular pertussis vaccine. For both groups, biphasic decay was seen, but the individual antibody responses varied greatly. No differences related to age were seen. Within each group, individual decay profiles showed parallel log-linear decay for the late part of the response. Antibody half-life was calculated for the late, slower part of the biphasic response curves for both groups (>5 months after diagnosis for individuals with confirmed infection; >3 months for vaccinated individuals). The median half-life for post-infection antibodies was 221 days [interquartile range (IQR) 159-314 days, 36 individuals], and the median half-life for post-vaccination antibodies was 508 days (IQR 428-616 days, 14 individuals). This difference was statistically significant (P<0.0001). Thus, in this setting, we found that the IgG anti-PT antibody decay after an infection with B. pertussis is more than twice as fast as the decay after booster vaccination with an acellular pertussis vaccine. Such knowledge of the IgG anti-PT decay kinetics is crucial for interpretation of serological data that will be used either for diagnosis or for epidemiological studies and surveillance of B. pertussis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Dalby
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Zitta B Harboe
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dalby T, Seier-Petersen M, Kristiansen MP, Harboe ZB, Krogfelt KA. Problem solved: a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of human antibodies to pertussis toxin eliminates false-positive results occurring at analysis of heat-treated sera. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 63:354-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jacobson BF, Schapkaitz E, Haas S, Dalby T, Mer M, Patel M, Middlemost S, Munster M, Adler D, Alli N, Buller H. Maintenance of warfarin therapy at an anticoagulation clinic. S Afr Med J 2007; 97:1259-1265. [PMID: 18271119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
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Ang CW, Krogfelt K, Herbrink P, Keijser J, van Pelt W, Dalby T, Kuijf M, Jacobs BC, Bergman MP, Schiellerup P, Visser CE. Validation of an ELISA for the diagnosis of recent Campylobacter infections in Guillain–Barré and reactive arthritis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:915-22. [PMID: 17608745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Weeks or months following Campylobacter infection, a small proportion of infected individuals develop Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or reactive arthritis (ReA). Stool culture for Campylobacter is often negative in these patients, and serology is therefore the method of choice for diagnosing a recent infection with Campylobacter. This study developed a capture ELISA system to detect anti-Campylobacter IgA and IgM antibodies indicative of a recent infection. The sensitivity of the assay was 82.0% in uncomplicated Campylobacter enteritis patients, 96.2% in GBS patients who were culture-positive for Campylobacter, and 93.1% in culture-positive ReA patients, with a specificity of 93.0%. The assay allows identification of Campylobacter infection in patients with post-infectious neurological and rheumatological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Reinier de Graad Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Strid MA, Dalby T, Mølbak K, Krogfelt KA. Kinetics of the human antibody response against Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium determined by lipopolysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:741-7. [PMID: 17329442 PMCID: PMC1951089 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00192-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were employed to measure levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies against Salmonella in sera from 303 Danish patients diagnosed by fecal culture with either Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infections. The ELISAs were based on serovar Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serovar Typhimurium LPS. The antibody levels were assessed approximately 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the onset of salmonellosis. Sera from 164 healthy blood donors were analyzed to establish cutoff values for each analysis. One month after the onset of symptoms, the sensitivities of the assays were 95% for patients recovering from a serovar Enteritidis infection and 89% for patients recovering from a serovar Typhimurium infection. Three months after the onset of symptoms, these values had decreased to 85% and 55%. At 6 months they were 62% and 40%, and at 12 months they were 40% and 16%, respectively. The specificities of the assays were 97% for the serovar Enteritidis LPS ELISA and 94% for the serovar Typhimurium LPS ELISA. The high values for both sensitivity and specificity make these two ELISAs useful for serodiagnoses of Salmonella infection shortly after the acute phase of the infection and of Salmonella-associated reactive arthritis, as well as for seroepidemiological studies. A mixed ELISA consisting of both antigens, i.e., serovar Enteritidis and serovar Typhimurium LPS, was developed as a diagnostic tool with very high values for both specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette A Strid
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Infections, Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Dalby T, Strid MA, Beyer NH, Blom J, Mølbak K, Krogfelt KA. Erratum to “Rapid decay of Salmonella flagella antibodies during human gastroenteritis: A follow up study” [J. Microbiol. Methods 62 (2005) 233–243]. J Microbiol Methods 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Dalby T, Strid MA, Beyer NH, Blom J, Mølbak K, Krogfelt KA. Rapid decay of Salmonella flagella antibodies during human gastroenteritis: a follow up study. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 62:233-43. [PMID: 16009280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on Salmonella re-polymerized flagella was employed to measure levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IgA antibodies in sera from 303 Danish patients diagnosed with either Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium. The antibody-levels were assessed at one, three and six months after onset of salmonellosis, and sera from a control-group of 170 healthy blood donors were additionally analysed in order to establish cut-off values for the analysis. Cross-reactions to other Salmonella serotypes, as well as to Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Helicobacter pylori were observed. At one month after onset of symptoms, 70% of the patients recovering from a S. enteritidis infection carried detectable levels of anti-flagella antibodies, as did 77% of the patients recovering from S. typhimurium infection. Three months after onset of symptoms these detection rates had decreased to 46% and 40%; and six months after onset of symptoms the detection rates were 34% and 38%. This rapid decrease in the serum levels of flagella antibodies is in conflict with the "common knowledge" statement of a long-lasting anti-flagella immunoresponse. The present study suggests that such a tenacious statement is (or may be) inaccurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Dalby
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Infections, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark
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Grønbaek K, Dalby T, Zeuthen J, Ralfkiaer E, Guidberg P. The V410I (G1228A) variant of the caspase-10 gene is a common polymorphism of the Danish population. Blood 2000; 95:2184-5. [PMID: 10755819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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Doubell A, Dalby T. From the desk of the President of the South African Heart Association. Cardiovasc J S Afr 2000; 11:5. [PMID: 11447459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Dalby T, Care CM. Rosenbluth chain cluster growth in the study of micelle self-assembly. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 59:6152-60. [PMID: 11969600 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.59.6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1998] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
A Rosenbluth algorithm [J. Chem. Phys. 23, 356 (1955)] for enumerating clusters of chains is presented. The method is used to undertake a direct enumeration of the cluster partition function for small clusters in a three-dimensional lattice model of a binary mixture of amphiphile and solvent. In this model, the amphiphiles are represented as connected chains on a lattice, with vacant sites representing the solvent. The results from the Rosenbluth method are compared with those obtained by Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations which allow free self-assembly of clusters. The agreement between the two methods allows an unambiguous identification of the packing entropy associated with micelle self-assembly. Results are presented for unbranched chains having two head and four tail segments (H2T4) and also four head and four tail segments (H4T4). Although the cluster enumeration method described in this paper has been developed for micellar systems, it will have applications in a variety of areas including nucleation and percolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dalby
- Materials Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Pond Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
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Nordentoft EL, Dalby T, Petersen EA. [Traffic accidents in children]. Ugeskr Laeger 1973; 135:141-8. [PMID: 4685050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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