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Vasquez-Martínez N, Guillen D, Andrea Moreno-Mendieta S, Medina-Granados P, Guadalupe Casañas-Pimentel R, San Martín-Martínez E, Ángel Morales M, Sanchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. In vivo tracing of immunostimulatory raw starch microparticles after mucosal administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:96-106. [PMID: 37094693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Raw starch microparticles (SMPs) proved efficient antigen carriers with adjuvant properties when administered via the mucosal route; however, the underlying mechanisms associated with this bioactivity are unknown. In the present study, we explored the mucoadhesion properties, fate, and toxicity of starch microparticles after mucosal administration. Nasally administered microparticles were mainly retained in nasal turbinates, reaching the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue; this step is facilitated by the ability of the microparticles to penetrate through the mucous epithelium. Likewise, we found intraduodenally administered SMPs on the small intestinal villi, follicle-associated epithelium, and Peyer's patches. Furthermore, under simulated gastric and intestinal pH conditions, we detected mucoadhesion between the SMPs and mucins, regardless of microparticle swelling. SMPs' mucoadhesion and translocation to mucosal immune responses induction sites explain the previously reported role of these microparticles as vaccine adjuvants and immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Vasquez-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito de Posgrado, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, CDMX, México.
| | - Daniel Guillen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Silvia Andrea Moreno-Mendieta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT).
| | - Pedro Medina-Granados
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Rocío Guadalupe Casañas-Pimentel
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Calzada Legaria 694, Irrigación, Miguel Hidalgo, 11500, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Eduardo San Martín-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Calzada Legaria 694, Irrigación, Miguel Hidalgo, 11500, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Miguel Ángel Morales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Sergio Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Romano M, Squeglia F, Kramarska E, Barra G, Choi HG, Kim HJ, Ruggiero A, Berisio R. A Structural View at Vaccine Development against M. tuberculosis. Cells 2023; 12:317. [PMID: 36672252 PMCID: PMC9857197 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading global cause of death from an infectious bacterial agent. Limiting tuberculosis epidemic spread is therefore an urgent global public health priority. As stated by the WHO, to stop the spread of the disease we need a new vaccine, with better coverage than the current Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine. This vaccine was first used in 1921 and, since then, there are still no new licensed tuberculosis vaccines. However, there is extremely active research in the field, with a steep acceleration in the past decades, due to the advance of technologies and more rational vaccine design strategies. This review aims to gather latest updates in vaccine development in the various clinical phases and to underline the contribution of Structural Vaccinology (SV) to the development of safer and effective antigens. In particular, SV and the development of vaccine adjuvants is making the use of subunit vaccines, which are the safest albeit the less antigenic ones, an achievable goal. Indeed, subunit vaccines overcome safety concerns but need to be rationally re-engineered to enhance their immunostimulating effects. The larger availability of antigen structural information as well as a better understanding of the complex host immune response to TB infection is a strong premise for a further acceleration of TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Romano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eliza Kramarska
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barra
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Han-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Alessia Ruggiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Microparticles and Nanoparticles from Plants-The Benefits of Bioencapsulation. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040369. [PMID: 33920425 PMCID: PMC8069552 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of drugs and vaccines depends on their stability and ability to interact with their targets in vivo. Many drugs benefit from encapsulation, which protects them from harsh conditions and allows targeted delivery and controlled release. Although many encapsulation methods are inexpensive, such as the formulation of tablets for oral delivery, others require complex procedures that add significantly to production costs and require low-temperature transport and storage, making them inaccessible in developing countries. In this review we consider the benefits of encapsulation technologies based on plants. Plant-derived biopolymers such as starch and the maize storage protein zein are already used as protective coatings, but plant cells used as production host provide natural in vivo bioencapsulation that survives passage through the stomach and releases drugs in the intestine, due to the presence of microbes that can digest the cell wall. Proteins can also be encapsulated in subcellular compartments such as protein bodies, which ensure stability and activity while often conferring additional immunomodulatory effects. Finally, we consider the incorporation of drugs and vaccines into plant-derived nanoparticles assembled from the components of viruses. These are extremely versatile, allowing the display of epitopes and targeting peptides as well as carrying cargoes of drugs and imaging molecules.
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Franco AR, Peri F. Developing New Anti-Tuberculosis Vaccines: Focus on Adjuvants. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010078. [PMID: 33466444 PMCID: PMC7824815 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that sits in the top 10 leading causes of death in the world today and is the current leading cause of death among infectious diseases. Although there is a licensed vaccine against TB, the Mycobacterium bovis bacilli Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, it has several limitations, namely its high variability of efficacy in the population and low protection against pulmonary tuberculosis. New vaccines for TB are needed. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers the development and implementation of new TB vaccines to be a priority. Subunit vaccines are promising candidates since they can overcome safety concerns and optimize antigen targeting. Nevertheless, these vaccines need adjuvants in their formulation in order to increase immunogenicity, decrease the needed antigen dose, ensure a targeted delivery and optimize the antigens delivery and interaction with the immune cells. This review aims to focus on adjuvants being used in new formulations of TB vaccines, namely candidates already in clinical trials and others in preclinical development. Although no correlates of protection are defined, most research lines in the field of TB vaccination focus on T-helper 1 (Th1) type of response, namely polyfunctional CD4+ cells expressing simultaneously IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 cytokines, and also Th17 responses. Accordingly, most of the adjuvants reviewed here are able to promote such responses. In the future, it might be advantageous to consider a wider array of immune parameters to better understand the role of adjuvants in TB immunity and establish correlates of protection.
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Torres FG, Troncoso OP, Pisani A, Gatto F, Bardi G. Natural Polysaccharide Nanomaterials: An Overview of Their Immunological Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5092. [PMID: 31615111 PMCID: PMC6834193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural occurring polymers, or biopolymers, represent a huge part of our planet biomass. They are formed by long chains of monomers of the same type or a combination of different ones. Polysaccharides are biopolymers characterized by complex secondary structures performing several roles in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Because of their versatility and biodegradability, some of them are extensively used for packaging, food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries as sustainable and renewable materials. In the recent years, their manipulation at the nanometric scale enormously increased the range of potential applications, boosting an interdisciplinary research attempt to exploit all the potential advantages of nanostructured polysaccharides. Biomedical investigation mainly focused on nano-objects aimed at drug delivery, tissue repair, and vaccine adjuvants. The achievement of all these applications requires the deep knowledge of polysaccharide nanomaterials' interactions with the immune system, which orchestrates the biological response to any foreign substance entering the body. In the present manuscript we focused on natural polysaccharides of high commercial importance, namely, starch, cellulose, chitin, and its deacetylated form chitosan, as well as the seaweed-derived carrageenan and alginate. We reviewed the available information on their biocompatibility, highlighting the importance of their physicochemical feature at the nanoscale for the modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru.
| | - Omar P Troncoso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru.
| | - Anissa Pisani
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31,16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Gatto
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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Moreno-Mendieta S, Barrera-Rosales A, Mata-Espinosa D, Barrios-Payán J, Sánchez S, Hernández-Pando R, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. Raw starch microparticles as BCG adjuvant: Their efficacy depends on the virulence of the infection strains. Vaccine 2019; 37:5731-5737. [PMID: 31000412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of tuberculosis (TB) as one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, the growing incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and the controversial efficacy of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine drives the development of new generation multistage vaccines against this disease that can boost BCG-primed immunity. The use of polymeric microparticles for this purpose increases due to their advantages, especially their good safety levels and intrinsic immunostimulant properties. We recently explored and demonstrated the reinforcing and adjuvant potential of starch microparticles (SMPs) that administered intranasally to BCG-primed BALB/c mice, alone or in combination with a recombinant antigen, increased survival rates and induced a reduction of bacterial load in the lungs of mice infected with tuberculosis. Here, we tested the effect of SMPs added to the BCG vaccine as adjuvant to the whole-cell vaccine and investigated their contribution to the improvement of the protective efficacy of subcutaneous vaccination in mice challenged with virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As expected, our results were dependent on the infection strains, showing that virulence is a crucial factor that affects the adjuvant activity of SMPs. Our results also confirm the adjuvant activity of this carbohydrate and its usefulness in diverse vaccination strategies not only for mucosal but also for parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
- CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Barrera-Rosales
- Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Kour P, Rath G, Sharma G, Goyal AK. Recent advancement in nanocarriers for oral vaccination. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S1102-S1114. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1533842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Gazal Sharma
- Department of Food Engineering,Inder Kumar Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, India
| | - Amit Kumar Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
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