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Wie SH, Jung J, Kim WJ. Effective Vaccination and Education Strategies for Emerging Infectious Diseases Such as COVID-19. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e371. [PMID: 37967881 PMCID: PMC10643251 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation and control owing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are easing; however, concerns regarding new infectious diseases have not disappeared. Given epidemic experiences such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the influenza pandemic, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19, it is necessary to prepare for the outbreak of new infectious diseases and situations in which large-scale vaccinations are required. Although the development of vaccines against COVID-19 has contributed greatly to overcoming the pandemic, concerning vaccine side effects from the general public, including medical personnel, and decreased confidence in vaccine efficacy and side effects, present many challenges in promoting and educating vaccinations for new infectious diseases in the future. In addition to plans to develop vaccines for the outbreak of new infectious diseases, education and promotion plans are necessary to administer the latest developments of vaccines to the general public. Moreover, efforts are needed to secure the necessity, legitimacy, and evidence for rapid vaccination on a large scale at the national level. It is also necessary to carefully prepare scientific bases and explanatory statements so that the general public can easily understand them. This study aimed to establish vaccine strategies and vaccination education plans for new infectious diseases that may occur in the future. Many ways to promote vaccination to the general public and healthcare workers should be prepared to ensure that the latest vaccines against new infectious diseases are administered safely. Thus, education and promotion of vaccine efficacy and safety based on specific data from clinical studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Heon Wie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jaehun Jung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Factors Associated with the Completeness of the Vaccination Schedule of Children at 12 and 24 Months of Age in a Brazilian Medium-Size Municipality. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 60:e46-e53. [PMID: 33744058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse the factors associated with the completeness of the vaccination schedule of children at 12 and 24 months of age, in a Brazilian municipality. DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted in Araraquara-São Paulo with a probabilistic sample of 388 children born in 2015. The completeness of the vaccination schedule at 12 and 24 months of age was considered a dependent variable. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, use of health services and vaccination were the independent variables. For analysis, descriptive statistics and Poisson regression with robust variance were used. RESULTS The completeness of the vaccination schedule at 12 and 24 months of age was identified in 77.1% and 68.8% of children, respectively. Coverage at 12 months was greater among children of mothers who received guidance from health professionals on vaccination or had health problems during childbirth or in the first seven days. Those who reported a previous episode of adverse reaction to the vaccine, coverage was lower. Coverage at 24 months was greater among those who received guidance from health professionals on vaccination or had health problems during childbirth or in the first seven days. Those who reported a previous episode of adverse reaction to the vaccine, coverage was lower. CONCLUSIONS This study points to the importance of guiding health professionals, particulary nurses, on the vaccination and vaccine safety. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS It is necessary the competent act of the health professionals in of immunization programs, as they are able to provide clear and accurate information of the vaccination.
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Patient characteristics associated with the use of pharmacist-administered vaccination services and predictors of service utilization. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:729-735. [PMID: 34127395 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the impact of pharmacists as vaccinators are available; however, research on understanding the characteristics of users of pharmacist-administered vaccinations is scarce. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the characteristics of the users of pharmacist-administered vaccinations and recognize predictors of utilizing these services. METHODS Data were obtained from a cross-sectional online survey, and the sample size was 26,173 respondents from all over the United States. The outcome measure was the previous use of pharmacist-administered vaccination. Independent variables were demographic factors, health-related factors, and previous utilization of pharmacy products and services. Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the factors associated with the use of this service. P values, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% CIs were computed and reported. RESULTS About 31% of respondents reported previous use of pharmacist-administered vaccination. The gender of respondents was mainly female (71.2%), and the race was mainly white (80.7%). Chi-square analysis showed a statistically significant association of service use with age, education, geographic region, use of other pharmacy services and products, type of pharmacy, and the number of chronic diseases (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with the number of chronic diseases (OR 1.085 [95% CI 1.049-1.122]), level of education (1.352 [1.35-1.28]), race (0.901 [0.840-0.969]), and proximity to pharmacy (0.995 [0.992-0.997]). Age, type of pharmacy, and previous use of other pharmacist-provided services and products also showed statistically significant associations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of pharmacist-administered vaccination has been increasing over the past years. The service has many advantages compared with other vaccination service providers and associated with higher vaccination rates among people with older age, higher education, and a higher number of chronic diseases. With proper training and education, pharmacists are unique in improving vaccination services and public health in general.
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Huang J, Cai Y, Du J, Li R, Ellenberg SS, Hennessy S, Tao C, Chen Y. Monitoring vaccine safety by studying temporal variation of adverse events using vaccine adverse event reporting system. Ann Appl Stat 2021. [DOI: 10.1214/20-aoas1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Cai
- AT&T Chief Data Office, AT&T Services, Inc
| | - Jingcheng Du
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Ruosha Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Susan S. Ellenberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Sean Hennessy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Cui Tao
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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Perotti M, Marcandalli J, Demurtas D, Sallusto F, Perez L. Rationally designed Human Cytomegalovirus gB nanoparticle vaccine with improved immunogenicity. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009169. [PMID: 33370407 PMCID: PMC7794029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the primary viral cause of congenital birth defects and causes significant morbidity and mortality in immune-suppressed transplant recipients. Despite considerable efforts in vaccine development, HCMV infection still represents an unmet clinical need. In recent phase II trials, a MF59-adjuvanted gB vaccine showed only modest efficacy in preventing infection. These findings might be attributed to low level of antibodies (Abs) with a neutralizing activity induced by this vaccine. Here, we analyzed the immunogenicity of each gB antigenic domain (AD) and demonstrated that domain I of gB (AD5) is the main target of HCMV neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, we designed, characterized and evaluated immunogenic responses to two different nanoparticles displaying a trimeric AD5 antigen. We showed that mice immunization with nanoparticles induces sera neutralization titers up to 100-fold higher compared to those obtained with the gB extracellular domain (gBECD). Collectively, these results illustrate with a medically relevant example the advantages of using a general approach combining antigen discovery, protein engineering and scaffold presentation for modern development of subunit vaccines against complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Perotti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Marcandalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Demurtas
- BioEM Facility, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Center for Human Immunology (CHIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Canedo-Marroquín G, Saavedra F, Andrade CA, Berrios RV, Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Opazo MC, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569760. [PMID: 33362758 PMCID: PMC7759609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new infectious disease was named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), and at October 2020, more than 39,000,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected worldwide leading to near 1,100,000 deaths. Clinically, COVID-19 is characterized by clinical manifestations, such as fever, dry cough, headache, and in more severe cases, respiratory distress. Moreover, neurological-, cardiac-, and renal-related symptoms have also been described. Clinical evidence suggests that migration of immune cells to the affected organs can produce an exacerbated release of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to disease and render the immune response as a major player during the development of the COVID-19 disease. Due to the current sanitary situation, the development of vaccines is imperative. Up to the date, 42 prototypes are being tested in humans in different clinical stages, with 10 vaccine candidates undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. In the same way, the search for an effective treatment to approach the most severe cases is also in constant advancement. Several potential therapies have been tested since COVID-19 was described, including antivirals, antiparasitic and immune modulators. Recently, clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine-a promising drug in the beginning-were suspended. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved convalescent serum administration as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Moreover, monoclonal antibody therapy is also under development to neutralize the virus and prevent infection. In this article, we describe the clinical manifestations and the immunological information available about COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we discuss current therapies under study and the development of vaccines to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Farides Saavedra
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roslye V. Berrios
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María C. Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Varadé J, Magadán S, González-Fernández Á. Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:805-828. [PMID: 32879472 PMCID: PMC7463107 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezabel Varadé
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Magadán
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.
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Pickering LK, Meissner HC, Orenstein WA, Cohn AC. Principles of Vaccine Licensure, Approval, and Recommendations for Use. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:600-608. [PMID: 32063358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The licensure and recommendation processes for vaccines are complex. In the United States, vaccines are licensed for the civilian and military populations on the basis of review of Biologics License Applications submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by vaccine manufacturers. For FDA-licensed vaccines, the product label includes indications, contraindications, and precautions for each vaccine. Package inserts do not include recommendations for vaccine use from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The ACIP is chartered as a federal advisory committee to provide expert external advice and guidance to the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on the use of vaccines and related agents for control of vaccine preventable diseases in the civilian and military populations of the United States. As an external advisory committee to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the ACIP has no regulatory authority but the committee does have responsibility for approving vaccines to be covered under the Vaccines for Children program. To implement ACIP vaccine recommendations in the public and private sectors, a collaboration of federal, state, and local governments as well as private organizations dealing with public health, vaccine supply, vaccine administration, vaccine finance, outcomes monitoring, public perception, and public trust and support must work together. Issues including vaccine misinformation, declining community immunity (herd protection), and need for risk communication add stress to this complex and fragile system. This study describes the functions of and interactions between FDA and ACIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry K Pickering
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
| | - H Cody Meissner
- Department of Pediatrics, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Walter A Orenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amanda C Cohn
- Immunization Services, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Beigi RH, Omer SB, Thompson KM. Key steps forward for maternal immunization: Policy making in action. Vaccine 2018; 36:1521-1523. [PMID: 29456018 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R H Beigi
- Magee-Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - S B Omer
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - K M Thompson
- Kid Risk, Inc. and University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
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