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Moreira C, Rodrigues RR, da Cunha CEP, Donassolo RA, Ferreira MRA, Finger PF, Oliveira HGS, da Cruz KP, Moreira ÂN, Salvarani FM, Conceição FR. Evaluation of long-term immune response in cattle to botulism using a recombinant E. coli bacterin formulated with Montanide™ ISA 50 and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106596. [PMID: 38395317 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Botulism is a severe disease caused by potent botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridium botulinum. This disease is associated with high-lethality outbreaks in cattle, which have been linked to the ingestion of preformed BoNT serotypes C and D, emphasizing the need for effective vaccines. The potency of current commercial toxoids (formaldehyde-inactivated BoNTs) is assured through tests in guinea pigs according to government regulatory guidelines, but their short-term immunity raises concerns. Recombinant vaccines containing the receptor-binding domain have demonstrated potential for eliciting robust protective immunity. Previous studies have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of recombinant E. coli bacterin, eliciting high titers of neutralizing antibodies against C. botulinum and C. perfringens in target animal species. In this study, neutralizing antibody titers in cattle and the long-term immune response against BoNT/C and D were used to assess the efficacy of the oil-based adjuvant compared with that of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in cattle. The vaccine formulation containing Montanide™ ISA 50 yielded significantly higher titers of neutralizing antibody against BoNT/C and D (8.64 IU/mL and 9.6 IU/mL, respectively) and induced an immune response that lasted longer than the response induced by aluminum, extending between 30 and 60 days. This approach represents a straightforward, cost-effective strategy for recombinant E. coli bacterin, enhancing both the magnitude and duration of the immune response to botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil.
| | - Rafael R Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos R A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Paula F Finger
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97508-000, Brazil
| | - Hanna G S Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Karoline P da Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
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2
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Rodrigues Rodrigues R, Freitas Motta J, Alves Ferreira MR, Moreira Júnior C, Ferreira Alves ML, Costa AV, Andrade Bilhalva M, Amaral Donassolo R, Cancela Galvão C, Silva Martins FM, Masiero Salvarani F, Rochedo Conceição F. Immunization of sheep with a recombinant vaccine containing immunogenic nontoxic domains of Clostridium perfringens alpha and beta toxins. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106269. [PMID: 37516212 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (types A and C) can cause several diseases by secreting alpha (CPA) and beta (CPB) exotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. Although vaccination is the main measure of immunization against C. perfringens, available vaccines have limitations in terms of productivity and safety. Thus, recombinant vaccines are an important, more effective, practical, and safer strategy in the immunization of animals. In this study, we evaluated the immunization of sheep with recombinant Escherichia coli bacterins expressing CPA and CPB complete proteins (co-administered), the immunogenic nontoxic domains rCPA-C247-370 and rCPB-C143-311 co-administered or fused as a bivalent chimera (rCPBcAc). For this, in silico analysis was performed to design rCPBcAc, considering the stability of the mRNA (-278.80 kcal/mol), the degree of antigenicity (0.7557), the epitopes of the B cell ligand, and different physicochemical characteristics. All proteins were expressed in vitro. In vivo, animals vaccinated with the co-administered antigens rCPA + rCPB and rCPA-C+ rCPB-C (200 μg each) had mean CPA and CPB neutralizing antitoxin titers of 4, 10, 4.8, and 14.4 IU/mL, respectively, while those vaccinated with 200 μg of rCPBcAc chimera (approximately 100 μg of each antigen) had titers of <4 and 12 IU/mL of CPA and CPB antitoxins, respectively, 56 days after the administration of the first dose. In addition, the chimera was considered to be immunogenic for inducing antitoxin titers using the half dose. In this study, we presented a new recombinant antigen potentially applicable for vaccines against the CPA and CPB toxins for preventing diseases caused by Clostridium perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodrigues Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Freitas Motta
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Clóvis Moreira Júnior
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariliana Luiza Ferreira Alves
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, IFSul, Campus Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Vitória Costa
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Miguel Andrade Bilhalva
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Amaral Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cleideanny Cancela Galvão
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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3
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Efremenko E, Aslanli A, Lyagin I. Advanced Situation with Recombinant Toxins: Diversity, Production and Application Purposes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054630. [PMID: 36902061 PMCID: PMC10003545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, the production and use of various samples of recombinant protein/polypeptide toxins is known and is actively developing. This review presents state-of-the-art in research and development of such toxins and their mechanisms of action and useful properties that have allowed them to be implemented into practice to treat various medical conditions (including oncology and chronic inflammation applications) and diseases, as well as to identify novel compounds and to detoxify them by diverse approaches (including enzyme antidotes). Special attention is given to the problems and possibilities of the toxicity control of the obtained recombinant proteins. The recombinant prions are discussed in the frame of their possible detoxification by enzymes. The review discusses the feasibility of obtaining recombinant variants of toxins in the form of protein molecules modified with fluorescent proteins, affine sequences and genetic mutations, allowing us to investigate the mechanisms of toxins' bindings to their natural receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Efremenko
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-939-3170; Fax: +7-(495)-939-5417
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Alves MLF, Ferreira MRA, Rodrigues RR, Conceição FR. Clostridium haemolyticum, a review of beta toxin and insights into the antigen design for vaccine development. Mol Immunol 2022; 148:45-53. [PMID: 35665660 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases C (PLCs) represent an important group of lethal toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria of the Clostridium genus, including the beta toxin of C. haemolyticum. Bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle and sheep is the main disease caused by this pathogen and its incidence can be reduced by annual vaccination of herds. Currently, widely used vaccines depend on cultivating the pathogen and obtaining high concentrations of the toxin, disadvantages that can be overcome with the use of recombinant vaccines. In the development of this new generation of immunizing agents, identifying and understanding the structural and immunological aspects of the antigen are crucial steps, but despite this, the beta toxin is poorly characterized. Fortunately, the time and resources required for these investigations can be reduced using immunoinformatics. To advance the development of recombinant vaccines, in addition to a brief review of the structural and immunological aspects of beta toxin, this work provides in silico mapping of immunodominant regions to guide future vaccinology studies against C. haemolyticum. A review of alternatives to overcome the limitations of beta toxin vaccines (conventional or recombinant) is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliana Luiza Ferreira Alves
- Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense - IFSUL, Praça Vinte de Setembro, 455, Centro, Pelotas CEP 96.015-360, RS, Brazil; Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, Pelotas CEP 96.160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Roberto Alves Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, Pelotas CEP 96.160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, Pelotas CEP 96.160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, Pelotas CEP 96.160-000, RS, Brazil
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Measurement over 1 Year of Neutralizing Antibodies in Cattle Immunized with Trivalent Vaccines Recombinant Alpha, Beta and Epsilon of Clostridium perfringens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090594. [PMID: 34564599 PMCID: PMC8470993 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha (CPA), beta (CPB) and epsilon (ETX) toxins of Clostridium perfringens are responsible for causing diseases that are difficult to eradicate and have lethal potential in production animals. Vaccination of herds is still the best control strategy. Recombinant clostridial vaccines have shown good success at inducing neutralizing antibody titers and appear to be a viable alternative to the conventional production of commercial clostridial toxoids. Research is still needed on the longevity of the humoral immune response induced by recombinant proteins in immunized animals, preferably in target species. The objective of this study was to measure the humoral immune response of cattle immunized with trivalent vaccines containing the recombinant proteins alpha (rCPA), beta (rCPB) and epsilon (rETX) of C. perfringens produced in Escherichia coli at three different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 µg) of each protein for 12 months. The recombinant vaccines containing 200 (RV2) and 400 µg (RV3) yielded statistically similar results at 56 days. They performed better throughout the study period because they induced higher neutralizing antibody titers and were detectable for up to 150 and 180 days, respectively. Regarding industrial-scale production, RV2 would be the most economical and viable formulation as it achieved results similar to RV3 at half the concentration of recombinant proteins in its formulation. However, none of the vaccines tested induced the production of detectable antibody titers on day 365 of the experiment, the time of revaccination typically recommended in vaccination protocols. Thus, reiterating the need for research in the field of vaccinology to achieve greater longevity of the humoral immune response against these clostridial toxins in animals, in addition to the need to discuss the vaccine schedules and protocols adopted in cattle production.
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Geier RR, Rehberger TG, Smith AH. Comparative Genomics of Clostridium perfringens Reveals Patterns of Host-Associated Phylogenetic Clades and Virulence Factors. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:649953. [PMID: 34177831 PMCID: PMC8220089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.649953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium that infects both animals and humans. Clostridium perfringens genomes encode a diverse array of toxins and virulence proteins, which continues to expand as more genomes are sequenced. In this study, the genomes of 44 C. perfringens strains isolated from intestinal sections of diseased cattle and from broiler chickens from diseased and healthy flocks were sequenced. These newly assembled genomes were compared to 141 publicly available C. perfringens genome assemblies, by aligning known toxin and virulence protein sequences in the assemblies using BLASTp. The genes for alpha toxin, collagenase, a sialidase (nanH), and alpha-clostripain were present in at least 99% of assemblies analyzed. In contrast, beta toxin, epsilon toxin, iota toxin, and binary enterotoxin of toxinotypes B, C, D, and E were present in less than 5% of assemblies analyzed. Additional sequence variants of beta2 toxin were detected, some of which were missing the leader or signal peptide sequences and therefore likely not secreted. Some pore-forming toxins involved in intestinal diseases were host-associated, the netB gene was only found in avian isolates, while netE, netF, and netG were only present in canine and equine isolates. Alveolysin was positively associated with canine and equine strains and only present in a single monophyletic clade. Strains from ruminant were not associated with known virulence factors and, except for the food poisoning associated clade, were present across the phylogenetic diversity identified to date for C. perfringens. Many C. perfringens strains associated with food poisoning lacked the genes for hyaluronidases and sialidases, important for attaching to and digesting complex carbohydrates found in animal tissues. Overall, the diversity of virulence factors in C. perfringens makes these species capable of causing disease in a wide variety of hosts and niches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandra H. Smith
- Arm and Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Waukesha, WI, United States
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7
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Rodrigues RR, Alves Ferreira MR, Donassolo RA, Ferreira Alves ML, Motta JF, Junior CM, Salvarani FM, Moreira AN, Conceicao FR. Evaluation of the expression and immunogenicity of four versions of recombinant Clostridium perfringens beta toxin designed by bioinformatics tools. Anaerobe 2021; 69:102326. [PMID: 33508438 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Beta toxins (CPB) produced by Clostridium perfringens type B and C cause various diseases in animals, and the use of toxoids is an important prophylactic measure against such diseases. Promising recombinant toxoids have been developed recently. However, both soluble and insoluble proteins expressed in Escherichia coli can interfere with the production and immunogenicity of these antigens. In this context, bioinformatics tools have been used to design new versions of the beta toxin, and levels of expression and solubility were evaluated in different strains of E. coli. The immunogenicity in sheep was assessed using the molecule with the greatest potential that was selected on analyzing these results. In silico analyzes, greater mRNA stability (-169.70 kcal/mol), solubility (-0.755), and better tertiary structure (-0.12) were shown by rCPB-C. None of the strains of E. coli expressed rFH8-CPB, but a high level of expression and solubility was shown by rCPB-C. Higher levels of total and neutralizing anti-CPB antibodies were observed in sheep inoculated with bacterins containing rCPB-C. Thus, this study suggests that due to higher productivity of rCPB-C in E. coli and immunogenicity, it is considered as the most promising molecule for the production of a recombinant vaccine against diseases caused by the beta toxin produced by C. perfringens type B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Amaral Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico/Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariliana Luiza Ferreira Alves
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico/Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, IFSul, Campus Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Freitas Motta
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico/Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Clovis Moreira Junior
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico/Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Castanhal, CEP 68740-970, Pará, Brazil
| | - Angela Nunes Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico/Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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8
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Santos FDS, Ferreira MRA, Maubrigades LR, Gonçalves VS, de Lara APS, Moreira C, Salvarani FM, Conceição FR, Leivas Leite FP. Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112 T transient supplementation improves vaccine efficacy in ewes vaccinated against Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:699-706. [PMID: 32767796 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to examine the vaccine immune response in ewes supplemented with Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T during a period of 5-day supplementation before vaccination against a recombinant Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (rETX). METHODS AND RESULTS Ewes were vaccinated with 200 µg of rETX adjuvanted with 10% aluminium hydroxide. The treat group was orally supplemented with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T (3 × 108 viable spores) for 5 days prior to the first and second vaccination. Ewes supplemented with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T showed higher neutralizing antibody titres than the non-supplemented ewes (P < 0·05), with an increase in serum levels for total IgG anti-rETX by 3·2-fold (P < 0·0001), and for both IgG isotypes IgG1 and IgG2 by 2·1-fold and 2·3-fold (P < 0·01), respectively, compared with the control group. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ewes in the supplemented group had a higher (P < 0·05) cytokine mRNA transcription levels for IL-2 (6·4-fold increase), IFN-γ (2·9-fold increase) and transcription factor Bcl6 (2·3-fold increase) compared with the control group. CONCLUSION We conclude that a 5 days of supplementation with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T prior vaccination is sufficient to significantly improve the humoral immune response of ewes against C. perfringens recombinant ETX vaccine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings open a new perspective in the utilization of B. toyonensis BCT-7112T as an immunomodulator since a 5 days period of probiotic supplementation is sufficient to improve the vaccine immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D S Santos
- Center for Technological Development, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - M R A Ferreira
- Center for Technological Development, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - L R Maubrigades
- Center for Technological Development, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - V S Gonçalves
- Center for Technological Development, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A P S de Lara
- Institute of Biology, Postgraduate Program in Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - C Moreira
- Center for Technological Development, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - F M Salvarani
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - F R Conceição
- Center for Technological Development, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - F P Leivas Leite
- Center for Technological Development, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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9
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Donassolo RA, Ferreira MRA, Moreira C, Dos Santos LM, Griep E, Moreira GMSG, Rodrigues RR, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Formaldehyde effects on kanamycin resistance gene of inactivated recombinant Escherichia coli vaccines. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2223-2230. [PMID: 32500473 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Earlier studies have demonstrated the use of inactivated recombinant E. coli (bacterins), to protect against Clostridium spp. in vaccinated animals. These bacterins have a simpler, safer, and faster production process. However, these bacterins carry expression plasmids, containing antibiotic resistance gene, which could be assimilate accidentally by environmental microorganisms. Considering this, we aimed to impair this plasmids using formaldehyde at different concentrations. RESULTS This compound inactivated the highest density of cells in 24 h. KanR cassette amplification was found to be impaired with 0.8% for 24 h or 0.4% for 72 h. Upon electroporation, E. coli DH5α ultracompetent cells were unable to acquire the plasmids extracted from the bacterins after inactivation procedure. Formaldehyde-treated bacterins were incubated with other viable strains of E. coli, leading to no detectable gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS We found that this compound is effective as an inactivation agent. Here we demonstrate the biosafety involving antibiotic resistance gene of recombinant E. coli vaccines allowing to industrial production and animal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Brasil.
| | - Marcos Roberto A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Clóvis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Lucas M Dos Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Emili Griep
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Gustavo M S G Moreira
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie , Spielmannstr, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rafael R Rodrigues
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie , Spielmannstr, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Brasil
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10
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Moreira C, Ferreira MRA, Finger PF, Magalhães CG, Cunha CEP, Rodrigues RR, Otaka DY, Galvão CC, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Protective efficacy of recombinant bacterin vaccine against botulism in cattle. Vaccine 2020; 38:2519-2526. [PMID: 32037222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the intoxication of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Among the seven immunologically distinct serotypes of neurotoxins (BoNTs A - G), serotypes C and D, or a chimeric fusion termed C/D or D/C, are responsible for animal botulism. The most effective way to prevent botulism in cattle is through vaccination; however, the commercially available vaccines produced by detoxification of native neurotoxins are time-consuming and hazardous. To overcome these drawbacks, a non-toxic recombinant vaccine was developed as an alternative. In this study, the recombinant protein vaccine was produced using an Escherichia coli cell-based system. The formaldehyde-inactivated E. coli is able to induce 7.45 ± 1.77 and 6.6 ± 1.28 IU/mL neutralizing mean titers against BoNTs C and D in cattle, respectively, determined by mouse neutralization bioassay, and was deemed protective by the Brazilian legislation. Moreover, when the levels of anti-BoNT/C and D were compared with those achieved by the recombinant purified vaccines, no significant statistical difference was observed. Cattle vaccinated with the commercial vaccine developed 1.33 and 3.33 IU/mL neutralizing mean titers against BoNT serotypes C and D, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on recombinant E. coli bacterin vaccine against botulism. The vaccine was safe and effective in generating protective antibodies and, thus, represents an industry-friendly alternative for the prevention of cattle botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clóvis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos R A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Paula F Finger
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina G Magalhães
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Denis Y Otaka
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Cleideanny C Galvão
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil.
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Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin vaccine candidate lacking toxicity to cells expressing myelin and lymphocyte protein. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:32. [PMID: 31372245 PMCID: PMC6667452 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A variant form of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (Y30A-Y196A) with mutations, which shows reduced binding to Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and reduced toxicity in mice, has been proposed as the next-generation enterotoxaemia vaccine. Here we show that, unexpectedly, the Y30A-Y196A variant does not show a reduction in toxicity towards Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express the putative receptor for the toxin (myelin and lymphocyte protein; MAL). The further addition of mutations to residues in a second putative receptor binding site of the Y30A-Y196A variant further reduces toxicity, and we selected Y30A-Y196A-A168F for further study. Compared to Y30A-Y196A, Y30A-Y196A-A168F showed more than a 3-fold reduction in toxicity towards MDCK cells, more than a 4-fold reduction in toxicity towards mice and at least 200-fold reduction in toxicity towards CHO cells expressing sheep MAL. The immunisation of rabbits or sheep with Y30A-Y196A-A168F induced high levels of neutralising antibodies against epsilon toxin, which persisted for at least 1 year. Y30A-Y196A-A168F is a candidate for development as a next-generation enterotoxaemia vaccine. Cells expressing myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL), the putative receptor for Clostridium perfringens’ epsilon toxin, can be sensitive to otherwise attenuated mutants of the toxin. Here, the team led by Richard Titball at United Kingdom’s University of Exeter found that a previous variant exhibits differential toxic effects when cells express sheep or human MAL. To circumvent this, Titball’s team applied site-directed mutagenesis of the receptor binding site to develop a new variant with enhanced reduction in toxicity towards MAL-expressing cells and able to induce high levels of neutralising antibodies upon immunisation of sheep. These findings suggests that testing genetic toxoids in cells expressing MAL from the target species might be relevant for enterotoxaemia vaccine development and warrant further studies into the role of MAL in epsilon toxin-mediated pathogenesis.
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