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Liedel C, Rieckmann K, Baums CG. A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:188. [PMID: 37798634 PMCID: PMC10552360 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal infection trials. Of note, animal experiments are crucial to develop a cross-protective vaccine which is highly needed in the field. Due to the severe clinical signs associated with S. suis pathologies such as meningitis and arthritis, implementation of refinement is very important to reduce pain and distress of experimentally infected pigs. This review highlights the great diversity of clinical signs and courses of disease after experimental S. suis pig infections. We review clinical read out parameters and refinement strategies in experimental S. suis pig infections published between 2000 and 2021. Currently, substantial differences exist in describing clinical monitoring and humane endpoints. Most of the reviewed studies set the body temperature threshold of fever as high as 40.5°C. Monitoring intervals vary mainly between daily, twice a day and three times a day. Only a few studies apply scoring systems. Published scoring systems are inconsistent in their inclusion of parameters such as body temperature, feeding behavior, and respiratory signs. Locomotion and central nervous system signs are more common clinical scoring parameters in different studies by various research groups. As the heterogenicity in clinical monitoring limits the comparability between studies we hope to initiate a discussion with this review leading to an agreement on clinical read out parameters and monitoring intervals among S. suis research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Liedel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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Xu X, Sui B, Liu X, Sun J. Superior low-immunogenicity of tilapia type I collagen based on unique secondary structure with single calcium binding motif over terrestrial mammals by inhibiting activation of DC intracellular Ca 2+-mediated STIM1-Orai1/NF-кB pathway. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112503. [PMID: 34857289 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reason for low- or non-immunogenicity of fish collagens is still in doubt, which, to some extent, bottlenecks their production and clinical application as biomaterials. Employing bovine or porcine type I collagens (BCI or PCI) as controls in this paper, we intensively investigate the influence of tilapia type I collagens (TCI) on the function of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. From bio-informatic analyses, as well as data obtained in vitro and in vivo, we find the variations in amino acid sequences lead to only one calcium binding motif in the secondary structure of TCI, compared with three in BCI or PCI. So when TCI (together with the minor amount of Ca2+ they take) are uptaken, intracellular [Ca2+] remains stable and DCs maintain immature. On the contrary, those that have uptaken PCI or BCI experience not only increased [Ca2+] in the plasma but also phosphorylation of p65, resulting in activation of STIM1-Orai1/NF-кB signaling pathway and DC maturation. We fully prove our results on mice models, with no obvious cellular and humoral immune reactions. Our study primarily reveal the underlying mechanisms why TCI, different from BCI or PCI, show almost non-immunogenicity. Our findings are of great importance for the promotion and wide application of TCI in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Department of Dental Materials, Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Baiyan Sui
- Department of Dental Materials, Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Dental Materials, Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Dental Materials, Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
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Arenas J, Zomer A, Harders-Westerveen J, Bootsma HJ, De Jonge MI, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Smith HE, De Greeff A. Identification of conditionally essential genes for Streptococcus suis infection in pigs. Virulence 2021; 11:446-464. [PMID: 32419603 PMCID: PMC7239030 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1764173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a Gram-positive bacterium and zoonotic pathogen that causes meningitis and sepsis in pigs and humans. The aim of this study was to identify genes required for S. suis infection. We created Tn-Seq libraries in a virulent S. suis strain 10, which was used to inoculate pigs in an intrathecal experimental infection. Comparative analysis of the relative abundance of mutants recovered from different sites of infection (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges of the brain) identified 361 conditionally essential genes, i.e. required for infection, which is about 18% of the genome. The conditionally essential genes were primarily involved in metabolic and transport processes, regulation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, transcription, and cell wall membrane and envelope biogenesis, stress defenses, and immune evasion. Directed mutants were created in a set of 10 genes of different genetic ontologies and their role was determined in ex vivo models. Mutants showed different levels of sensitivity to survival in whole blood, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, thermic shock, and stress conditions, as compared to the wild type. Additionally, the role of three selected mutants was validated in co-infection experiments in which pigs were infected with both wild type and isogenic mutant strains. The genetic determinants of infection identified in this work contribute to novel insights in S. suis pathogenesis and could serve as targets for novel vaccines or antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Arenas
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Unit of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Harders-Westerveen
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Hester J Bootsma
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I De Jonge
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hilde E Smith
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid De Greeff
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
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