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Kang KR, Kim JA, Cho GW, Kang HU, Kang HM, Kang JH, Seong BL, Lee SY. Comparative Evaluation of Recombinant and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:108. [PMID: 38276680 PMCID: PMC10818713 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the 2000s, sporadic outbreaks of whooping cough have been reported in advanced countries, where the acellular pertussis vaccination rate is relatively high, and in developing countries. Small-scale whooping cough has also continued in many countries, due in part to the waning of immune protection after childhood vaccination, necessitating the development of an improved pertussis vaccine and vaccination program. Currently, two different production platforms are being actively pursued in Korea; one is based on the aP (acellular pertussis) vaccine purified from B. pertussis containing pertussis toxoid (PT), filamentous hemagglutin (FHA) and pertactin (PRN), and the other is based on the recombinant aP (raP), containing genetically detoxified pertussis toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase subunit 1 (PtxS1), FHA, and PRN domain, expressed and purified from recombinant E. coli. aP components were further combined with diphtheria and tetanus vaccine components as a prototype DTaP vaccine by GC Pharma (GC DTaP vaccine). We evaluated and compared the immunogenicity and the protective efficacy of aP and raP vaccines in an experimental murine challenge model: humoral immunity in serum, IgA secretion in nasal lavage, bacterial clearance after challenge, PTx (pertussis toxin) CHO cell neutralization titer, cytokine secretion in spleen single cell, and tissue resident memory CD4+ T cell (CD4+ TRM cell) in lung tissues. In humoral immunogenicity, GC DTaP vaccines showed high titers for PT and PRN and showed similar patterns in nasal lavage and IL-5 cytokine secretions. The GC DTaP vaccine and the control vaccine showed equivalent results in bacterial clearance after challenge, PTx CHO cell neutralization assay, and CD4+ TRM cell. In contrast, the recombinant raP vaccine exhibited strong antibody responses for FHA and PRN, albeit with low antibody level of PT and low titer in PTx CHO neutralization assay, as compared to control and GC DTaP vaccines. The raP vaccine provided a sterile lung bacterial clearance comparable to a commercial control vaccine after the experimental challenge in murine model. Moreover, raP exhibited a strong cytokine response and CD4+ TRM cell in lung tissue, comparable or superior to the experimental and commercial DTaP vaccinated groups. Contingent on improving the biophysical stability and humoral response to PT, the raP vaccine warrants further development as an effective alternative to aP vaccines for the control of a pertussis outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Ri Kang
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ji-Ahn Kim
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
| | - Gyu-Won Cho
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
| | - Han-Ul Kang
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Han Kang
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Lee
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14647, Republic of Korea
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Sedney CJ, Harvill ET. The Neonatal Immune System and Respiratory Pathogens. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1597. [PMID: 37375099 PMCID: PMC10301501 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates are more susceptible to some pathogens, particularly those that cause infection in the respiratory tract. This is often attributed to an incompletely developed immune system, but recent work demonstrates effective neonatal immune responses to some infection. The emerging view is that neonates have a distinctly different immune response that is well-adapted to deal with unique immunological challenges of the transition from a relatively sterile uterus to a microbe-rich world, tending to suppress potentially dangerous inflammatory responses. Problematically, few animal models allow a mechanistic examination of the roles and effects of various immune functions in this critical transition period. This limits our understanding of neonatal immunity, and therefore our ability to rationally design and develop vaccines and therapeutics to best protect newborns. This review summarizes what is known of the neonatal immune system, focusing on protection against respiratory pathogens and describes challenges of various animal models. Highlighting recent advances in the mouse model, we identify knowledge gaps to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Chen Z, Liu X, Zhang Y, Peng X, Zhang N, Chen N, Li Y, He Q. Evaluation of serum anti-pertussis toxin IgA antibodies for the diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis infection in young children. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1167-1173. [PMID: 37269695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of serum anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG antibodies is recommended for the diagnosis and surveillance of pertussis. However, the diagnostic power of anti-PT IgG can be hampered by possible interference from previous vaccinations. We aim to assess if anti-PT IgA antibodies can be well induced by Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) infections in children, and their capacity to improve pertussis serodiagnosis. METHODS Serum samples from 172 hospitalized children younger than 10 years old with confirmed pertussis were tested. Pertussis was confirmed by culture, PCR and/or serology. Anti-PT IgA antibodies were determined with commercial ELISA kits. RESULTS Sixty-four (37.2 %) subjects had anti-PT IgA antibodies greater than or equal to 15 IU/ml, and 52 (30.2 %) of them had anti-PT IgA antibodies greater than or equal to 20 IU/ml. No children with negative anti-PT IgG (less than 40 IU/ml) were observed to have anti-PT IgA antibodies greater than or equal to 15 IU/ml. Of patients younger than one year of age, about 50 % had an IgA antibody response. Moreover, the proportion of subjects with anti-PT IgA antibodies greater than or equal to 15 IU/ml among PCR negative subjects was significantly higher than that among PCR positive subjects (76.9 % vs 35.5 %). CONCLUSIONS The determination of anti-PT IgA antibodies does not seem to have added value for the serodiagnosis of pertussis in children older than one year of age. However, for infants, determination of serum anti-PT IgA antibodies appears to be useful for the diagnosis of pertussis especially when PCR and culture are negative. The results should be interpreted with caution as the number of subjects included in this study was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguai Liu
- The Third Department, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhang
- Medical Research & Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaokang Peng
- The Third Department, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center for adverse drug reactions monitoring of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yarong Li
- The Third Department, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Knuutila A, Barkoff AM, Ivaska L, Tenhu E, Teräsjärvi J, van Gageldonk P, Buisman A, Mertsola J, He Q. Effect of Immunization During Pregnancy and Pre-existing Immunity on Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Responses in Infants. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2204146. [PMID: 37060181 PMCID: PMC10161941 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2204146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunization during pregnancy (IP) against pertussis is recommended in many countries to protect infants. Although maternal antibodies can influence the infants' antibody responses to primary vaccinations, their effect on the development of functional antibodies and B cells remain poorly studied. We investigated the maternal immune response to IP and the effect of IP and pre-existing antibodieson infants' primary vaccine responses in an open-label, non-randomized trial. Forty-seven mothers received tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine during pregnancy, and 22 mothers were included as controls. Sixty-nine infants received primary doses of DTaP at three and five months of age. Geometric mean concentrations of antibodies to pertussis toxin, filamentous haemagglutinin, pertactin, diphtheria, and tetanus toxins, pertussis toxin neutralizing antibodies (PTNAs), and plasma and memory B-cell frequencies were studied at delivery, and at three, five and six months. Levels of antibodies, PTNAs, and frequencies of memory B-cells were significantly increased at delivery and up to six months after in mothers with IP compared to those without IP (all p < 0.05, except for PT-specific memory B-cells). In vaccinated pregnant women, high pre-existing antibody levels were positively correlated with higher antibody responses after IP. IP blunted the infants' antibody and plasma B-cell responses to all vaccine antigens, except for tetanus toxin. This blunting effect was the strongest in infants with high concentrations of maternal antibodies. In conclusion, IP resulted in significantly higher concentrations of antibodies in infants up to three months of age (all p < 0.05); but was associated with blunting of various infants' vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Tenhu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Teräsjärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pieter van Gageldonk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Buisman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Knuutila A, Versteegen P, Barkoff AM, van Gageldonk P, Mertsola J, Berbers G, He Q. Pertussis toxin neutralizing antibody response after an acellular booster vaccination in Dutch and Finnish participants of different age groups. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:956-963. [PMID: 35286231 PMCID: PMC8973383 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2053364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis incidence has increased in many countries and the disease occurs among all age groups, suggesting the need for booster immunizations through life. In addition to determining the concentration of anti-pertussis toxin (PT) antibodies, the ability of PT neutralizing antibodies (PTNAs) could be used to assess vaccine responses. Altogether 258 participants [7–10-year-old (N = 73), 11–15-year-old (N = 85), 20–35-year-old (N = 50) and 60–70-year-old (N = 50)] were included. Sera were collected before, one month, and one year after a single dose of a three pertussis component containing acellular pertussis vaccine. The adolescents were primed in childhood either by acellular or whole-cell vaccination. PTNA titres were determined by a Chinese hamster ovary cell assay and anti-PT IgG/IgA antibody concentrations by multiplex immunoassay. In all age groups, a significant increase in levels of PTNAs and anti-PT IgG was observed one month after vaccination and remained at least two-fold higher one year post-booster, in comparison to pre-booster. Young adults had the lowest response. The strongest increase in PTNAs was observed in participants who had ≥10 IU/mL concentration of anti-PT IgG antibodies pre-booster. At pre-booster, whole-cell-primed adolescents had higher PTNAs than acellular-primed peers (p = 0.047). One year post-booster, the Finnish whole-cell-primed adolescents had a higher level of PTNAs than acellular-primed adolescents (p = 0.049), however, this was not observed in Dutch adolescents. In conclusion, PTNAs increased after vaccination in all age groups, and the strongest increase was related to the presence of high pre-booster antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauline Versteegen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter van Gageldonk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Guy Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Barkoff AM, Knuutila A, Mertsola J, He Q. Evaluation of Anti-PT Antibody Response after Pertussis Vaccination and Infection: The Importance of Both Quantity and Quality. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080508. [PMID: 34437379 PMCID: PMC8402585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PT) is considered the main virulence factor causing whooping cough or pertussis. The protein is widely studied and its composition was revealed and sequenced already during the 1980s. The human immune system creates a good response against PT when measured in quantity. However, the serum anti-PT antibodies wane rapidly, and only a small amount of these antibodies are found a few years after vaccination/infection. Therefore, multiple approaches to study the functionality (quality) of these antibodies, e.g., avidity, neutralizing capacity, and epitope specificity, have been investigated. In addition, the long-term B cell memory (Bmem) to PT is crucial for good protection throughout life. In this review, we summarize the findings from functional PT antibody and Bmem studies. These results are discussed in line with the quantity of serum anti-PT antibodies. PT neutralizing antibodies and anti-PT antibodies with proper avidity are crucial for good protection against the disease, and certain epitopes have been identified to have multiple functions in the protection. Although PT-specific Bmem responses are detectable at least five years after vaccination, long-term surveillance is lacking. Variation of the natural boosting of circulating Bordetella pertussis in communities is an important confounding factor in these memory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.-M.B.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Aapo Knuutila
- Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.-M.B.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.-M.B.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.-M.B.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-472-2255
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