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Batool R, Qureshi S, Haq Z, Yousafzai MT, Salam RA, Ali R, Sadaf T, Ali M, Qamar FN. Coverage survey of typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 6 months to 15 years in an urban slum settlement of Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289582. [PMID: 37549155 PMCID: PMC10406246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the coverage rate of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) among children aged 6 months to 15 years in Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate the vaccine coverage of Typbar TCV in Lyari Town Karachi utilizing the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended rapid vaccine coverage assessment technique (30 clusters × 7 households). Sampling was powered at town level and multistage cluster sampling was used. Four union councils were randomly selected from a total of 11 and the survey was conducted in those union councils. After consent was obtained, parents of age-eligible children living in the selected union councils were invited to participate in the survey and information was collected on Typbar TCV vaccination status of children aged 6 months to 15 years. RESULTS Overall, 2325 children were included in the survey. The mean age of the participants was 7.60 ± 3.84 years. The ratio of males to females was equal in the survey sample; 1163 (50.02%) were male. In the total target population, 82% children were found to be vaccinated; however, the vaccination status could be verified for 80%. The vaccine coverage of TCV was comparable among the four union councils and the overall coverage of TCV vaccine in Lyari Town was found to be 80%. The coverage was significantly lower in younger children, 5% and 17% among children aged 6 months to < 2 years and 2 years to < 5 years respectively and 78% among children aged 5 years to 15 years. CONCLUSION The overall immunization coverage rate with TCV was found to be satisfactory. Immunization coverage was comparable among both sexes and the selected union councils but it was relatively low among children in younger age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Batool
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
- Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sonia Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zoya Haq
- Liaqat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rehana A. Salam
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rafey Ali
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Sadaf
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Miqdad Ali
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Lame P, Milabyo A, Tangney S, Mbaka GO, Luhata C, Gargasson JBL, Mputu C, Hoff NA, Merritt S, Nkamba DM, Sall DS, Otomba JS, Mourid AE, Lusamba P, Senouci K, Bor E, Rimoin AW, Kaba D, Mwamba G, Mukamba E. A Successful National and Multipartner Approach to Increase Immunization Coverage: The Democratic Republic of Congo Mashako Plan 2018-2020. GLOBAL HEALTH, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023; 11:e2200326. [PMID: 37116931 PMCID: PMC10141424 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-22-00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunization system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo faces many challenges, including persistent large-scale outbreaks of polio, measles, and yellow fever; a large number of unvaccinated children for all antigens; minimal and delayed funding; and poor use of immunization data at all levels. In response, the Expanded Programme on Immunization within the Ministry of Health (MOH) collaborated with global partners to develop a revitalization strategy for the routine immunization (RI) system called the Mashako Plan. MASHAKO PLAN DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT The Mashako Plan aimed to increase full immunization coverage in children aged 12-23 months by 15 percentage points overall in 9 of 26 provinces within 18 months of implementation. In 2018, we conducted a diagnostic review and identified gaps in coordination, service delivery, vaccine availability, real-time monitoring, and evaluation as key areas for intervention to improve the RI system. Five interventions were then implemented in the 9 identified provinces. DISCUSSION According to the 2020 vaccine coverage survey, full immunization coverage increased to 56.4%, and Penta3/DTP3 increased to 71.1% across the Mashako Plan provinces; the initial objective of the plan was reached and additional improvements in key service delivery indicators had been achieved. Increases in immunization sessions held per month, national stock of pentavalent vaccine, and supervision visits conducted demonstrate that simple, measurable changes at all levels can quickly improve immunization systems. Despite short-term improvements in all indicators tracked, challenges remain in vaccine availability, regular funding of immunization activities, systematic provision of immunization services, and ensuring long-term sustainability. CONCLUSIONS Strong commitment of MOH staff combined with partner involvement enabled the improvement of the entire system. A simple set of interventions and indicators focused the energy of managers on discrete actions to improve outcomes. Further exploration of the results is necessary to determine the long-term impact and generate all-level engagement for sustainable success in all provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lame
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Augustin Milabyo
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvia Tangney
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gloire O. Mbaka
- UCLA-DRC Health Research and Training Program, University of California Los Angeles, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Christophe Luhata
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Nicole A. Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sydney Merritt
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dalau M. Nkamba
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | - Paul Lusamba
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kamel Senouci
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne W. Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Didine Kaba
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Elisabeth Mukamba
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Oot L, Adam Z, Alemayehu T, Almiñana A, Dagnew B, Girma D, Herrera E, Kanagat N, Rogers-Bloch Q. Applying quality improvement tools to the Reaching Every District strategy: a mixed-methods examination of a systems strengthening approach to building the capacity of immunization managers and service providers in Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 44:180. [PMID: 37455895 PMCID: PMC10349635 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.180.35810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Reaching Every District (RED) strategy, implemented in Ethiopia for over 15 years, has helped to improve immunization performance. However, recent demographic and health survey data indicate wide variations in immunization coverage. To address these disparities, quality improvement (QI) tools and methods were applied in phases to the RED strategy between 2011 and 2018 and were ultimately scaled to 103 districts in Ethiopia. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 2015-2018 to examine RED-QI uptake, practices, sustainability, and effects on Ethiopia´s routine immunization (RI) system. Qualitative interviews examined how RED-QI practices were carried out in each district, and quantitative data from a sample of health facilities provided information on the effects of RED-QI on the RI system. The RED-QI intervention increased the capacity of immunization managers and health workers to plan, implement, and monitor immunization activities, achieving expanded reach and enhancing the quality of services. RED-QI strengthened health workers´ capacity to identify and target communities for immunization, including in hard-to-reach areas. Improved planning resulted in expanded reach and greater equity in services. Immunization staff experienced enhanced capacity to plan immunization services, design approaches to address local challenges, reach target populations, and use data to monitor program performance. While challenges were noted with certain QI tools, assessments indicate that the RED-QI approach can be used in diverse contexts to strengthen RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Oot
- JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI), Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zenaw Adam
- JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adriana Almiñana
- JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI), Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Belayneh Dagnew
- JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Girma
- JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elena Herrera
- JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI), Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Natasha Kanagat
- JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI), Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Quail Rogers-Bloch
- JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI), Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
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Tohme RA, Scobie HM, Okunromade O, Olaleye T, Shuaib F, Jegede T, Yahaya R, Nnaemeka N, Lawal B, Egwuenu A, Parameswaran N, Cooley G, An Q, Coughlin M, Okposen BB, Adetifa I, Bolu O, Ihekweazu C. Tetanus and Diphtheria Seroprotection among Children Younger Than 15 Years in Nigeria, 2018: Who Are the Unprotected Children? Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030663. [PMID: 36992247 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological surveys provide an objective biological measure of population immunity, and tetanus serological surveys can also assess vaccination coverage. We undertook a national assessment of immunity to tetanus and diphtheria among Nigerian children aged <15 years using stored specimens collected during the 2018 Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey, a national cross-sectional household-based survey. We used a validated multiplex bead assay to test for tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-antibodies. In total, 31,456 specimens were tested. Overall, 70.9% and 84.3% of children aged <15 years had at least minimal seroprotection (≥0.01 IU/mL) against tetanus and diphtheria, respectively. Seroprotection was lowest in the north west and north east zones. Factors associated with increased tetanus seroprotection included living in the southern geopolitical zones, urban residence, and higher wealth quintiles (p < 0.001). Full seroprotection (≥0.1 IU/mL) was the same for tetanus (42.2%) and diphtheria (41.7%), while long-term seroprotection (≥1 IU/mL) was 15.1% for tetanus and 6.0% for diphtheria. Full- and long-term seroprotection were higher in boys compared to girls (p < 0.001). Achieving high infant vaccination coverage by targeting specific geographic areas and socio-economic groups and introducing tetanus and diphtheria booster doses in childhood and adolescence are needed to achieve lifelong protection against tetanus and diphtheria and prevent maternal and neonatal tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A Tohme
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Heather M Scobie
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | | | - Faisal Shuaib
- National Primary Healthcare Development Agency, Area 11, Garki, Abuja 900247, Nigeria
| | - Tunde Jegede
- Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja 900211, Nigeria
| | - Ridwan Yahaya
- Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja 900211, Nigeria
| | - Ndodo Nnaemeka
- Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja 900211, Nigeria
| | - Bola Lawal
- Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja 900211, Nigeria
| | | | - Nishanth Parameswaran
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gretchen Cooley
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Qian An
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Melissa Coughlin
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Bassey B Okposen
- National Primary Healthcare Development Agency, Area 11, Garki, Abuja 900247, Nigeria
| | | | - Omotayo Bolu
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Yibeltal K, Tsegaye S, Zelealem H, Worku W, Demissie M, Worku A, Berhane Y. Trends, projection and inequalities in full immunization coverage in Ethiopia: in the period 2000-2019. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:193. [PMID: 35410186 PMCID: PMC8995890 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization is among the most cost-effective health interventions to improve child survival. However, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa failed to achieve their national and international coverage targets repeatedly. The present study investigated trends of coverage and inequalities in coverage in Ethiopia. METHODS This study used data from five rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Ethiopia in 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016, and 2019. The surveys used a multistage cluster sampling procedure to obtain a nationally and sub-nationally representative data. The outcome variables included in the study were full immunization coverage and inequality. The World Health Organization's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit was used to conduct the inequality analysis. Projections for 2025 were based on smoothed averages generated using the demographic and health survey data from 2000 to 2019. RESULTS The full (basic) immunization coverage in Ethiopia has increased steadily from 14.3% in 2000 to 44.1% in 2019. Based on the average past performance, the immunization coverage is projected to reach 53.6% by 2025, which will be short of the 75% national full (basic) immunization coverage target for the year 2025. Mothers with higher levels of education are more likely to get their children all basic vaccinations than those with lower levels of education. Similarly, the inequality gaps due to wealth and residency are significant; where children in the lowest wealth strata and those living in rural areas remained disadvantaged. CONCLUSION Despite a steady increase in immunization coverage in the past two decades the country is yet to achieve its immunization target. Thus, more efforts are needed to achieve the current and future national immunization targets. A more focused intervention targeting the disadvantaged groups could be an effective strategy to achieve coverage and minimize the inequality gaps in immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalkidan Yibeltal
- Department Reproductive Health and Population, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Sitota Tsegaye
- Department of Nutrition and Behavioral Sciences, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hasset Zelealem
- Department of Epidemiology, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
| | - Walelegn Worku
- Department of Global health and Health Policy, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meaza Demissie
- Department of Global health and Health Policy, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Berhane
- Department Reproductive Health and Population, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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