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Rothenburg J, Rink-Baron S, Müller L, Ostermann PN, Fischer JC, Hermsen D, Stegbauer J, Moldenhauer A. Immunoadsorption as a method of antibody donation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vox Sang 2024. [PMID: 38740559 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Initial therapeutic efforts to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) included the use of plasma from convalescent donors containing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. High-neutralizing antibody titres are required for therapeutic efficacy. This study aims to show that immunoadsorption followed by tangential flow filtration can be used to obtain antibody concentrates with high-neutralizing capacities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eligible donors (n = 10, five males and three females) underwent immunoadsorption using adsorber columns specific for human antibodies. Glycine-washed out eluates of 1.5 L volume were further concentrated by tangential flow filtration using 30 kDa ultrafiltration membranes. The same membranes were applied for diafiltrations to exchange residual glycine for 0.9% normal saline. RESULTS Antibody concentrates were obtained within 8 h from the start of donation and had 4.58 ± 1.95, 3.28 ± 1.28 and 2.02 ± 0.92 times higher total IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations, 3.29 ± 1.62 and 3.74 ± 0.6 times higher SARS-CoV-2 N and S antibody concentrations and 3.85 ± 1.71 times higher SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG concentrations compared to the donors' peripheral blood. The specific SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization capacities increased in all but one concentrate. All antibody concentrates (50-70 mL final volume) passed microbiological tests, were free of hazardous glycine levels and could be stored at -80°C and 4°C for 1 year with 20 ± 3% antibody loss. CONCLUSION Immunoadsorption followed by tangential flow filtration is a feasible procedure to collect IgG, IgA and IgM as well as SARS-CoV-2 N- and S-specific antibody concentrates of low volume, free of albumin and coagulation factors. Whether these concentrates can be used as passive immunisation in infected patients remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Rothenburg
- Institute for Transplant Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cytiva, Dreieich, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Müller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Niklas Ostermann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes C Fischer
- Institute for Transplant Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Derik Hermsen
- Central Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Moldenhauer
- Institute for Transplant Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Toister E, Cherry L, Lupu E, Monash A, Dor E, Levin L, Girshengorn M, Natan N, Chapman S, Shmaya S, Epstein E, Adar Y, Zichel R, Ophir Y, Diamant E. Development and Validation of a Plaque Assay to Determine the Titer of a Recombinant Live-Attenuated Viral Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:374. [PMID: 38675756 PMCID: PMC11054748 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in more than seven million deaths worldwide. To reduce viral spread, the Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) developed and produced a new rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine candidate (BriLife®) based on a platform of a genetically engineered vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector that expresses the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 instead of the VSV-G protein on the virus surface. Quantifying the virus titer to evaluate vaccine potency requires a reliable validated assay that meets all the stringent pharmacopeial requirements of a bioanalytical method. Here, for the first time, we present the development and extensive validation of a quantitative plaque assay using Vero E6 cells for the determination of the concentration of the rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S viral vector. Three different vaccine preparations with varying titers (DP_low, DP_high, and QC sample) were tested according to a strict validation protocol. The newly developed plaque assay was found to be highly specific, accurate, precise, and robust. The mean deviations from the predetermined titers for the DP_low, DP_high, and QC preparations were 0.01, 0.02, and 0.09 log10, respectively. Moreover, the mean %CV values for intra-assay precision were 18.7%, 12.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. The virus titers did not deviate from the established values between cell passages 5 and 19, and no correlation was found between titer and passage. The validation results presented herein indicate that the newly developed plaque assay can be used to determine the concentration of the BriLife® vaccine, suggesting that the current protocol is a reliable methodology for validating plaque assays for other viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Toister
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lilach Cherry
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel;
| | - Edith Lupu
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Arik Monash
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Eyal Dor
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lilach Levin
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Meni Girshengorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Niva Natan
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Shira Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel;
| | - Shlomo Shmaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel;
| | - Eyal Epstein
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yaakov Adar
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ran Zichel
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yakir Ophir
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Eran Diamant
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (E.T.); (L.C.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (E.D.); (M.G.); (N.N.); (E.E.); (Y.A.); (R.Z.)
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3
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Sun B, Hadidi M, Santiago Nuñez J, Song B, Tumambac GE, Wong K, Kalinowski G, Hathcock JJ. Efficiency of ultrafiltration/diafiltration in removing organic and elemental process equipment related leachables from biological therapeutics. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3400. [PMID: 37964726 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In the production of biological therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF/DF) are widely regarded as effective downstream processing steps capable of removing process equipment related leachables (PERLs) introduced upstream of the UF/DF step. However, clearance data available in the literature are limited to species with low partition coefficients (log P) such as buffer ions, hydrophilic organic compounds, and some metal ions. Additional data for a wide range of PERLs including hydrophobic compounds and elemental impurities are needed to establish meaningful, comprehensive safety risk assessments. Herein, we report the results from studies investigating the clearance of seven different organic PERLs representing a wide range of characteristics (i.e., log P (-0.3 to 18)), and four model elements with different chemical properties spiked into a mAb formulation at 10 ppm and analyzed during clearance using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-photodiode-array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The clearance data showed ideal clearance and sieving of spiked organic PERLs with log P < 4, partial clearance of PERLs with 4 < log P < 9, and poor clearance of highly hydrophobic PERLs (log P > 9) after nine diafiltration volumes (DVs). Supplemental clearance studies on seven additional PERLs present at much lower concentration levels (0.1-1.5 ppm) in the mAb formulation upstream of UF/DF and three PERLs associated with the tangential flow filtration (TFF) equipment also demonstrated the similar correlations between log P and % clearance. For model elements, the findings suggest that UF/DF in general provides ideal clearance for elements. Evidence showed that the UF/DF process does not only help mitigate leachables risk from PERLs introduced upstream of UF/DF, but also from the TFF operation itself as all three TFF-related PERLs were effectively cleared. Overall, the UF/DF clearance presented in this work demonstrated whereas highly hydrophobic PERLs and elements that exist as charged species, particularly transition metal ions, may not be as effectively cleared and thus warrant further risk assessment; hydrophilic and some hydrophobic PERLs (log P < 4) are indeed well-cleared and thus present a lower overall safety risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Scientific Laboratory Services, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mahsa Hadidi
- Purification Process Development Laboratory, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Benben Song
- Scientific Laboratory Services, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gilbert E Tumambac
- Regulatory and Validation Strategy, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ken Wong
- Critical Material Management (Prior role was Extractables and Leachables SME), Sanofi, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregor Kalinowski
- Scientific Laboratory Services, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James J Hathcock
- Regulatory and Validation Strategy, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Kuczynski LE, Shallow JR, Watson MP, Homsy ML, Svab T, Gruber A, Rustandi RR, Hu J, Winters MA. Adaptation of an rVSV Ebola vaccine purification process for rapid development of a viral vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300041. [PMID: 37766672 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, long development timelines typically associated with vaccines were challenged. The urgent need for a vaccine provided a strong driver to reevaluate existing vaccine development approaches. Innovative approaches to regulatory approval were realized, including the use of platform-based technology. In collaboration with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA rapidly advanced an investigational SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) platform used for the Ebola vaccine ERVEBO (rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP). An rVSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate was generated using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to replace the VSV G protein. The purification process development for this vaccine candidate was detailed in this paper. Areas were highlighted where the ERVEBO platform process was successfully adopted and where additional measures were needed for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate. These included: (i) endonuclease addition directly into the bioreactor prior to harvest, (ii) inclusion of a core-shell chromatography step for improved purification, and (iii) incorporation of a terminal, sterile filtration step to eliminate the need for aseptic, closed processing. High infectious virus titers were achieved in Phase 3 clinical drug substance (>108 PFU mL-1 ), and process consistency was demonstrated across four large scale batches that were completed in 6 months from clone selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kuczynski
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R Shallow
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew P Watson
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael L Homsy
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Svab
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley Gruber
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard R Rustandi
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianfang Hu
- Center of Mathematical Sciences, MMD, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Winters
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Alagheband Bahrami A, Azargoonjahromi A, Sadraei S, Aarabi A, Payandeh Z, Rajabibazl M. An overview of current drugs and prophylactic vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:38. [PMID: 35562685 PMCID: PMC9100302 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing and producing an effective vaccine is the best possible way to reduce the burden and spread of a disease. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies invested a great deal of time and money in trying to control and combat the disease. In this regard, due to the urgent need, many vaccines are now available earlier than scheduled. Based on their manufacturing technology, the vaccines available for COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR-CoV2)) infection can be classified into four platforms: RNA vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, subunit (protein-based) vaccines, and inactivated virus vaccines. Moreover, various drugs have been deemed to negatively affect the progression of the infection via various actions. However, adaptive variants of the SARS-CoV-2 genome can alter the pathogenic potential of the virus and increase the difficulty of both drug and vaccine development. In this review, along with drugs used in COVID-19 treatment, currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines as well as variants of the virus are described and evaluated, considering all platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armina Alagheband Bahrami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Samin Sadraei
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aryan Aarabi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rosen O, Jayson A, Dor E, Epstein E, Makovitzki A, Cherry L, Lupu E, Monash A, Borni S, Baruchi T, Laskar O, Shmaya S, Rosenfeld R, Levy Y, Schuster O, Feldberg L. SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen quantification by targeted mass spectrometry of a virus-based vaccine. J Virol Methods 2022; 303:114498. [PMID: 35217103 PMCID: PMC8863330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spike glycoprotein mediates virus binding to the host cells and is a key target for vaccines development. One SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), in which the native surface glycoprotein has been replaced by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (VSV-ΔG-spike). The titer of the virus is quantified by the plaque forming unit (PFU) assay, but there is no method for spike protein quantitation as an antigen in a VSV-based vaccine. Here, we describe a mass spectrometric (MS) spike protein quantification method, applied to VSV-ΔG-spike based vaccine. Proof of concept of this method, combining two different sample preparations, is shown for complex matrix samples, produced during the vaccine manufacturing processes. Total spike levels were correlated with results from activity assays, and ranged between 0.3−0.5 μg of spike protein per 107 PFU virus-based vaccine. This method is simple, linear over a wide range, allows quantification of antigen within a sample and can be easily implemented for any vaccine or therapeutic sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Rosen
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel.
| | - Avital Jayson
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Eyal Dor
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Eyal Epstein
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Arik Makovitzki
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Lilach Cherry
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Edith Lupu
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Arik Monash
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Sarah Borni
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Tzadok Baruchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Orly Laskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Shlomo Shmaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Ronit Rosenfeld
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Yinon Levy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Ofir Schuster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel.
| | - Liron Feldberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel.
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Makovitzki A, Jayson A, Oren Z, Lerer E, Kafri Y, Dor E, Cherry L, Tzadok H, Levin L, Hazan O, Simon I, Tal A, Girshengorn M, Rosen O. In-Line Monitoring of Downstream Purification Processes for VSV Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Using a Novel Technique. BIOTECH 2021; 10:biotech10040025. [PMID: 35822799 PMCID: PMC9245488 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) increases the need for a rapid development of efficient vaccines. Among other vaccines in clinical trials, a recombinant VSV-∆G-spike vaccine was developed by the Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) and is being evaluated. The development of an efficient downstream purification process (DSP) enables the vaccine to be advanced to clinical trials. The DSP must eliminate impurities, either process- or product-related, to yield a sufficient product with high purity, potency and quality. To acquire critical information on process restrictions and qualities, the application of in-line monitoring is vital and should significantly impact the process yield, product quality and economy of the entire process. Here, we describe an in-line monitoring technique that was applied in the DSP of the VSV-∆G-spike vaccine. The technique is based on determining the concentrations of metabolites, nutrients and a host cell protein using the automatic chemistry analyzer, Cobas Integra 400 Plus. The analysis revealed critical information on process parameters and significantly impacted purification processes. The technique is rapid, easy and efficient. Adopting this technique during the purification process improves the process yield and the product quality and enhances the economy of the entire downstream process for biotechnology and bio pharmaceutical products.
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