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Alizadeh EA, Graf K, Schiwon J, Trautmann T, Krause F, Mayer W, Christ K, Martel E, Guth BD, Markert M. Thirty years of telemetry-based data acquisition for cardiovascular drug safety evaluation: Applications and optimization. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023:107279. [PMID: 37257761 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conducting safety evaluations of new drugs using conscious animals has been a specialty of our working group for thirty years. In this article, we review the various technical challenges and solutions dealt with over the years to improve both the data quality and the well being of our animal subjects. Of particular interest for us has been the use of telemetry-based data acquisition for conducting studies on cardiovascular (CV) function. This includes the evolving technical aspects of the studies, as well as the development of new applications that take advantage of this technical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ataei Alizadeh
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Karin Graf
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Jessica Schiwon
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Thomas Trautmann
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Florian Krause
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Werner Mayer
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Katrin Christ
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Eric Martel
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Brian D Guth
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Michael Markert
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany.
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Alizadeh EA, Trautmann T, Krause F, Knoeferl B, Guns PJ, De Meyer G, Guth BD, Markert M. The impact of environmental and biological factors on the resting heart rate of dogs as assessed using 20 years of data from safety pharmacology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 121:107263. [PMID: 36965603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A safety pharmacology study detects and evaluates potential side effects of a new drug on physiological function at therapeutic levels and above and, in most cases, prior to the initiation of clinical trials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental and biological factors on resting heart rate (HR), a representative cardiac parameter in cardiovascular safety pharmacology. METHODS Over twenty years, 143 dogs (Beagles, Labradors and mongrels) received implanted telemetry transmitters to measure aortic pressure (AP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), Electrocardiogram (ECG) and body temperature. Throughout the 7-h period of data collection, data were continuously recorded without drug treatment and included the range of HRs resulting from spontaneous physiological changes. Statistics and visualizations were calculated using R and Spotfire. RESULTS Beagles had a higher HR than the mongrels, while Labradors had a lower HR than mongrels. Labradors were found to have a sex-based difference in HR, with females having a higher HR. A higher HR was observed in young animals of all breeds when they were in contact with humans. The cage system affected the HR of Labradors and mongrels more than Beagles. Larger dogs (e.g. Labrador) have a lower HR than smaller dogs (Beagles). Animals that are younger were found to have more HR variability and have a higher HR than older animals. In addition, older animals reacted less to the application period and human interaction than younger animals. The HR response of animals inside a cage system may depend on the cage system in which they were bred. A familiar cage system typically has less impact on HR. DISCUSSION This retrospective data base evaluation has demonstrated the impact of environmental and biological factors on cardiovascular parameters in the context of performing safety pharmacology studies. Breed, sex, age and the type of cage system used affected, at least in some cases, the HR and its variability. They should therefore be carefully considered when designing safety pharmacology studies to have the highest possible test sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ataei Alizadeh
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Thomas Trautmann
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Florian Krause
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Benjamin Knoeferl
- Department of Global Biostatistics & Data Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brian D Guth
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Michael Markert
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany.
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Wallman M, Borghardt JM, Martel E, Pairet N, Markert M, Jirstrand M. An integrative pharmacokinetic-cardiovascular physiology modelling approach based on in vivo dog studies including five reference compounds. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 115:107171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sou T, Bergström CAS. Contemporary Formulation Development for Inhaled Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:66-86. [PMID: 32916138 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery has gained increased interests over the past few decades. For respiratory conditions, targeted drug delivery directly to the site of action can achieve a high local concentration for efficacy with reduced systemic exposure and adverse effects. For systemic conditions, the unique physiology of the lung evolutionarily designed for rapid gaseous exchange presents an entry route for systemic drug delivery. Although the development of inhaled formulations has come a long way over the last few decades, many aspects of it remain to be elucidated. In particular, a reliable and well-understood method for in vitro-in vivo correlations remains to be established. With the rapid and ongoing advancement of technology, there is much potential to better utilise computational methods including different types of modelling and simulation approaches to support inhaled formulation development. This review intends to provide an introduction on some fundamental concepts in pulmonary drug delivery and inhaled formulation development followed by discussions on some challenges and opportunities in the translation of inhaled pharmaceuticals from preclinical studies to clinical development. The review concludes with some recent advancements in modelling and simulation approaches that could play an increasingly important role in modern formulation development of inhaled pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Guth BD, Grobler AF, Frazier KS, Greiter-Wilke A, Herzyk D, Hough TA, Khan AA, Markert M, Smith JD, Svenson KL, Wells S, Pugsley MK. Drug safety Africa: An overview of safety pharmacology & toxicology in South Africa. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106579. [PMID: 31085319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This meeting report is based on presentations given at the first Drug Safety Africa Meeting in Potchefstroom, South Africa from November 20-22, 2018 at the North-West University campus. There were 134 attendees (including 26 speakers and 34 students) from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, regulatory agencies as well as 6 exhibitors. These meeting proceedings are designed to inform the content that was presented in terms of Safety Pharmacology (SP) and Toxicology methods and models that are used by the pharmaceutical industry to characterize the safety profile of novel small chemical or biological molecules. The first part of this report includes an overview of the core battery studies defined by cardiovascular, central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory studies. Approaches to evaluating drug effects on the renal and gastrointestinal systems and murine phenotyping were also discussed. Subsequently, toxicological approaches were presented including standard strategies and options for early identification and characterization of risks associated with a novel therapeutic, the types of toxicology studies conducted and relevance to risk assessment supporting first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials and target organ toxicity. Biopharmaceutical development and principles of immunotoxicology were discussed as well as emerging technologies. An additional poster session was held that included 18 posters on advanced studies and topics by South African researchers, postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Guth
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | - Danuta Herzyk
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
| | | | - Michael Markert
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James D Smith
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
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Markert M, Trautmann T, Krause F, Cioaga M, Mouriot S, Wetzel M, Guth BD. A new telemetry-based system for assessing cardiovascular function in group-housed large animals. Taking the 3Rs to a new level with the evaluation of remote measurement via cloud data transmission. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 93:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Whereas pharmacological responses tend to be fairly rapid in onset and are therefore detectable after a single dose, some diminish on repeated dosing, and others increase in magnitude and therefore can be missed or underestimated in single-dose safety pharmacology studies. Safety pharmacology measurements can be incorporated into repeat-dose toxicity studies, either routinely or on an ad hoc basis. Drivers for this are both scientific (see above) and regulatory (e.g. ICH S6, S7, S9). There are inherent challenges in achieving this: the availability of suitable technical and scientific expertise in the test facility, unsuitable laboratory conditions, use of simultaneous (as opposed to staggered) dosing, requirement for toxicokinetic sampling, unsuitability of certain techniques (e.g. use of anaesthesia, surgical implantation, food restriction), equipment availability at close proximity and sensitivity of the methods to detect small, clinically relevant, changes. Nonetheless, 'fit-for-purpose' data can still be acquired without requiring additional animals. Examples include assessment of behaviour, sensorimotor, visual and autonomic functions, ambulatory ECG and blood pressure, echocardiography, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic function. This is entirely achievable if the safety pharmacology measurements are relatively unobtrusive, both with respect to the animals and to the toxicology study itself. Careful pharmacological validation of any methods used, and establishing their detection sensitivity, is vital to ensure the credibility of generated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will S Redfern
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK,
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Redfern WS, Ewart LC, Lainée P, Pinches M, Robinson S, Valentin JP. Functional assessments in repeat-dose toxicity studies: the art of the possible. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx20093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Markert M, Trautmann T, Groß M, Ege A, Mayer K, Guth B. Evaluation of a method to correct the contractility index LVdP/dtmax for changes in heart rate. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 66:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sivarajah A, Collins S, Sutton M, Regan N, West H, Holbrook M, Edmunds N. Cardiovascular safety assessments in the conscious telemetered dog: Utilisation of super-intervals to enhance statistical power. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Guth B, Bass A, Briscoe R, Chivers S, Markert M, Siegl P, Valentin JP. Comparison of electrocardiographic analysis for risk of QT interval prolongation using safety pharmacology and toxicological studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 60:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Markert M, Stubhan M, Mayer K, Trautmann T, Klumpp A, Schuler-Metz A, Schumacher K, Guth B. Validation of the normal, freely moving Göttingen minipig for pharmacological safety testing. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 60:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stubhan M, Markert M, Mayer K, Trautmann T, Klumpp A, Henke J, Guth B. Evaluation of cardiovascular and ECG parameters in the normal, freely moving Göttingen Minipig. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 57:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Markert M, Klumpp A, Trautmann T, Mayer K, Stubhan M, Guth B. The value added by measuring myocardial contractility 'in vivo' in safety pharmacological profiling of drug candidates. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2007; 56:203-11. [PMID: 17583538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to define the normal LVdP/dt (an index of myocardial contractility)-heart rate relationship in telemetered conscious dogs, primates and mini-pigs in our laboratory and to use these data as the basis for an additional parameter useful in drug safety evaluation. METHODS Trained dogs, Rhesus monkeys, Cynomolgus monkeys and mini-pigs (Goettinger) were equipped with radiotelemetry transmitters (ITS). Aortic pressure (AP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), a lead II ECG and body temperature could be continuously monitored. The contractility index LVdP/dtmax was derived from the LVP signal. Notocord HEM 4.1 software was used for data acquisition. For each species an LVdP/dt-heart rate relationship was evaluated using spontaneous heart rates (HR) throughout the observation period. A validation compound with positive inotropic effects (pimobendan) was then used to investigate the LVdP/dt-heart rate relationship. RESULTS There was a clear LVdP/dt-HR relationship in the animals tested. The inotropic agent pimobendan demonstrated the expected shift in this relationship. DISCUSSION Contractility of the myocardium is regulated by autonomic input activating primarily myocardial beta1-adrenoceptors, but it is also affected by the "force-frequency" relationship. Compounds can therefore either directly or indirectly affect the contractility of the heart. The chronotropic effects are routinely measured in preclinical studies; however, the inotropic effects are not routinely analysed in cardiovascular safety studies. Our experience strongly recommends including this evaluation for drug candidate selection. The evaluation of LVdP/dtmax, as an index of myocardial contractile state must, however, take into account its HR-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Markert
- Department of Drug Discovery Support, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, J91 UG, Birkendorferstr.65, 88397 Biberach, Germany.
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Klumpp A, Trautmann T, Markert M, Guth B. Optimizing the experimental environment for dog telemetry studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2006; 54:141-9. [PMID: 16730461 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to test the influence of housing conditions on hemodynamics during cardiovascular general pharmacological studies. Our goal was to optimize both the quality of the data through an optimization of the physiological conditions, as well as to ensure the dog's well-being in general pharmacological studies. METHODS Two groups of four dogs were equipped with radiotelemetry transmitters and continuously monitored in two different housing models. Model I consisted of 4 cages, two on each site of a corridor. Model II consisted of 4 cages positioned in a row, where the bordering cages were not separated with a metal plate. The physiological status of the dogs in the different housing models was based on the frequency of vocalizations and the average resting heart rate, as well as video monitoring. RESULTS The housing arrangement during the study had a remarkable effect on the hemodynamics measured. The hemodynamic parameters were best when the dogs were housed with their usual run mate. In this setting, they have impressively low average heart rates of about 60 bpm during the entire study, was associated with fewer vocalizations. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated that the quality of the acquired cardiovascular data for conscious dogs is dependent on the pen configuration and group make-up during a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Klumpp
- Department of Drug Discovery Support, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
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