1
|
Slosky LM, Pires A, Bai Y, Clark NB, Hauser ER, Gross JD, Porkka F, Zhou Y, Chen X, Pogorelov VM, Toth K, Wetsel WC, Barak LS, Caron MG. Establishment of multi-stage intravenous self-administration paradigms in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21422. [PMID: 36503898 PMCID: PMC9742147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically tractable animal models provide needed strategies to resolve the biological basis of drug addiction. Intravenous self-administration (IVSA) is the gold standard for modeling psychostimulant and opioid addiction in animals, but technical limitations have precluded the widespread use of IVSA in mice. Here, we describe IVSA paradigms for mice that capture the multi-stage nature of the disorder and permit predictive modeling. In these paradigms, C57BL/6J mice with long-standing indwelling jugular catheters engaged in cocaine- or remifentanil-associated lever responding that was fixed ratio-dependent, dose-dependent, extinguished by withholding the drug, and reinstated by the presentation of drug-paired cues. The application of multivariate analysis suggested that drug taking in both paradigms was a function of two latent variables we termed incentive motivation and discriminative control. Machine learning revealed that vulnerability to drug seeking and relapse were predicted by a mouse's a priori response to novelty, sensitivity to drug-induced locomotion, and drug-taking behavior. The application of these behavioral and statistical-analysis approaches to genetically-engineered mice will facilitate the identification of neural circuits driving addiction susceptibility and relapse and focused therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Slosky
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Andrea Pires
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Hauser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua D Gross
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fiona Porkka
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vladimir M Pogorelov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Krisztian Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - William C Wetsel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Figueiredo G, Fiebig T, Kirschner S, Nikoubashman O, Kabelitz L, Othman A, Nonn A, Kramer M, Brockmann MA. Minimally Invasive Monitoring of Chronic Central Venous Catheter Patency in Mice Using Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130661. [PMID: 26098622 PMCID: PMC4476576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive administration of medication or contrast agents is frequently performed in mice. The introduction of vascular access mini-ports (VAMP) for mice allows long-term vascular catheterization, hereby eliminating the need for repeated vessel puncture. With catheter occlusion being the most commonly reported complication of chronic jugular vein catheterization, we tested whether digital subtraction angiography (DSA) can be utilized to evaluate VAMP patency in mice. Methods Twenty-three mice underwent catheterization of the jugular vein and subcutaneous implantation of a VAMP. The VAMP was flushed every second day with 50 μL of heparinized saline solution (25 IU/ml). DSA was performed during injection of 100 μL of an iodine based contrast agent using an industrial X-ray inspection system intraoperatively, as well as 7±2 and 14±2 days post implantation. Results DSA allowed localization of catheter tip position, to rule out dislocation, kinking or occlusion of a microcatheter, and to evaluate parent vessel patency. In addition, we observed different ante- and retrograde collateral flow patterns in case of jugular vein occlusion. More exactly, 30% of animals showed parent vessel occlusion after 7±2 days in our setting. At this time point, nevertheless, all VAMPs verified intravascular contrast administration. After 14±2 days, intravascular contrast injection was verified in 70% of the implanted VAMPs, whereas at this point of time 5 animals had died or were sacrificed and in 2 mice parent vessel occlusion hampered intravascular contrast injection. Notably, no occlusion of the catheter itself was observed. Conclusion From our observations we conclude DSA to be a fast and valuable minimally invasive tool for investigation of catheter and parent vessel patency and for anatomical studies of collateral blood flow in animals as small as mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Figueiredo
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Teresa Fiebig
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kirschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Omid Nikoubashman
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lisa Kabelitz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Othman
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Nonn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marc A. Brockmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Teilmann AC, Kalliokoski O, Sørensen DB, Hau J, Abelson KSP. Manual versus automated blood sampling: impact of repeated blood sampling on stress parameters and behavior in male NMRI mice. Lab Anim 2014; 48:278-91. [PMID: 24958546 PMCID: PMC4230456 DOI: 10.1177/0023677214541438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Facial vein (cheek blood) and caudal vein (tail blood) phlebotomy are two commonly used techniques for obtaining blood samples from laboratory mice, while automated blood sampling through a permanent catheter is a relatively new technique in mice. The present study compared physiological parameters, glucocorticoid dynamics as well as the behavior of mice sampled repeatedly for 24 h by cheek blood, tail blood or automated blood sampling from the carotid artery. Mice subjected to cheek blood sampling lost significantly more body weight, had elevated levels of plasma corticosterone, excreted more fecal corticosterone metabolites, and expressed more anxious behavior than did the mice of the other groups. Plasma corticosterone levels of mice subjected to tail blood sampling were also elevated, although less significantly. Mice subjected to automated blood sampling were less affected with regard to the parameters measured, and expressed less anxious behavior. We conclude that repeated blood sampling by automated blood sampling and from the tail vein is less stressful than cheek blood sampling. The choice between automated blood sampling and tail blood sampling should be based on the study requirements, the resources of the laboratory and skills of the staff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Teilmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Otto Kalliokoski
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte B Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jann Hau
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klas S P Abelson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pascoli V, Terrier J, Espallergues J, Valjent E, O’Connor EC, Lüscher C. Contrasting forms of cocaine-evoked plasticity control components of relapse. Nature 2014; 509:459-64. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
5
|
Teilmann AC, Kalliokoski O, Jacobsen KR, Hau J, Abelson KSP. Impact of heparin and short term anesthesia on the quantification of cytokines in laboratory mouse plasma. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:33. [PMID: 24884817 PMCID: PMC4041355 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that heparin may be unsuitable as an anticoagulant in human plasma samples when quantifying cytokines using multiplex bead array assays. For mouse samples, multiplex assays have been validated for serum and EDTA-plasma, but it remains to be elucidated whether heparin influences the quantification of cytokines, and if so – to what extent. Furthermore, laboratory mice are often anesthetized for blood sampling, which causes acute stress that may influence circulating cytokine concentrations and thus bias experimental results. The objectives of the present study were to identify whether specific cytokine concentrations varied between heparin-plasma, serum, and EDTA-plasma, and whether short isoflurane anesthesia would influence the concentrations of these cytokines in the circulation. Twenty-three acute phase and pro-inflammatory cytokines were quantified in matched serum, EDTA-plasma, and heparin-plasma samples from anesthetized and unanesthetized male NMRI mice using a multiplex assay. In addition, samples from unanesthetized mice were spiked with three levels of heparin. Results The concentrations of five out of 23 cytokines were significantly different between sample types, but only one cytokine (IL-17A) differed between heparin-plasma and serum. When further spiking the heparin-plasma with increasing concentrations of heparin, there was a significant effect on 11 cytokines, where the cytokine recovery could be correlated to the heparin concentration for ten of these cytokines. Anesthesia resulted in lower concentrations of G-CSF, but had no significant impact on the concentrations of the other 22 cytokines. Conclusion In mice, heparin seems like a suitable anticoagulant for obtaining plasma for multiplex assays for the cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES and TNFα, but an effect of heparin in high concentrations should be considered for the cytokines IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1β and RANTES. Short isoflurane anesthesia had significant impact on G-CSF, but none of the other cytokines.
Collapse
|
6
|
A Low Cost Metal-Free Vascular Access Mini-Port for Artifact Free Imaging and Repeated Injections in Mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65939. [PMID: 23824056 PMCID: PMC3688803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Small injection ports for mice are increasingly used for drug testing or when administering contrast agents. Commercially available mini-ports are expensive single-use items that cause imaging-artifacts. We developed and tested an artifact-free, low-cost, vascular access mini-port (VAMP) for mice. PROCEDURES Leakage testing of the VAMP was conducted with high speed bolus injections of different contrast agents. VAMP-induced artifacts were assessed using a micro-CT and a small animal MRI (9.4T) scanner ex vivo. Repeated contrast administration was performed in vivo. RESULTS With the VAMP there was no evidence of leakage with repeated punctures, high speed bolus contrast injections, and drawing of blood samples. In contrast to the tested commercially available ports, the VAMP did not cause artifacts with MRI or CT imaging. CONCLUSIONS The VAMP is an alternative to commercially available mini-ports and has useful applications in animal research involving imaging procedures and contrast agent testing.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nakamura M, Gao S, Okamura H, Nakahara D. Intrathecal cocaine delivery enables long-access self-administration with binge-like behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:119-29. [PMID: 20862455 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Long-access intravenous drug self-administration shows diurnal alterations in drug intake, with escalation and binge patterns, in rats. A similar long-access model in mice would allow the use of genetically modified animals to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying drug addiction and relapse. However, attempts to transfer this model to mice have been less successful, mainly because of technical difficulties with long-term maintenance of the indwelling catheter implanted into small veins. OBJECTIVES We devised an intrathecal probe implanted in the supracerebellar cistern as an alternative for intravenous drug administration to address this challenge and allow continuous, chronic drug self-administration in mice. RESULTS We found that mice readily self-administered intrathecal infusions of cocaine as a drug reward, and, under daily 24-h access conditions, animals exhibited a binge-like behavior comparable to rats. CONCLUSIONS This innovation enables a full analysis of long-access drug self-administration behavior in mice not possible with intravenous administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakamura
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsibulsky VL, Norman AB. Real time computation of in vivo drug levels during drug self-administration experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 15:38-45. [PMID: 15878149 PMCID: PMC3017400 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the drug concentration in the effect compartment of the body is the major factor regulating self-administration behavior. A novel computer-based protocol was developed to facilitate studies on mechanisms of drug addiction by determining correlations between drug levels and behavior during multiple drug injections and infusions. The core of the system is a user's program written in Medstate Notation language (Med-Associates, Inc.), which runs the self-administration session (with MED-PC software and hardware, Med-Associates, Inc.) and calculates the levels of infused and/or injected drugs in real time during the session. From the comparison of classical exponential and simple linear models of first-order kinetics, it is concluded that exponential solutions for the appropriate differential equations may be replaced with linear equations if the cycle of computation is much shorter than the shortest half-life for the drug. The choice between particular computation equations depends on assumptions about the pharmacokinetics of the particular drug: (i) one-, two- or three-compartment model, (ii) zero-, first- or second-order process of elimination, (iii) the constants of distribution and elimination half-lives of the drug are known or can be reasonably assumed, (iv) dependence of the constants on the drug level, and (v) temporal stability of all parameters during the session. This method of drug level computation can be employed not only for self-administration but also for other behavioral paradigms to advance pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir L Tsibulsky
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 670559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|