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Bhatt LK, Shah CR, Patel RJ, Patel SD, Patel SR, Patel VA, Patel JH, Dwivedi P, Shah NA, Sundar RS, Jain MR. Comparison of different QT correction methods for nonclinical safety assessment in ketamine-anesthetized Indian rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta). Toxicol Mech Methods 2023:1-12. [PMID: 36879461 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2187730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhesus monkeys are a non-rodent species employed in the preclinical safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals and biologics. These nonhuman primate species have been increasingly used in biomedical research because of the similarity in their ionic mechanisms of repolarization with humans. Heart rate and QT interval are two primary endpoints in determining the pro-arrhythmic risk of drugs. As heart rate and QT interval have an inverse relationship, any change in heart rate causes a subsequent change in QT interval. This warrants for calculation of a corrected QT interval. This study aimed to identify an appropriate formula that best corrected QT for change in heart rate. We employed seven formulas based on source-species type, clinical relevance, and requirements of various international regulatory guidelines. Data showed that corrected QT interval values varied drastically for different correction formulas. Equations were compared on their slope values based on QTc versus RR plots. The rank order of the slope for different formulas was (closest to farthest from zero) QTcNAK, QTcHAS, QTcBZT, QTcFRD, QTcVDW, QTcHDG, and QTcFRM. QTcNAK emerged to be the best correcting formula in this study. It showed the least correlation with the RR interval (r = -0.01) and displayed no significant difference amongst the sexes. As there is no universally recognized formula for preclinical use, the authors recommend developing a best-case scenario model for specific study designs and individual organizations. The data from this research will be helpful in deciding an appropriate QT correction formula for the safety assessment of new pharmaceuticals and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxit K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Chitrang R Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajesh J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shital D Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sudhir R Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vipul A Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Jitendra H Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pankaj Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Niraj A Shah
- Animal Research Facility, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajesh S Sundar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
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Ohno M, Sagata M, Sekiya T, Nomura N, Shingai M, Endo M, Kimachi K, Suzuki S, Thanh Nguyen C, Nakayama M, Ishigaki H, Ogasawara K, Itoh Y, Kino Y, Kida H. Assessing the pyrogenicity of whole influenza virus particle vaccine in cynomolgus macaques. Vaccine 2023; 41:787-794. [PMID: 36526501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Among inactivated influenza vaccines, the whole virus particle vaccine (WPV) elicits superior priming responses to split virus vaccine (SV) in efficiently inducing humoral and cellular immunity. However, there is concern for undesired adverse events such as fever for WPV due to its potent immunogenicity. Therefore, this study investigated the febrile response induced by subcutaneous injection with quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines of good manufacturing grade for pharmaceutical or investigational products in cynomolgus macaques. Body temperature was increased by 1 °C-2 °C for 6-12 h after WPV administration at the first vaccination but not at the second shot, whereas SV did not affect body temperature at both points. Given the potent priming ability of WPV, WPV-induced fever may be attributed to immune responses that uniquely occur during priming. Since WPV-induced fever was blunted by pretreatment with indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor), the febrile response by WPV is considered to depend on the increase in prostaglandins synthesized by cyclooxygenase. In addition, WPV, but not SV, induced the elevation of type I interferons and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in the plasma; these factors may be responsible for pyrogenicity caused by WPV, as they can increase prostaglandins in the brain. Notably, sufficient antibody responses were acquired by half the amount of WPV without causing fever, suggesting that excessive immune responses to trigger the febrile response is not required for acquired immunity induction. Thus, we propose that WPV with a reduced antigen dose should be evaluated for potential clinical usage, especially in naïve populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marumi Ohno
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Toshiki Sekiya
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Nomura
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashi Shingai
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Saori Suzuki
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Cong Thanh Nguyen
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kida
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Kishida T, Motokawa Y, Yokoi R, Souma S. Less invasive, simultaneous, and continuous measurements of locomotor activity and body temperature using the nano tag® small accelerometer device in cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 118:107224. [PMID: 36116702 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Locomotor activity and body temperature evaluations of cynomolgus monkeys are useful to understand the effects of drugs on the central nervous system. Here, we describe a simple, inexpensive, and less invasive evaluation method using the nano tag® (KISSEI COMTEC Co., Ltd.), a small three-axis accelerometer device with a temperature sensor. Nano tags® were subcutaneously implanted in four cynomolgus monkeys that had been intraperitoneally implanted with a telemetry transmitter. Then, body temperature and locomotor activity counts were simultaneously and continuously measured by both the nano tag® and telemetry transmitter for 14 days after nano tag® implantation. The invasiveness of the implantation surgery was evaluated by recovery after surgery, and the validity of each nano tag® parameter was evaluated by comparison with the telemetry system data. Additionally, locomotor activity and body temperature changes induced by treatment with ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, were evaluated by the nano tag®. Recovery from nano tag® implantation surgery was observed at 7 days postoperative, indicating that nano tag® was less invasive than a telemetry transmitter. Both of the parameter profiles measured by nano tag® were approximately comparable to those of the telemetry system. Moreover, the nano tag® could detect ketamine-induced pharmacological changes of decreases in both parameters. The present study demonstrates that nano tag® is an effective, simple, and less invasive tool for locomotor activity and body temperature evaluations in cynomolgus monkeys. This proposed easier method could help researchers evaluate central nervous system effects in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kishida
- Safety Research Department, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8305, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Motokawa
- Safety Research Department, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8305, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Yokoi
- Safety Research Department, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8305, Japan.
| | - Shinji Souma
- Safety Research Department, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8305, Japan.
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Bowling PA, Bencivenga MA, Leyva ME, Grego BE, Cornelius RN, Cornelius EM, Cover CD, Gonzales CA, Fetterer DP, Reiter CP. Effects of a Heated Anesthesia Breathing Circuit on Body Temperature in Anesthetized Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 60:675-680. [PMID: 34706790 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of using a heated anesthesia breathing circuit in addition to forced-air warming on body temperature in anesthetized rhesus macaques as compared with forced-air warming alone. Hypothermia is a common perianesthetic and intraoperative complication that can increase the risk of negative outcomes. Body heat is lost through 4 mechanisms during anesthesia: radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. Typical warming methods such as forced-air warming devices, conductive heating pads, and heated surgical tables only influence radiative and conductive mechanisms of heat loss. A commercially available heated breathing circuit that delivers gas warmed to 104 °F can easily be integrated into an anesthesia machine. We hypothesized that heating the inspired anesthetic gas to address the evaporative mechanism of heat loss would result in higher body temperature during anesthesia in rhesus macaques. Body temperatures were measured at 5-min intervals in a group of 10 adult male rhesus macaques during 2 anesthetic events: one with a heated anesthesia breathing circuit in addition to forced-air warming, and one with forced-air warming alone. The addition of a heated breathing circuit had a significant positive effect on perianesthetic body temperature, with a faster return to baseline temperature, earlier nadir of initial drop in body temperature, and higher body temperatures during a 2-h anesthetic procedure. Use of a heated anesthesia breathing circuit should be considered as a significant refinement to thermal support during macaque anesthesia, especially for procedures lasting longer than one hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Bowling
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Michael A Bencivenga
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Mary E Leyva
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Brittnee E Grego
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robin N Cornelius
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Emily M Cornelius
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Chase D Cover
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Chase A Gonzales
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - David P Fetterer
- Statistics Section, Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Cara P Reiter
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
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Hong M, Wei L, Duan H, Chen T, Shi L, You Y, Chen Y, Li H, Ma J. Biological variations in hemodynamics and electrocardiogram rhythms among telemetered cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 112:107108. [PMID: 34363962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Telemetered cynomolgus monkeys are widely used in cardiovascular toxicology research. However, the biological variations in their hemodynamics and electrocardiogram rhythms have not been fully elucidated. METHOD To determine the potential effects of sex, handling stress, and circadian rhythm on the hemodynamics and electrocardiogram rhythms, data from 23 cynomolgus monkeys, implanted with DSI telemetry devices were examined. RESULTS Our data showed that males had a longer RR interval (RRi), slower heart rate (HR), shorter QT and corrected QT intervals (QTc), and lower blood pressure than females. During the night time, the animals showed a longer RRi, PRi, QTi, and QTc; slower HR, and lower blood pressure. Handling stress at 0.25- to 1-h post-treatment caused a decrease in RRi and increase in HR and QTi. For RRi, HR, and systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, the coefficients of variation (CVs) between studies of individual animals were less than 30%; for other parameters, the CVs were less than 20%. DISCUSSION We demonstrated that sex, circadian rhythms, and handling stress all contributed towards variations in telemetry data, albeit to different extents. For each individual animal, the biological variation across different studies was relatively small and acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hong
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Liping Wei
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Huailong Duan
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yanfei You
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jing Ma
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Frick OM, Livingston VA, Whitehouse CA, Norris SL, Alves DA, Facemire PR, Reed DS, Nalca A. The Natural History of Aerosolized Francisella tularensis Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques. Pathogens 2021; 10:597. [PMID: 34068262 PMCID: PMC8153158 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tularemia is a severe, zoonotic infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. Inhalation results in a rapid, severe bacterial pneumonia and sepsis, which can be lethal. Because the cynomolgus macaque is the accepted nonhuman primate model for tularemia, we conducted a natural history study of pneumonic tularemia by exposing macaques to target inhaled doses of 50, 500, or 5000 colony forming units (CFU) of F. tularensis subsp. tularensis SCHU S4. Two animals within the 50 CFU group (calculated doses of 10 and 11 CFU) survived the challenge, while the remainder succumbed to infection. Exposure of cynomolgus macaques to aerosolized SCHU S4 resulted in fever, anorexia, increased white blood cell counts, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, increased liver enzymes, alterations in electrocardiogram (ECG), and pathological changes typical of infection with F. tularensis, regardless of the challenge dose. Blood pressure dropped during the febrile phase, particularly as temperature began to drop and macaques succumbed to the disease. ECG analysis indicated that in 33% of the macaques, heart rate was not elevated during the febrile phase (Faget's sign; pulse-temperature disassociation), which has been reported in a similar percentage of human cases. These results indicated that infection of cynomolgus macaques with aerosolized F. tularensis results in similar disease progression and outcome as seen in humans, and that cynomolgus macaques are a reliable animal model to test medical countermeasures against aerosolized F. tularensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondraya M. Frick
- Veterinary Medicine Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (O.M.F.); (V.A.L.); (S.L.N.)
| | - Virginia A. Livingston
- Veterinary Medicine Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (O.M.F.); (V.A.L.); (S.L.N.)
- Naval Medical Research Center, Undersea Medicine Department, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Chris A. Whitehouse
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Sarah L. Norris
- Veterinary Medicine Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (O.M.F.); (V.A.L.); (S.L.N.)
| | - Derron A. Alves
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (D.A.A.); (P.R.F.)
- Veterinary Services and Public Health Sanitation Directorate, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Paul R. Facemire
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (D.A.A.); (P.R.F.)
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Core Support Directorate, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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RETRACTED: Proof of concept efficacy study of intranasal stabilized isoamyl nitrite (SIAN) in rhesus monkeys against acute cyanide poisoning. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 123:104927. [PMID: 33852946 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editors-in-Chief as the authors were unable to provide documentation of approval for the interinstitutional assurance /vertebrate animal section of the paper by the relevant authority, Public Health Service (PHS) Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) in the time that was provided.
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Nakayama S, Koie H, Kato-Tateishi M, Pai C, Ito-Fujishiro Y, Kanayama K, Sankai T, Yasutomi Y, Ageyama N. Establishment of a new formula for QT interval correction using a large colony of cynomolgus monkeys. Exp Anim 2019; 69:18-25. [PMID: 31308302 PMCID: PMC7004807 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for monkeys for medical research is increasing, because their ionic mechanism
of repolarization is similar to that of humans. The QT interval is the distance between
the Q wave and T wave, but this interval is affected by heart rate. Therefore, QT
correction methods are commonly used in clinical settings. However, an accurate correction
formula for the QT interval in cynomolgus monkeys has not been reported. We assessed
snapshot electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 353 ketamine-immobilized monkeys, including aged
animals, and contrived a new formula for the corrected QT interval (QTc) as a marker of QT
interval prolongation in cynomolgus monkeys. Values for QTc were calculated using the
formula [QTc] = [QT] / [RR]n, along with several other formulas commonly used
to calculate QTc. We found that the optimal exponent of the QT interval corrected for
heart rate, n, was 0.576. The mean value of QTc in healthy monkeys determined using the
new formula was 373 ± 31 mm, and there were no significant differences between the sexes.
Other ECG parameters were not significantly different between the sexes and there were no
age-related effects on QTc. Prolongation of QTc to over 405 ms, as calculated by the new
formula, was observed in 50 monkeys with underlying diseases. Additionally, all monkeys
with QTc above 440 ms by the new formula had some underlying disease. The results resemble
those in humans, suggesting that the new QTc formula could be useful for diagnosis of QT
interval prolongation in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology/Pathophysiology, Nihon University, College of Bioresource Science, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.,Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology/Pathophysiology, Nihon University, College of Bioresource Science, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Miyoko Kato-Tateishi
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Chungyu Pai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology/Pathophysiology, Nihon University, College of Bioresource Science, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.,Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Ito-Fujishiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology/Pathophysiology, Nihon University, College of Bioresource Science, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.,Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Kiichi Kanayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology/Pathophysiology, Nihon University, College of Bioresource Science, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sankai
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan.,Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Naohide Ageyama
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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Pereira PJS, Pugsley MK, Troncy E, Tan W, Pouliot M, Harper C, Prefontaine A, Easter A, Wallis R, Miraucourt L, Huang H, Accardi MV, Boulay E, Maghezzi MS, Authier S. Incidence of spontaneous arrhythmias in freely moving healthy untreated Sprague-Dawley rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 99:106589. [PMID: 31154034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous arrhythmia characterization in healthy rats can support interpretation when studying novel therapies. Male (n = 55) and female (n = 40) Sprague-Dawley rats with telemetry transmitters for a derivation II ECG. Arrhythmias were assessed from continuous ECG monitoring over a period of 24-48 h, and data analyzed using an automated detection algorithm with 100% manual over-read. While a total of 1825 spontaneous ventricular premature beats (VPB) were identified, only 7 rats (or 7.4%) did not present with any over the recording period. Spontaneous episode(s) of ventricular tachycardia (VT) were noted in males (27%) and females (3%). The incidence of VPB was significantly higher (p < 0.01) during the night time (7 pm-7 am) compared to daytime, while males presented with significantly (p < 0.001) more VPB than females. Most VPB were observed as single ectopic beats, followed by salvos (2 or 3 consecutive VPBs), and VT (i.e. 4 consecutive VPBs). Most VPBs were single premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) (57%), while the remaining were escape complexes (43%). Spontaneous premature junctional complexes (PJC) were also observed and were significantly more frequent during the night, and in males. Lastly, 596 episodes of spontaneous 2nd-degree atrioventricular (AV) block were identified and were significantly more frequent during the day time in males. Most 2nd-degree AV block episodes were Mobitz type I (57%), with a significantly (p < 0.05) higher incidence in males. This work emphasizes the importance of obtaining sufficient baseline data when undertaking arrhythmia analysis in safety study and provides a better understanding of both sex- and time- dependent effects of spontaneous arrhythmias in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Troncy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Alison Easter
- Praxis Precision Medicines, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Rob Wallis
- Safety Pharmacology Consultant, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Boulay
- Citoxlab, Laval, QC, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | - Simon Authier
- Citoxlab, Laval, QC, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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King GL, Sandgren DJ, Mitchell JM, Bolduc DL, Blakely WF. System for Scoring Severity of Acute Radiation Syndrome Response in Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2018; 68:474-488. [PMID: 30305197 PMCID: PMC6310201 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We developed a clinical assessment tool for use in an NHP radiation model to 1) quantify severity responses for subsyndromes of the acute radiation syndrome (ARS; that is, hematopoietic and others) and 2) identify animals that required enhanced monitoring. Our assessment tool was based primarily on the MEdical TREatment ProtocOLs for Radiation Accident Victims (METREPOL) scoring system but was adapted for NHP to include additional indices (for example, behaviors) for use in NHP studies involving limited medical intervention. Male (n = 16) and female (n = 12) rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; 5 groups: sham and 1.0, 3.5, 6.5, and 8.5 Gy; n = 6 per group) received sham- or bilateral 60Co γ-irradiation at approximately 0.6 Gy/mn. Clinical signs of ARS and blood analysis were obtained before and serially for clinical assessment during the period of 6 h to 60 d after sham or 60Co irradiation. Minimal supportive care (that is, supplemental nutrition, subcutaneous fluid, loperamide, acetaminophen, and topical antibiotic ointment) was prescribed based on clinical observations. Results from clinical signs and assays for assessment of relevant organ systems in individual animals were stratified into ARS severity scores of normal (0), mild (1), moderate (2), and severe (3 or 4). Individual NHP were scored for maximal subsyndrome ARS severity in multiple organ systems by using the proposed ARS scoring system to obtain an overall ARS response category. One NHP died unexpectedly. The multiple-parameter ARS severity scoring tool aided in the identification of animals in the high-dose (6.5 and 8.5 Gy) groups that required enhanced monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L King
- Departments of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Sandgren
- Departments of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer M Mitchell
- Departments of Veterinary Sciences, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David L Bolduc
- Departments of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William F Blakely
- Departments of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Andersen NK, Meyer O, Bradley A, Dragsted N, Lassen AB, Sjögren I, Larsen JM, Harvey W, Bator R, Milne A. Evaluation of the PhysioTel™ Digital M11 cardiovascular telemetry implant in socially housed cynomolgus monkeys up to 16 weeks after surgery. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 87:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Masoudpour H, Laflamme MA. Cardiac repair with pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Proof of concept but new challenges. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:945-948. [PMID: 28688708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Masoudpour
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Laflamme
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Cardiovascular safety assessments in the cynomolgus monkey: Unmasking potential background arrhythmias in general toxicity studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:144-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sadekova N, Boudreau G, Jalbert B, Norton K. The effects of housing conditions on baseline cardiovascular parameters and the sensitivity to detect changes in contractility in telemetry-implanted dogs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:60-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mehendale AC, Doyle JM, Kolin CM, Kroehle JP. Unlock the information in your data: Software to find, classify, and report on data patterns and arrhythmias. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kuster GM, Liao R. Fortune Favors the Prepared: Safety and Efficacy of Allogeneic Hypoxia Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Primates. Circ Res 2016; 118:908-10. [PMID: 26987910 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Kuster
- From the Department of Biomedicine and the Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (G.M.K.); and Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.L.)
| | - Ronglih Liao
- From the Department of Biomedicine and the Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (G.M.K.); and Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.L.).
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Xing G, Lu J, Hu M, Wang S, Zhao L, Zheng W, Schofield J, Oldman K, Adkins D, Yu H, Platz S, Ren J, Skinner M. Effects of group housing on ECG assessment in conscious cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 75:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Kaiser RA, Tichenor SD, Regalia DE, York K, Holzgrefe HH. Telemetric assessment of social and single housing: Evaluation of electrocardiographic intervals in jacketed cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 75:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Xing G, Lu J, Hu M, Wang S, Zhao L, Zheng W, Schofield J, Oldman K, Adkins D, Yu H, Platz S, Ren J, Skinner M. Effects of group housing on ECG assessment in conscious cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 73:72-79. [PMID: 25901446 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing the cardiovascular safety of new chemical or biological entities is important during pre-clinical development. Electrocardiogram (ECG) assessments in non-human primate (NHP) toxicology studies are often made using non-invasive telemetry systems. We investigated whether ECG recording was feasible during group housing of NHPs, rather than the usual single housed arrangement, and whether it would impact the data collected or affect the ability to detect drug-induced changes in QTc interval. METHODS Following a period of acclimatisation to jackets, cynomolgus monkeys (3 males and 3 females) were housed in same sex groups of 3. Female monkeys were administered 4 doses of vehicle whilst male monkeys were administered vehicle, 15, 45 and 135mg/kg moxifloxacin. Each dose was administered on a separate dosing day. The same dosing protocol was repeated with the animals singly housed and the results from the two phases were compared including assessment of statistical power. RESULTS Heart rate (HR) was significantly lower, and PR and QT interval significantly higher, at multiple time points when the animals were group housed compared with the singly housed phase. QRS duration and QTc interval were less affected. Moxifloxacin increased QT and QTc intervals but had no consistent effect on HR, QRS duration or PR interval under group housed or singly housed conditions. Power analysis suggested that group housing did not adversely affect the magnitude of detectable changes of ECG parameters. In general, detection of slightly smaller changes was achieved under conditions of group housing. DISCUSSION The current study shows group housing to be technically possible during non-invasive ECG recording, resulting in lower resting heart rates and small improvements in sensitivity of detection of drug-induced effects. Given the psychological benefits of group housing for NHPs, it is a refinement that should be considered when conducting ECG assessments in NHP toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Xing
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (CDSER), State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (CDSER), State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Miaomiao Hu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (CDSER), State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaodong Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (CDSER), State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (CDSER), State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (CDSER), State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jason Schofield
- Department of Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Oldman
- Discovery Sciences - Statistics, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Adkins
- Discovery Sciences - Statistics, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Yu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (CDSER), State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Stefan Platz
- Department of Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (CDSER), State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Matthew Skinner
- Department of Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.
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Niehoff MO, Niggemann B, Sternberg J, Jenkins A, Holbrook M. Measurement of hyper- and hypotension during repeated dose toxicity studies in either freely moving or physically restrained cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:268-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Derakhchan K, Chui RW, Stevens D, Gu W, Vargas HM. Detection of QTc interval prolongation using jacket telemetry in conscious non-human primates: comparison with implanted telemetry. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:509-22. [PMID: 24372552 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE During repeat-dose toxicity studies, ECGs are collected from chemically or physically-restrained animals over a short timeframe. This is problematic due to cardiovascular changes caused by manual restraint stress and anesthesia, and limited ECG sampling. These factors confound data interpretation, but may be overcome by using a non-invasive jacket-based ECG collection (JET). The current study investigated whether a jacketed external telemetry system could detect changes in cardiac intervals and heart rate in non-human primates (NHPs), previously implanted with a PCT transmitter. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Twelve male cynomolgus monkeys were treated weekly with vehicle or sotalol (8, 16, 32 mg kg⁻¹) p.o. ECGs were collected continuously for 24 hours, following treatment, over 4 weeks. A satellite group of six NHPs was used for sotalol toxicokinetics. KEY RESULTS Sotalol attained Cmax values 1-3 hours after dosing, and exhibited dose-proportional exposure. In jacketed NHPs, sotalol dose-dependently increased QT/QTc intervals, prolonged PR interval, and reduced heart rate. Significant QTc prolongation of 27, 54 and 76 msec was detected by JET after 8, 16, and 32 mg kg⁻¹ sotalol, respectively, compared with time-matched vehicle-treated animals. Overall, JET-derived PR, QT, QTc intervals, QRS duration, and heart rate correlated well with those derived from PCT. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The current findings clearly support the use of JET to quantify cardiac interval and rhythm changes, capable of detecting QTc prolongation caused by sotalol. JET may be a preferred method compared to restraint-based ECG because high-density ECG sampling can be collected in unstressed conscious monkeys, over several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Derakhchan
- Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Toxicology Sciences, CBSS, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Mitchell AZ, Bills AJ, Wittwer GT, Foley CM, Kremer JJ, Chen H, Osinski MA. Intravenous solid tip ECG lead placement in telemetry implanted dogs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Walisser JA, Mitchell AZ, Bills AJ, Sharma AK, Latimer K, Taschwer M, Osinski MA. Intravenous solid tip lead placement in telemetry implanted dogs. Part 1: Surgical methods, signal quality, and pathological endpoints. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:52-61. [PMID: 23608149 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals in safety pharmacology studies are generally collected via subcutaneous or epicardial leads. Subcutaneous placement is an easier procedure, but signals often contain artifacts. Epicardial leads offer improved quality but require additional surgical expertise. Signal quality and tolerability of intravenous (IV)/diaphragmatic ECG leads were investigated as a less invasive alternative to the epicardial ECG lead approach for cardiovascular assessment in dogs. METHODS Twenty-eight beagle dogs were implanted with PCT (n=14) or PCTP (n=14) transmitters with IV (negative)/diaphragmatic (positive) ECG leads arranged in approximate Lead II configuration. Surgical time for previous epicardial and current IV lead placement approaches was compared. The ECG signals were assessed for up to 32 weeks post-surgery. Signal quality was assessed based on good wave/total wave (GW/TW) ratios calculated using ECG PRO (Ponemah Physiology Platform, Version 4.8) and variability in ECG parameter measurements for each surgical model. Clinical pathology was assessed on all animals before surgery and approximately 2 and 12 weeks post-surgery. A specialized necropsy was conducted on four animals (two PCT and two PCTP) to assess the tolerability of telemetry equipment; selected tissues were examined microscopically. RESULTS Surgical time using the IV lead method was approximately 18% shorter than the epicardial lead method. The GW/TW ratio for IV lead-implanted dogs indicated good durability of signal that was similar to epicardial leads. Intra- and inter-animal variability in ECG parameter measurements was similar between IV lead-implanted and epicardial lead-implanted dogs. Clinical pathology revealed no noteworthy findings, and the IV/diaphragmatic surgical approach had minimal consequences on local vasculature and associated implantation sites. DISCUSSION Advantages of the IV/diaphragmatic lead model include a less invasive and shorter surgical procedure; high tissue tolerance, ECG signal quality, and durability; and data processing procedures similar to that of epicardial leads. Therefore, the IV/diaphragmatic lead configuration is a viable alternative to more invasive surgical approaches for telemetry device implantation in dogs.
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Chui RW, Derakhchan K, Vargas HM. Comprehensive analysis of cardiac arrhythmias in telemetered cynomolgus monkeys over a 6month period. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 66:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leishman D, Beck T, Dybdal N, Gallacher D, Guth B, Holbrook M, Roche B, Wallis R. Best practice in the conduct of key nonclinical cardiovascular assessments in drug development: Current recommendations from the Safety Pharmacology Society. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 65:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Taffe MA. A comparison of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous temperature in freely moving rhesus macaques. Physiol Behav 2011; 103:440-4. [PMID: 21443893 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The remote measurement of body temperature with radiotelemetry provides a minimally invasive and robust method for larger experimental animals such as Old World monkeys. Existing literature encompasses data using intraperitoneal (IP) and subcutaneous (SC) implantation locations which may affect inferences about body temperature. METHODS The body temperatures of four adult male rhesus monkeys were monitored with radiotelemetry devices implanted both IP and SC in each subject. Animals were recorded at 5 min intervals for 5 months with the two transmitters being used in sequence on a weekly basis. Additional challenge with d-methamphetamine (0.32 mg/kg; i.m.) was conducted to compare the magnitude of the hyperthermic response measured IP and SC. RESULTS Normal daily temperatures differed by about 0.5-0.8°C across implant locations with IP temperature consistently higher. The difference was consistent across the circadian cycle and when compared 1, 3 or 5 months after surgical implantation. The magnitude of the hyperthermia response to methamphetamine was about 0.75°C when measured with either IP or SC implants. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that data derived from the two major implantation locations used in existing literature are likely to be comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Taffe
- Committee on Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Germain G. Télémonitorage des grandes fonctions physiologiques chez les primates vigiles. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Mitchell AZ, McMahon C, Beck TW, Sarazan RD. Sensitivity of two noninvasive blood pressure measurement techniques compared to telemetry in cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Champeroux P, Ouillé A, Martel E, Fowler JSL, Maurin A, Jude S, Lala P, Le Guennec JY, Richard S. Interferences of the autonomic nervous system with drug induced QT prolongation: a point to consider in non-clinical safety studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:251-63. [PMID: 20172034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION QT interval assessment by telemetry has become one of the most useful models in testing strategies adopted for detection of drug induced QT prolongation in non-clinical safety pharmacology studies. This study reports experimental data showing that the autonomic nervous system might influence drug induced QT prolongation. METHODS Animals were instrumented with telemetric transmitters and epicardial ECG leads. Effects on QT interval of reference drugs such as thioridazine and terfenadine were analysed with different approaches, the Holzgrefe's probabilistic method, the QT shift method and an individual analysis of beat-to-beat QT/RR pair distribution visualised as points-cloud. RESULTS Two cases of unexpected absence of QT interval prolongation are reported with thioridazine and terfenadine in conscious beagle dogs under conditions of concomitant tachycardia. The pro-arrhythmic properties of these two molecules were unmasked by co-treatment with sympatholytic agents, atenolol and clonidine respectively suggesting that sympathetic activation and/or parasympathetic withdrawal might impair a drug induced QT prolongation. DISCUSSION The apparent absence of changes in the QT interval due to novel drug candidates should be interpreted cautiously under conditions of concomitant tachycardia or elevated heart rate levels in non-clinical safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Champeroux
- Centre de Recherches Biologiques, CERB, Chemin de Montifault, 18800 Baugy, France.
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Inui Y, Hazeki O. Acute effects of melatonin and its time of administration on core body temperature and heart rate in cynomolgus monkeys. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:383-91. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Inui
- Development Research Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
- Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Osamu Hazeki
- Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Yao JA, Feldman HS, Illenberger A, Littell T, Schnee L, Yates D. Evaluation of electrocardiograms recorded in cynomolgus monkeys with short- and long-term intracardiac lead implantations. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 60:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gauvin DV, Tilley LP, Smith FW, Baird TJ. Spontaneous cardiac arrhythmias recorded in three experimentally- and drug-naive laboratory species (canine, primate, swine) during standard pre-study screening. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 59:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Calculation of QT shift in non clinical safety pharmacology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 59:73-85. [PMID: 19135537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-induced QT interval prolongation is a major concern in new drug candidate development. This study presents a method of assessment of drug-induced QT interval prolongation without need for QT correction in conscious Beagle dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys monitored by telemetry. Accuracy and reliability are analysed by comparison with a reference QT correction method (Holzgrefe) from experiments performed with reference substances terfenadine, thioridazine and sotalol. METHODS The QT shift method principle is assessment of any drug-induced QT interval shift directly from the individual QT/RR relationship. The individual QT/RR relationship is built from a treatment-free 24-hour recording period. QT and RR intervals are determined from a beat-to-beat analysis. A probabilistic method is used to define the individual QT/RR relationships. Checks were performed to compare results obtained with the QT shift method and the QT correction methods. The robustness of the QT shift method was tested under various conditions of drug-induced heart rate change (i.e. normal, bradycardia and tachycardia). RESULTS The extent of agreement with the used reference QT correction method, Holzgrefe formula, was excellent (3-4 ms) in both animal species under the various drug induced effects on heart rate. The statistical sensitivity threshold for detection of QT prolongation according to a standard safety pharmacology study design was 7-8 ms. DISCUSSION When combined with the probabilistic determination of individual QT/RR relationships, this simple method provides a direct assessment of a drug-induced effect on QT interval, without any curve fitting or application of correction formula. Despite noticeably different shapes in QT/RR relationships, the QT shift method is applicable to both Beagle dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys. It is likely that the QT shift method will be particularly helpful in problematic cases, enabling detection of drug-induced prolongation of less than 10 ms.
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Authier S, Tanguay J, Fournier S, Gauvin D, Legaspi M, Chaurand F, Breault C, Troncy E. Conscious and anesthetized non-human primate safety pharmacology models: Hemodynamic sensitivity comparison. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 58:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Authier S, Tanguay JF, Gauvin D, Fruscia RD, Troncy E. A cardiovascular monitoring system used in conscious cynomolgus monkeys for regulatory safety pharmacology: Part 2: Pharmacological validation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2007; 56:122-30. [PMID: 17587605 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This project addresses the validation study design of a test system using a telemetered non-human primate model for cardiovascular safety pharmacology evaluation. METHODS In addition to non-pharmacological validation including installation and operation qualifications, performance qualification (locomotor activity and cardiovascular evaluations) was completed on free-moving cynomolgus monkeys by quantifying the degree of cardiovascular response measured by the telemetric device to various positive control drugs following their intravenous administration. Remifentanil (0.0005, 0.001, 0.002, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.016 mg/kg) was given to induce bradycardia and hypotension. Medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg) was used to induce an initial phase of hypertension followed by hypotension and bradycardia. Esmolol (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) was used to induce bradycardia. Dopamine (0.002, 0.008, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg/min) was infused over 30 min to induce an increase in arterial and pulse pressures and tachycardia. Amiodarone (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/kg/min) was infused over 10 min to induce QT interval prolongation. Potassium chloride (0.08 mEq/kg/min) was infused for periods of less than 30 min to induce electrocardiographic (EKG) changes characteristic of hyperkalemia. Reliability was evaluated over 60 days. RESULTS Monitoring with a reference methodology and the telemetry system was important in order to evaluate precision and accuracy of the test system. Positive control drugs produced a wide range of cardiovascular effects with different amplitudes, which were useful in identification of the limits of the test system. DISCUSSION Reference monitoring methods and selection of a battery of positive control drugs are important to ensure proper test system validation. Drugs inducing not only QT prolongation but also positive and negative chronotropic effects, positive and negative systemic arterial pressure changes and ECG morphology alterations were useful to identify test system limitations during performance qualification. ECG data processing at significantly elevated heart rates revealed that a trained observer should review all cardiac cycles evaluated by computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Authier
- LAB Research Inc., 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Authier S, Tanguay JF, Gauvin D, Di Fruscia R, Fournier S, Chaurand F, Troncy E. A cardiovascular monitoring system in conscious cynomolgus monkeys for regulatory safety pharmacology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2007; 56:115-21. [PMID: 17587601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This project addresses the validation study design of a test system using a telemetered non-human primate model for cardiovascular safety pharmacology evaluation. METHODS The validation provided by the supplier evaluated installation (IQ) and operation (OQ) qualifications. This protocol was completed with tests evaluating electronic data management and accuracy and precision of transmitter (n=4) measurements for temperature and pressure criteria with a series of tested values. As part of performance qualification, physical activity (for 24 h) as well as cardiovascular, ECG (20 complexes for each animal) and systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP, 10 different measures), data were recorded simultaneously from the same animals (n=4) using certified equipment and the telemetry system. Reliability was evaluated over 60 days. RESULTS The IQ and OQ were completed successfully. The electronic data management was performed successfully. The ex-vivo evaluation for temperature and pressure showed high correlation (R(2)>0.99) but with a slight pressure shift, as expected, with this transmitter model. For physical activity, the correlation coefficients were good to excellent with high activity counts but the comparison demonstrated a limited sensitivity of the telemetry system with animal presenting low activity levels. ECG interval measurement using the telemetry software was considered at least equivalent to manual measurement, but with some limitations in the reading of the ECG. The comparison between both methods of SAP measurement showed adequate precision (R(2)=0.969) but no accuracy. DISCUSSION Reference monitoring methods are important to ensure proper test system validation. Monitoring with a reference methodology and the telemetry system is important in order to evaluate precision and accuracy of the test system. Computerized analysis may lack the capability to analyze ECG complexes with abnormal morphologies. This reinforces the need to have ECG evaluation prior to telemetry implantation along with visual evaluation of ECG tracing at standard speed (e.g. 50 mm/s) at all time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Authier
- LAB Research Inc., 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Chaves AA, Keller WJ, O'Sullivan S, Williams MA, Fitzgerald LE, McPherson HE, Goykhman D, Ward PD, Hoe CM, Mixson L, Briscoe RJ. Cardiovascular monkey telemetry: Sensitivity to detect QT interval prolongation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2006; 54:150-8. [PMID: 16679034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical evaluation of delayed ventricular repolarization manifests electrocardiographically as QT interval prolongation and is routinely used as an indicator of potential risk for pro-arrhythmia (potential to cause Torsades de Pointes) of novel human pharmaceuticals. In accordance with ICH S7A and S7B guidelines we evaluated the sensitivity and validity of the monkey telemetry model as a preclinical predictor of QT interval prolongation in humans. METHODS Cardiovascular monitoring was conducted for 2 h pre-dose and 24 h post-dosing with Moxifloxacin (MOX), with a toxicokinetic (TK) evaluation in a separate group of monkeys. In both studies, MOX was administered orally by gavage in 0.5% methylcellulose at 0, 10, 30, 100, 175 mg/kg. Each monkey received all 5 doses using a dose-escalation paradigm. Inherent variability of the model was assessed with administration of vehicle alone for 4 days in all 4 monkeys (0.5% methylcellulose in deionized water). RESULTS MOX had no significant effect on mean arterial pressure, heart rate, PR or QRS intervals. MOX produced significant dose-related increases in QTc at doses of 30 (Cmax=5.5+/-0.6 microM), 100 (Cmax=16.5+/-1.6 microM), and 175 (Cmax=17.3+/-0.7 microM) mg/kg with peak increases of 22 (8%), 27 (10%), and 47 (18%) ms, respectively (p<or=0.05; compared to vehicle). DISCUSSION In conclusion, we have developed a reproducible, sensitive and reliable primate telemetry model in rhesus monkeys, which exhibits low inherent intra-animal variability and high sensitivity to detect small but significant increases in QT/QTc interval (approximately 4%) with MOX in the same range of therapeutic plasma concentrations attained in humans. Therefore, the primate telemetry model should be considered an important preclinical predictor of QT prolongation of novel human pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Chaves
- Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, United States
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Holzgrefe HH, Cavero I, Gleason CR, Warner WA, Buchanan LV, Gill MW, Burkett DE, Durham SK. Novel probabilistic method for precisely correcting the QT interval for heart rate in telemetered dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2006; 55:159-75. [PMID: 16857392 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION QT intervals are not regulated on a beat-to-beat cadence, but are strongly influenced by the preceding heart rate history (hysteresis). ECG sampling, when performed over sufficiently long periods, results in the detection of ranges of different QT values for each discrete RR interval. Given the potential impact of QT hysteresis in QT interval rate-correction procedures, we hypothesized that, physiologically, the QT interval exists as a probabilistic variable where the exact value corresponding to any RR interval is precisely estimated from the associated QT population. METHODS Digital ECGs were collected for 18-21 h in telemetered dogs (n=7) and cynomolgus monkeys (n=7) employing epicardial ECG leads for accurate T(end) detection, and analyzed by computerized algorithms. Descriptive statistics were calculated for raw QT values in 10 ms RR increments. Individual rate-corrected QT (QTc) formulae were derived from the slopes of log-transformed QT-RR data where each QT point was the mean of >250 beats/RR increment. The aptness of this QTc model was assessed by residual analysis. RESULTS Beat-to-beat ECG analysis demonstrated that for all discrete cycle lengths, the associated raw QT intervals were normally distributed populations, spanning approximately 30-40 and 45-100 ms in the dog and cynomolgus monkey, respectively. In both species, QTc was stable (< or =5 ms variation) over all physiological RR intervals. DISCUSSION The probabilistic treatment of raw QT interval populations natively associated to any RR interval provides hysteresis-free raw QT estimates which can be accurately modeled, allowing the derivation of a precise QTc value. Previous unawareness of the probabilistic nature of the QT interval explains the historical failure of numerous QT rate-correction formulae to correctly solve this scientific issue. Importantly, QT distribution analysis has the potential to provide, for the first time, a universal and sensitive method for QT heart rate-correction, providing a robust method for nonclinical and clinical cardiac safety investigations of repolarization delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Holzgrefe
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Syracuse, NY 13221, USA.
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