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Zhang F, Meier AB, Poch CM, Tian Q, Engelhardt S, Sinnecker D, Lipp P, Laugwitz KL, Moretti A, Dorn T. High-throughput optical action potential recordings in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes with a genetically encoded voltage indicator in the AAVS1 locus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1038867. [PMID: 36274846 PMCID: PMC9585323 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1038867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent an excellent in vitro model in cardiovascular research. Changes in their action potential (AP) dynamics convey information that is essential for disease modeling, drug screening and toxicity evaluation. High-throughput optical AP recordings utilizing intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of the voltage-sensitive fluorescent protein (VSFP) have emerged as a substitute or complement to the resource-intensive patch clamp technique. Here, we functionally validated our recently generated voltage indicator hiPSC lines stably expressing CAG-promoter-driven VSFP in the AAVS1 safe harbor locus. By combining subtype-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation protocols, we established optical AP recordings in ventricular, atrial, and nodal CMs in 2D monolayers using fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, we achieved high-throughput optical AP measurements in single hiPSC-derived CMs in a 3D context. Overall, this system greatly expands the spectrum of possibilities for high-throughput, non-invasive and long-term AP analyses in cardiovascular research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhang
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna B. Meier
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine M. Poch
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Qinghai Tian
- Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Sinnecker
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Lipp
- Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandra Moretti
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Moretti, ; Tatjana Dorn,
| | - Tatjana Dorn
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Moretti, ; Tatjana Dorn,
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Ronzhina M, Stracina T, Lacinova L, Ondacova K, Pavlovicova M, Marsanova L, Smisek R, Janousek O, Fialova K, Kolarova J, Novakova M, Provaznik I. Di-4-ANEPPS Modulates Electrical Activity and Progress of Myocardial Ischemia in Rabbit Isolated Heart. Front Physiol 2021; 12:667065. [PMID: 34177617 PMCID: PMC8222999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.667065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Although voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS is a common tool for mapping cardiac electrical activity, reported effects on electrophysiological parameters are rather. The main goals of the study were to reveal effects of the dye on rabbit isolated heart and to verify, whether rabbit isolated heart stained with di-4-ANEPPS is a suitable tool for myocardial ischemia investigation. Methods and Results Study involved experiments on stained (n = 9) and non-stained (n = 11) Langendorff perfused rabbit isolated hearts. Electrophysiological effects of the dye were evaluated by analysis of various electrogram (EG) parameters using common paired and unpaired statistical tests. It was shown that staining the hearts with di-4-ANEPPS leads to only short-term sporadic prolongation of impulse conduction through atria and atrioventricular node. On the other hand, significant irreversible slowing of heart rate and ventricular conduction were found in stained hearts as compared to controls. In patch clamp experiments, significant inhibition of sodium current density was observed in differentiated NG108-15 cells stained by the dye. Although no significant differences in mean number of ventricular premature beats were found between the stained and the non-stained hearts in ischemia as well as in reperfusion, all abovementioned results indicate increased arrhythmogenicity. In isolated hearts during ischemia, prominent ischemic patterns appeared in the stained hearts with 3–4 min delay as compared to the non-stained ones. Moreover, the ischemic changes did not achieve the same magnitude as in controls even after 10 min of ischemia. It resulted in poor performance of ischemia detection by proposed EG parameters, as was quantified by receiver operating characteristics analysis. Conclusion Our results demonstrate significant direct irreversible effect of di-4-ANEPPS on spontaneous heart rate and ventricular impulse conduction in rabbit isolated heart model. Particularly, this should be considered when di-4-ANEPPS is used in ischemia studies in rabbit. Delayed attenuated response of such hearts to ischemia might lead to misinterpretation of obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ronzhina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tibor Stracina
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lubica Lacinova
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Ondacova
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Pavlovicova
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucie Marsanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radovan Smisek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Oto Janousek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Katerina Fialova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Kolarova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marie Novakova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivo Provaznik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
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3
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Novel method for action potential measurements from intact cardiac monolayers with multiwell microelectrode array technology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11893. [PMID: 31417144 PMCID: PMC6695445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac action potential (AP) is vital for understanding healthy and diseased cardiac biology and drug safety testing. However, techniques for high throughput cardiac AP measurements have been limited. Here, we introduce a novel technique for reliably increasing the coupling of cardiomyocyte syncytium to planar multiwell microelectrode arrays, resulting in a stable, label-free local extracellular action potential (LEAP). We characterized the reliability and stability of LEAP, its relationship to the field potential, and its efficacy for quantifying AP morphology of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived and primary rodent cardiomyocytes. Rise time, action potential duration, beat period, and triangulation were used to quantify compound responses and AP morphology changes induced by genetic modification. LEAP is the first high throughput, non-invasive, label-free, stable method to capture AP morphology from an intact cardiomyocyte syncytium. LEAP can accelerate our understanding of stem cell models, while improving the automation and accuracy of drug testing.
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4
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George SA, Calhoun PJ, Gourdie RG, Smyth JW, Poelzing S. TNFα Modulates Cardiac Conduction by Altering Electrical Coupling between Myocytes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:334. [PMID: 28588504 PMCID: PMC5440594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) upregulation during acute inflammatory response has been associated with numerous cardiac effects including modulating Connexin43 and vascular permeability. This may in turn alter cardiac gap junctional (GJ) coupling and extracellular volume (ephaptic coupling) respectively. We hypothesized that acute exposure to pathophysiological TNFα levels can modulate conduction velocity (CV) in the heart by altering electrical coupling: GJ and ephaptic. Methods and Results: Hearts were optically mapped to determine CV from control, TNFα and TNFα + high calcium (2.5 vs. 1.25 mM) treated guinea pig hearts over 90 mins. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to measure changes in intercellular separation in the gap junction-adjacent extracellular nanodomain—perinexus (WP). Cx43 expression and phosphorylation were determined by Western blotting and Cx43 distribution by confocal immunofluorescence. At 90 mins, longitudinal and transverse CV (CVL and CVT, respectively) increased with control Tyrode perfusion but TNFα slowed CVT alone relative to control and anisotropy of conduction increased, but not significantly. TNFα increased WP relative to control at 90 mins, without significantly changing GJ coupling. Increasing extracellular calcium after 30 mins of just TNFα exposure increased CVT within 15 mins. TNFα + high calcium also restored CVT at 90 mins and reduced WP to control values. Interestingly, TNFα + high calcium also improved GJ coupling at 90 mins, which along with reduced WP may have contributed to increasing CV. Conclusions: Elevating extracellular calcium during acute TNFα exposure reduces perinexal expansion, increases ephaptic, and GJ coupling, improves CV and may be a novel method for preventing inflammation induced CV slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Patrick J Calhoun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, United States.,Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion Research InstituteRoanoke, VA, United States
| | - James W Smyth
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion Research InstituteRoanoke, VA, United States
| | - Steven Poelzing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, United States.,Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion Research InstituteRoanoke, VA, United States
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Abi-Gerges N, Pointon A, Oldman KL, Brown MR, Pilling MA, Sefton CE, Garside H, Pollard CE. Assessment of extracellular field potential and Ca2+ transient signals for early QT/pro-arrhythmia detection using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 83:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (C i PA): Pending issues for successful validation and implementation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:21-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Pfeiffer ER, Vega R, McDonough PM, Price JH, Whittaker R. Specific prediction of clinical QT prolongation by kinetic image cytometry in human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:263-73. [PMID: 27095424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A priority in the development and approval of new drugs is assessment of cardiovascular risk. Current methodologies for screening compounds (e.g. HERG testing) for proarrhythmic risk lead to many false positive and false negative results, resulting in the attrition of potentially therapeutic compounds in early development, and the advancement of other candidates that cause adverse effects. With improvements in the technologies of high content imaging and human stem cell differentiation, it is now possible to directly screen compounds for arrhythmogenic tendencies in human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hSC-CMs). METHODS A training panel of 90 compounds consisting of roughly equal numbers of QT-prolonging and negative control (non-QT-prolonging) compounds, and a follow-up blinded study of 35 compounds including 16 from the 90 compound panel and 2 duplicates, were evaluated for prolongation of the calcium transient in hSC-CMs using kinetic image cytometry (KIC), a specialized form of high content analysis. RESULTS The KIC-hSC-CM assay identified training compounds that prolong the calcium transient with 98% specificity, 97% precision, 80% sensitivity, and 89% accuracy in predicting clinical QT prolongation by these compounds. The follow-up study of 35 blinded compounds confirmed the reproducibility and strong diagnostic accuracy of the assay. DISCUSSION The correlation of the KIC-hSC-CM results to clinical observations met or surpassed traditional preclinical assessment of cardiac risk utilizing animal models. Thus, the KIC-hSC-CM assay, which can be accomplished in high throughput and at relatively low cost, is an effective new model system for testing chemicals for cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Vega
- Vala Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Predicting changes in cardiac myocyte contractility during early drug discovery with in vitro assays. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Preservation of cardiomyocytes from the adult heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 64:108-19. [PMID: 24051370 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes represent one of the most useful models to conduct cardiac research. A single adult heart yields millions of cardiomyocytes, but these cells do not survive for long after isolation. We aimed to determine whether inhibition of myosin II ATPase that is essential for muscle contraction may preserve fully differentiated adult cardiomyocytes. Using inhibitors of the myosin II ATPase, blebbistatin and N-benzyl-p-toluene sulphonamide (BTS), we preserved freshly isolated fully differentiated adult primary cardiomyocytes that were stored at a refrigerated temperature. Specifically, preserved cardiomyocytes stayed viable for a 2-week period with a stable expression of cardiac genes and retained the expression of key markers characteristic of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, voltage-clamp, action potential, calcium transient and contractility studies confirmed that the preserved cardiomyocytes are comparable to freshly isolated cells. Long-term exposure of preserved cardiomyocytes to four tyrosine kinase inhibitors, sunitinib malate, dasatinib, sorafenib tosylate and imatinib mesylate, revealed their potential to induce cardiac toxicity that was manifested with a decrease in contractility and induction of cell death, but this toxicity was not observed in acute experiments conducted over the time course amenable to freshly prepared cardiomyocytes. This study introduces the concept that the inhibition of myosin II ATPase safeguards the structure and function of fully differentiated adult cardiomyocytes. The fact that these preserved cardiomyocytes can be used for numerous days after preparation makes them a robust and versatile tool in cardiac research and allows the investigation of long-term exposure to novel drugs on cardiomyocyte function.
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Di Veroli GY, Davies MR, Zhang H, Abi-Gerges N, Boyett MR. High-throughput screening of drug-binding dynamics to HERG improves early drug safety assessment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H104-17. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00511.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of computational models to predict drug-induced changes in the action potential (AP) is a promising approach to reduce drug safety attrition but requires a better representation of more complex drug-target interactions to improve the quantitative prediction. The blockade of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channel is a major concern for QT prolongation and Torsade de Pointes risk. We aim to develop quantitative in-silico AP predictions based on a new electrophysiological protocol (suitable for high-throughput HERG screening) and mathematical modeling of ionic currents. Electrophysiological recordings using the IonWorks device were made from HERG channels stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. A new protocol that delineates inhibition over time was applied to assess dofetilide, cisapride, and almokalant effects. Dynamic effects displayed distinct profiles for these drugs compared with concentration-effects curves. Binding kinetics to specific states were identified using a new HERG Markov model. The model was then modified to represent the canine rapid delayed rectifier K+ current at 37°C and carry out AP predictions. Predictions were compared with a simpler model based on conductance reduction and were found to be much closer to experimental data. Improved sensitivity to concentration and pacing frequency variables was obtained when including binding kinetics. Our new electrophysiological protocol is suitable for high-throughput screening and is able to distinguish drug-binding kinetics. The association of this protocol with our modeling approach indicates that quantitative predictions of AP modulation can be obtained, which is a significant improvement compared with traditional conductance reduction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Y. Di Veroli
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Davies
- Clinical Informatics, Research and Development Information, AstraZeneca, United Kingdom
| | - Henggui Zhang
- Biological Physics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark R. Boyett
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Kanaporis G, Martišienė I, Jurevičius J, Vosyliūtė R, Navalinskas A, Treinys R, Matiukas A, Pertsov AM. Optical mapping at increased illumination intensities. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:96007-1. [PMID: 23085908 PMCID: PMC3602814 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.9.096007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes have become a major tool in cardiac and neuro-electrophysiology. Achieving high signal-to-noise ratios requires increased illumination intensities, which may cause photobleaching and phototoxicity. The optimal range of illumination intensities varies for different dyes and must be evaluated individually. We evaluate two dyes: di-4-ANBDQBS (excitation 660 nm) and di-4-ANEPPS (excitation 532 nm) in the guinea pig heart. The light intensity varies from 0.1 to 5 mW/mm2, with the upper limit at 5 to 10 times above values reported in the literature. The duration of illumination was 60 s, which in guinea pigs corresponds to 300 beats at a normal heart rate. Within the identified duration and intensity range, neither dye shows significant photobleaching or detectable phototoxic effects. However, light absorption at higher intensities causes noticeable tissue heating, which affects the electrophysiological parameters. The most pronounced effect is a shortening of the action potential duration, which, in the case of 532-nm excitation, can reach ∼30%. At 660-nm excitation, the effect is ∼10%. These findings may have important implications for the design of optical mapping protocols in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedrius Kanaporis
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, 17 Sukilėlių pr, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Irma Martišienė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, 17 Sukilėlių pr, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Jurevičius
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, 17 Sukilėlių pr, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Vosyliūtė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, 17 Sukilėlių pr, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Navalinskas
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, 17 Sukilėlių pr, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Treinys
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, 17 Sukilėlių pr, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Matiukas
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Arkady M. Pertsov
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, 17 Sukilėlių pr, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210
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Heart repair by reprogramming non-myocytes with cardiac transcription factors. Nature 2012; 485:599-604. [PMID: 22660318 PMCID: PMC3367390 DOI: 10.1038/nature11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart possesses little regenerative potential following injury. Fibrosis due to activation of cardiac fibroblasts impedes cardiac regeneration and contributes to loss of contractile function, pathological remodelling and susceptibility to arrhythmias. Cardiac fibroblasts account for a majority of cells in the heart and represent a potential cellular source for restoration of cardiac function following injury through phenotypic reprogramming to a myocardial cell fate. Here we show that four transcription factors, GATA4, HAND2, MEF2C and TBX5, can cooperatively reprogram adult mouse tail-tip and cardiac fibroblasts into beating cardiac-like myocytes in vitro. Forced expression of these factors in dividing non-cardiomyocytes in mice reprograms these cells into functional cardiac-like myocytes, improves cardiac function and reduces adverse ventricular remodelling following myocardial infarction. Our results suggest a strategy for cardiac repair through reprogramming fibroblasts resident in the heart with cardiogenic transcription factors or other molecules.
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13
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Larsen AP, Sciuto KJ, Moreno AP, Poelzing S. The voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS slows conduction velocity in isolated guinea pig hearts. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9:1493-500. [PMID: 22537886 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voltage-sensitive dyes are important tools for mapping electrical activity in the heart. However, little is known about the effects of voltage-sensitive dyes on cardiac electrophysiology. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS modulates cardiac impulse propagation. METHODS Electrical and optical mapping experiments were performed in isolated Langendorff perfused guinea pig hearts. The effect of di-4-ANEPPS on conduction velocity and anisotropy of propagation was quantified. HeLa cells expressing connexin 43 were used to evaluate the effect of di-4-ANEPPS on gap junctional conductance. RESULTS In electrical mapping experiments, di-4-ANEPPS (7.5 μM) was found to decrease both longitudinal and transverse conduction velocities significantly compared with control. No change in the anisotropy of propagation was observed. Similar results were obtained in optical mapping experiments. In these experiments, the effect of di-4-ANEPPS was dose dependent. di-4-ANEPPS had no detectable effect on connexin 43-mediated gap junctional conductance in transfected HeLa cells. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS directly and dose-dependently modulates cardiac impulse propagation. The effect is not likely mediated by connexin 43 inhibition. Our results highlight an important caveat that should be taken into account when interpreting data obtained using di-4-ANEPPS in cardiac preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Peter Larsen
- Nora Eccles-Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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14
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Davies MR, Mistry HB, Hussein L, Pollard CE, Valentin JP, Swinton J, Abi-Gerges N. An in silico canine cardiac midmyocardial action potential duration model as a tool for early drug safety assessment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1466-80. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00808.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines expressing ion channels (IC) and the advent of plate-based electrophysiology device have enabled a molecular understanding of the action potential (AP) as a means of early QT assessment. We sought to develop an in silico AP (isAP) model that provides an assessment of the effect of a compound on the myocyte AP duration (APD) using concentration-effect curve data from a panel of five ICs (hNav1.5, hCav1.2, hKv4.3/hKChIP2.2, hKv7.1/hminK, hKv11.1). A test set of 53 compounds was selected to cover a range of selective and mixed IC modulators that were tested for their effects on optically measured APD. A threshold of >10% change in APD at 90% repolarization (APD90) was used to signify an effect at the top test concentration. To capture the variations observed in left ventricular midmyocardial myocyte APD data from 19 different dogs, the isAP model was calibrated to produce an ensemble of 19 model variants that could capture the shape and form of the APs and also quantitatively replicate dofetilide- and diltiazem-induced APD90 changes. Provided with IC panel data only, the isAP model was then used, blinded, to predict APD90 changes greater than 10%. At a simulated concentration of 30 μM and based on a criterion that six of the variants had to agree, isAP prediction was scored as showing greater than 80% predictivity of compound activity. Thus, early in drug discovery, the isAP model allows integrating separate IC data and is amenable to the throughput required for use as a virtual screen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Hussein
- Safety Pharmacology, Safety Assessment United Kingdom, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - C. E. Pollard
- Safety Pharmacology, Safety Assessment United Kingdom, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - J.-P. Valentin
- Safety Pharmacology, Safety Assessment United Kingdom, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - J. Swinton
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences and
| | - N. Abi-Gerges
- Safety Pharmacology, Safety Assessment United Kingdom, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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15
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Harmer A, Abi-Gerges N, Morton M, Pullen G, Valentin J, Pollard C. Validation of an in vitro contractility assay using canine ventricular myocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 260:162-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Johnson DM, Hussein L, Spätjens RL, Valentin J, Volders PG, Abi‐Gerges N. Measurement of Action Potential Generation in Isolated Canine Left Ventricular Midmyocardial Myocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 10:Unit 10.14.1-23. [DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1014s55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Johnson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Leyla Hussein
- Safety Assessment UK, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield Cheshire United Kingdom
| | - Roel L.H.M.G. Spätjens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul G.A. Volders
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Najah Abi‐Gerges
- Safety Assessment UK, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield Cheshire United Kingdom
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Jonsson MKB, Wang QD, Becker B. Impedance-based detection of beating rhythm and proarrhythmic effects of compounds on stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 9:589-99. [PMID: 22085047 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The xCELLigence real time cell analyzer Cardio system offers a new system for real-time cell analysis that measures impedance-based signals in a label-free noninvasive manner. The aim of this study was to test whether impedance readings are a useful tool to detect compound effects on beating frequency (beats per minute, bpm) and arrhythmias of human induced pluripotent stem cell- and a mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte line (hiPSC-CM and mESC-CM, respectively). Baseline values for control wells were 45±3 and 179±6 bpm, respectively (n=6). Correspondingly, isoproterenol increased beating frequency by 77% and 71%, whereas carbachol decreased frequency by 11% and 100% (stopped in 5/6 mESC-CM wells). E-4031 decreased beating rate and caused arrhythmias in both cell types, however, more pronounced in the human iPSC-CMs. Amlodipine inhibited contractions in both models, and T-type calcium channel block strongly reduced beating rate and eventually stopped beating in mESC-CM but caused a smaller effect in hiPSC-CM. The results of this initial study show that, under the right conditions, the beating frequency of a monolayer of cells can be stably recorded over several days. Additionally, the system detects changes in beating frequency and amplitude caused by added reference compounds. This assay system has the potential to enable medium-throughput screening, but for implementation into routine daily work, extended validation, testing of additional batches of cardiomyocytes, and further assay optimization (e.g., frequency of media exchange, growth matrix, seeding density, age of cells after plating, and temperature control) will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin K B Jonsson
- Department of Medical Physiology, Heart & Lungs Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kaestner L, Lipp P. Screening action potentials: the power of light. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:42. [PMID: 21847381 PMCID: PMC3147179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Action potentials reflect the concerted activity of all electrogenic constituents in the plasma membrane during the excitation of a cell. Therefore, the action potential is an integrated read out and a promising parameter to detect electrophysiological failures or modifications thereof in diagnosis as well as in drug screens. Cellular action potentials can be recorded by optical approaches. To fulfill the pre-requirements to scale up for, e.g., pharmacological screens the following preparatory work has to be provided: (i) model cells under investigation need to represent target cells in the best possible manner; (ii) optical sensors that can be either small molecule dyes or genetically encoded potential probes need to provide a reliable read out with minimal interaction with the naive behavior of the cells and (iii) devices need to be capable to stimulate the cells, read out the signals with the appropriate speed as well as provide the capacity for a sufficient throughput. Here we discuss several scenarios for all three categories in the field of cardiac physiology and pharmacology and provide a perspective to use the power of light in screening cardiac action potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kaestner
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Saarland University Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Warren M, Spitzer KW, Steadman BW, Rees TD, Venable P, Taylor T, Shibayama J, Yan P, Wuskell JP, Loew LM, Zaitsev AV. High-precision recording of the action potential in isolated cardiomyocytes using the near-infrared fluorescent dye di-4-ANBDQBS. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1271-81. [PMID: 20601458 PMCID: PMC2957348 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00248.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes (VSD) for noninvasive measurement of the action potential (AP) in isolated cells has been hindered by low-photon yield of the preparation, dye toxicity, and photodynamic damage. Here we used a new red-shifted VSD, di-4-ANBDQBS, and a fast electron-multiplied charge-coupled device camera for optical AP (OAP) recording in guinea pig cardiac myocytes. Loading di-4-ANBDQBS did not alter APs recorded with micropipette. With short laser exposures (just enough to record one OAP every 1-5 min), di-4-ANBDQBS yielded fluorescent signals with very high signal-to-background ratios (change in fluorescence on depolarization/fluorescence at resting potential: 19.2 ± 4.1%) and signal-to-noise ratios (40 ± 13.2). Quantum chemical calculations comparing the ANBDQ chromophore to the conventional ANEP chromophore showed that the higher wavelength and the greater voltage sensitivity of the former have the same electro-optical origin: a longer path for electron redistribution in the excited state. OAP closely tracked simultaneously recorded electrical APs, permitting measurement of AP duration within 1% error. Prolonged laser exposure caused progressive AP duration prolongation and instability. However, these effects were alleviated or abolished by reducing the dye concentration and by perfusion with antioxidants. Thus the presented technique provides a unique opportunity for noninvasive AP recording in single cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Warren
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5000, USA.
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Chapter 7 Influenza A M2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1554-4516(09)10007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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