1
|
Crompton M, Skinner LJ, Satchell SC, Butler MJ. Aldosterone: Essential for Life but Damaging to the Vascular Endothelium. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1004. [PMID: 37371584 PMCID: PMC10296074 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin aldosterone system is a key regulator of blood pressure. Aldosterone is the final effector of this pathway, acting predominantly via mineralocorticoid receptors. Aldosterone facilitates the conservation of sodium and, with it, water and acts as a powerful stimulus for potassium excretion. However, evidence for the pathological impact of excess mineralocorticoid receptor stimulation is increasing. Here, we discussed how in the heart, hyperaldosteronism is associated with fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction, and maladaptive hypertrophy. In the kidney, aldosterone was shown to cause proteinuria and fibrosis and may contribute to the progression of kidney disease. More recently, studies suggested that aldosterone excess damaged endothelial cells. Here, we reviewed how damage to the endothelial glycocalyx may contribute to this process. The endothelial glycocalyx is a heterogenous, negatively charged layer on the luminal surface of cells. Aldosterone exposure alters this layer. The resulting structural changes reduced endothelial reactivity in response to protective shear stress, altered permeability, and increased immune cell trafficking. Finally, we reviewed current therapeutic strategies for limiting endothelial damage and suggested that preventing glycocalyx remodelling in response to aldosterone exposure may provide a novel strategy, free from the serious adverse effect of hyperkalaemia seen in response to mineralocorticoid blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew J. Butler
- Bristol Renal, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
In silico selectivity modeling of pyridine and pyrimidine based CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 inhibitors: A case study. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108238. [PMID: 35691091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DESIGN of selective drug candidates for highly structural similar targets is a challenging task for researchers. The main objective of this study was to explore the selectivity modeling of pyridine and pyrimidine scaffold towards the highly homologous targets CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 enzymes by in silico (Molecular docking and QSAR) approaches. In this regard, a big dataset (n = 228) of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 inhibitors were gathered and classified based on heterocyclic ring and the exhaustive analysis was carried out for pyridine and pyrimidinescaffolds. The LibDock algorithm was used to explore the binding pattern, screening, and identify the structural feature responsible for the selectivity of the ligands towards the studied targets. Finally, QSAR analysis was done to explore the correlation between various binding parameters and structural features responsible for the inhibitory activity and selectivity of the ligands in a quantitative way. The docking and QSAR analysis clearly revealed and distinguished the importance of structural features, functional groups attached for CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 selectivity for pyridine and pyrimidine analogs. Additionally, the docking analysis highlighted the differentiating amino acids residues for selectivity for ligands for each of the enzymes. The results obtained from this research work will be helpful in designing the selective CYP11B1/CYP11B2 inhibitors.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rucker HR, Parker MR. Decreased attractivity in female garter snakes treated with an aromatase inhibitor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:171-180. [PMID: 34533896 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most experimental studies on sexual signal regulation via hormone manipulation have focused on male signals, yet female signals demonstrate substantial phenotypic variation and hormone-dependent expression. Female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) produce a skin-based sex pheromone used by males in mate selection. The principle female sex steroid, 17 β-estradiol, controls pheromone production in snakes, but studies manipulating female garter snakes have produced conflicting results, relied on behavioral tests with males in the laboratory, and did not quantify pheromone expression. Because aromatase is the terminal enzyme in estradiol biosynthesis, we hypothesized that female garter snakes rely on aromatase to ultimately control pheromone production during the annual cycle of this species. To test this, we used a known pharmacological inhibitor of aromatase, fadrozole (FAD). Wild-caught female garter snakes were chronically treated via subcutaneous injections of either FAD (1.0 mg kg-1 ) or saline (control) for six months in the laboratory during the active period of the annual cycle then hibernated. In two separate field bioassays the next spring at the den site, FAD females received approximately 50% less courtship from wild, sexually active male garter snakes compared to SHAM females. Pheromone analysis revealed that four of the largest, unsaturated methyl ketones were specifically downregulated in FAD females, indicating that aromatase action is a crucial, permissive step in the maintenance of female attractivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Rucker
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - M Rockwell Parker
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Wu J, Zhou M, Chen W, Li D, Wang Z, Hornsperger B, Aebi JD, Märki HP, Kuhn B, Wang L, Kuglstatter A, Benz J, Müller S, Hochstrasser R, Ottaviani G, Xin J, Kirchner S, Mohr S, Verry P, Riboulet W, Shen HC, Mayweg AV, Amrein K, Tan X. Discovery of 3-Pyridyl Isoindolin-1-one Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Active Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6876-6897. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
Sparks SM, Danger DP, Hoekstra WJ, Leesnitzer T, Schotzinger RJ, Yates CM, Becherer JD. Development of Highly Selective Pyrimidine-Based Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1056-1060. [PMID: 31312408 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess aldosterone production and signaling are primary contributors to numerous cardiovascular disorders including primary aldosteronism and resistant hypertension. Recently, inhibition of aldosterone synthesis via the enzyme aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) has been pursued to ameliorate the negative effects of elevated aldosterone. Herein, we report the development of aldosterone synthase inhibitors using a pyrimidine-based metal binding group leading to the highly selective CYP11B2 inhibitor 22. Superior selectivity combined with robust pharmacokinetics afforded highly selective in vivo aldosterone suppression in a monkey model of adrenal steroidogenesis, demonstrating the potential for selective aldosterone lowering in humans with pyrimidine 22.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Sparks
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Dana P. Danger
- OpAns, 4134 South Alston Avenue, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - William J. Hoekstra
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Tony Leesnitzer
- OpAns, 4134 South Alston Avenue, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Robert J. Schotzinger
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Christopher M. Yates
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - J. David Becherer
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is an important regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. However, excess aldosterone can be deleterious as a driver of inflammation, vascular remodeling and tissue fibrosis associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonists are current clinical therapies used to antagonize deleterious effects of aldosterone in patients. MRAs compete with aldosterone for binding at its cognate receptor thereby limiting its effect while RAS antagonists reduce aldosterone levels indirectly by blocking the stimulatory effect of angiotensin. Both MRAs and RAS antagonists can result in incomplete inhibition of the harmful effects of excess aldosterone. Aldosterone synthase (AS) inhibitors (ASI) attenuate the production of aldosterone directly and have been proposed as an alternative to MRAs and RAS blockers. Cortisol synthase (CS) is an enzyme closely related to AS and responsible for generating the important glucocorticoid cortisol, required for maintaining critical metabolic and immune responses. The importance of selectivity against CS is shown by early examples of ASIs that were only modestly selective and as such, attenuated cortisol responses when evaluated in patients. Recently, next-generation, highly selective ASIs have been described and are presently being evaluated in the clinic as an alternative to angiotensin and MR antagonists for cardiometabolic disease. Herein we provide a brief review of the challenges associated with discovery of selective ASIs and the transition from the early compounds that paved the way toward the next-generation of highly selective ASIs currently under development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Weldon
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States.
| | - Nicholas F Brown
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bergh MSS, Bogen IL, Andersen JM, Øiestad ÅML, Berg T. Determination of adrenaline, noradrenaline and corticosterone in rodent blood by ion pair reversed phase UHPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:161-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
Papillon JPN, Lou C, Singh AK, Adams CM, Ksander GM, Beil ME, Chen W, Leung-Chu J, Fu F, Gan L, Hu CW, Jeng AY, LaSala D, Liang G, Rigel DF, Russell KS, Vest JA, Watson C. Discovery of N-[5-(6-Chloro-3-cyano-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-ethanesulfonamide, a Cortisol-Sparing CYP11B2 Inhibitor that Lowers Aldosterone in Human Subjects. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9382-94. [PMID: 26540564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human clinical studies conducted with LCI699 established aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibition as a promising novel mechanism to lower arterial blood pressure. However, LCI699's low CYP11B1/CYP11B2 selectivity resulted in blunting of adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulated cortisol secretion. This property of LCI699 prompted its development in Cushing's disease, but limited more extensive clinical studies in hypertensive populations, and provided an impetus for the search for cortisol-sparing CYP11B2 inhibitors. This paper summarizes the discovery, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic data in preclinical species and human subjects of the selective CYP11B2 inhibitor 8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael E Beil
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Jennifer Leung-Chu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Fumin Fu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | | | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Arco Y Jeng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Daniel LaSala
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | | | - Dean F Rigel
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hoyt SB, Petrilli W, London C, Liang GB, Tata J, Hu Q, Yin L, van Koppen CJ, Hartmann RW, Struthers M, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Cai TQ, Stribling S, Pai LY, Ma X, Metzger J, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Buist N, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Maxwell CA, Lassman M, McLaughlin T, Castro-Perez J, Szeto D, Forrest G, Hajdu R, Rosenbach M, Xiong Y. Discovery of Triazole CYP11B2 Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity in Rhesus Monkeys. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:861-5. [PMID: 26288685 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hit-to-lead efforts resulted in the discovery of compound 19, a potent CYP11B2 inhibitor that displays high selectivity vs related CYPs, good pharmacokinetic properties in rat and rhesus, and lead-like physical properties. In a rhesus pharmacodynamic model, compound 19 displays robust, dose-dependent aldosterone lowering efficacy, with no apparent effect on cortisol levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Hoyt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Whitney Petrilli
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gui-Bai Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jim Tata
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lina Yin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- ElexoPharm GmbH, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mary Struthers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tom Wisniewski
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian-Quan Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sloan Stribling
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Metzger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Clemas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Mike Lassman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daphne Szeto
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gail Forrest
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Hajdu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Rosenbach
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoyt SB, Park MK, London C, Xiong Y, Tata J, Bennett DJ, Cooke A, Cai J, Carswell E, Robinson J, MacLean J, Brown L, Belshaw S, Clarkson TR, Liu K, Liang GB, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Cai TQ, Stribling S, Pai LY, Ma X, Metzger J, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Buist N, Kuethe J, Rivera N, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Maxwell CA, Lassman M, McLaughlin T, Castro-Perez J, Szeto D, Forrest G, Hajdu R, Rosenbach M, Ali A. Discovery of Benzimidazole CYP11B2 Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity in Rhesus Monkeys. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:573-8. [PMID: 26005536 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of a benzimidazole series of CYP11B2 inhibitors. Hit-to-lead and lead optimization studies identified compounds such as 32, which displays potent CYP11B2 inhibition, high selectivity versus related CYP targets, and good pharmacokinetic properties in rat and rhesus. In a rhesus pharmacodynamic model, 32 produces dose-dependent aldosterone lowering efficacy, with no apparent effect on cortisol levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Hoyt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Min K. Park
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jim Tata
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Andrew Cooke
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Jiaqiang Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Carswell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - John Robinson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - John MacLean
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Belshaw
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Clarkson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Kun Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gui-Bai Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Struthers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Doris Cully
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tom Wisniewski
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian-Quan Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sloan Stribling
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Metzger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeff Kuethe
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nelo Rivera
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Clemas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Mike Lassman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daphne Szeto
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gail Forrest
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Hajdu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Rosenbach
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ménard J, Rigel DF, Watson C, Jeng AY, Fu F, Beil M, Liu J, Chen W, Hu CW, Leung-Chu J, LaSala D, Liang G, Rebello S, Zhang Y, Dole WP. Aldosterone synthase inhibition: cardiorenal protection in animal disease models and translation of hormonal effects to human subjects. J Transl Med 2014; 12:340. [PMID: 25491597 PMCID: PMC4301837 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aldosterone synthase inhibition provides the potential to attenuate both the mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent and independent actions of aldosterone. In vitro studies with recombinant human enzymes showed LCI699 to be a potent, reversible, competitive inhibitor of aldosterone synthase (Ki = 1.4 ± 0.2 nmol/L in humans) with relative selectivity over 11β-hydroxylase. Methods Hormonal effects of orally administered LCI699 were examined in rat and monkey in vivo models of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin-II-stimulated aldosterone release, and were compared with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone in a randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted in 99 healthy human subjects. The effects of LCI699 and eplerenone on cardiac and renal sequelae of aldosterone excess were investigated in a double-transgenic rat (dTG rat) model overexpressing human renin and angiotensinogen. Results Rat and monkey in vivo models of stimulated aldosterone release predicted human dose– and exposure–response relationships, but overestimated the selectivity of LCI699 in humans. In the dTG rat model, LCI699 dose-dependently blocked increases in aldosterone, prevented development of cardiac and renal functional abnormalities independent of blood pressure changes, and prolonged survival. Eplerenone prolonged survival to a similar extent, but was less effective in preventing cardiac and renal damage. In healthy human subjects, LCI699 0.5 mg selectively reduced plasma and 24 h urinary aldosterone by 49 ± 3% and 39 ± 6% respectively (Day 1, mean ± SEM; P < 0.001 vs placebo), which was associated with natriuresis and an increase in plasma renin activity. Doses of LCI699 greater than 1 mg inhibited basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol. Eplerenone 100 mg increased plasma and 24 h urinary aldosterone while stimulating natriuresis and increasing renin activity. In contrast to eplerenone, LCI699 increased the aldosterone precursor 11-deoxycorticosterone and urinary potassium excretion. Conclusions These results provide new insights into the cardiac and renal effects of inhibiting aldosterone synthase in experimental models and translation of the hormonal effects to humans. Selective inhibition of aldosterone synthase appears to be a promising approach to treat diseases associated with aldosterone excess. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0340-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Ménard
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine and INSERM/AP-HP Clinical Investigation Center, Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Dean F Rigel
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Catherine Watson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Arco Y Jeng
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA. .,Current address: Golda Och Academy, 1418 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA.
| | - Fumin Fu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Michael Beil
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Jing Liu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Daniel LaSala
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Sam Rebello
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - William P Dole
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|