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Cao Z, Yu W, Zhang L, Yang J, Lou J, Xu M, Zhang Z. A study on the correlation of the asymmetric regulation between the periaqueductal gray and the bilateral trigeminal nucleus caudalis in migraine male rats. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:27. [PMID: 36935501 PMCID: PMC10026495 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was designed to explore the correlation of the asymmetric regulation between periaqueductal gray (PAG) and bilateral trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in migraine rats through studying the changes of metabolites in pain regulatory pathway of acute migraine attack. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: blank, control, model groups. Then, blank group was intraperitoneally injected with ultrapure water, while control group injected with saline and model group injected with Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN). Two hours later, PAG and bilateral TNC were removed respectively, and metabolite concentrations of PAG, Left-TNC, Right-TNC were obtained. Lastly, the differences of metabolite among three brain tissues were compared. RESULTS The relative concentrations of rNAA, rGlu, rGln, rTau, rMI in PAG or bilateral TNC had interaction effects between groups and sites. The concentration of rLac of three brain tissues increased in migraine rats, however, the rLac of LTNC and RTNC increased more than that of PAG. Besides, the concentrations of rNAA and rGln increased in RTNC, while rGABA decreased in RTNC. CONCLUSIONS There is correlation between PAG, LTNC and RTNC in regulation of pain during acute migraine attack, and the regulation of LTNC and RTNC on pain is asymmetric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Cao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafei Lou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maosheng Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhengxiang Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine) Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Oliver VL, Pang DSJ. Pain Recognition in Rodents. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:121-149. [PMID: 36402478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Available methods for recognizing and assessing pain in rodents have increased over the last 10 years, including the development of validated pain assessment scales. Much of this work has been driven by the needs of biomedical research, and there are specific challenges to applying these scales in the clinical environment. This article provides an introduction to pain assessment scale validation, reviews current methods of pain assessment, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and makes recommendations for assessing pain in a clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Oliver
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Animal Health Unit, VP Research, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Daniel S J Pang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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3
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Guo S, Ernstsen C, Hay-Schmidt A, Ashina M, Olesen J, Christensen SL. PACAP signaling is not involved in GTN- and levcromakalim-induced hypersensitivity in mouse models of migraine. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:155. [PMID: 36471250 PMCID: PMC9724374 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonizing drugs represents the most important advance in migraine therapy for decades. However, these new drugs are only effective in 50-60% of patients. Recent studies have shown that the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP38) pathway is independent from the CGRP signaling pathway. Here, we investigate PACAP38 signaling pathways in relation to glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), levcromakalim and sumatriptan. METHODS In vivo mouse models of PACAP38-, GTN-, and levcromakalim-induced migraine were applied using tactile sensitivity to von Frey filaments as measuring readout. Signaling pathways involved in the three models were dissected using PACAP-inhibiting antibodies (mAbs) and sumatriptan. RESULTS We showed that PACAP mAbs block PACAP38 induced hypersensitivity, but not via signaling pathways involved in GTN and levcromakalim. Also, sumatriptan has no effect on PACAP38-induced hypersensitivity relevant to migraine. This is the first study testing the effect of a PACAP-inhibiting drug on GTN- and levcromakalim-induced hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings in our mouse model of migraine using migraine-inducing compounds and anti-migraine drugs, we suggest that PACAP acts via a distinct pathway. Using PACAP38 antagonism may be a novel therapeutic target of interest in a subgroup of migraine patients who do not respond to existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, Glostrup 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Odontology, Faculty of Health, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ernstsen
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, Glostrup 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Hay-Schmidt
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Odontology, Faculty of Health, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Human Migraine Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, Glostrup 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Louise Christensen
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, Glostrup 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Neuwirth LS, Verrengia MT, Harikinish-Murrary ZI, Orens JE, Lopez OE. Under or Absent Reporting of Light Stimuli in Testing of Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rodents: The Need for Standardization. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:912146. [PMID: 36061362 PMCID: PMC9428565 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.912146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience tests such as the Light/Dark Test, the Open Field Test, the Elevated Plus Maze Test, and the Three Chamber Social Interaction Test have become both essential and widely used behavioral tests for transgenic and pre-clinical models for drug screening and testing. However, as fast as the field has evolved and the contemporaneous involvement of technology, little assessment of the literature has been done to ensure that these behavioral neuroscience tests that are crucial to pre-clinical testing have well-controlled ethological motivation by the use of lighting (i.e., Lux). In the present review paper, N = 420 manuscripts were examined from 2015 to 2019 as a sample set (i.e., n = ~20–22 publications per year) and it was found that only a meager n = 50 publications (i.e., 11.9% of the publications sampled) met the criteria for proper anxiogenic and anxiolytic Lux reported. These findings illustrate a serious concern that behavioral neuroscience papers are not being vetted properly at the journal review level and are being released into the literature and public domain making it difficult to assess the quality of the science being reported. This creates a real need for standardizing the use of Lux in all publications on behavioral neuroscience techniques within the field to ensure that contributions are meaningful, avoid unnecessary duplication, and ultimately would serve to create a more efficient process within the pre-clinical screening/testing for drugs that serve as anxiolytic compounds that would prove more useful than what prior decades of work have produced. It is suggested that improving the standardization of the use and reporting of Lux in behavioral neuroscience tests and the standardization of peer-review processes overseeing the proper documentation of these methodological approaches in manuscripts could serve to advance pre-clinical testing for effective anxiolytic drugs. This report serves to highlight this concern and proposes strategies to proactively remedy them as the field moves forward for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S. Neuwirth
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lorenz S. Neuwirth
| | - Michael T. Verrengia
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Zachary I. Harikinish-Murrary
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Jessica E. Orens
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Oscar E. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
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Westgate CSJ, Hagen SM, Israelsen IME, Hamann S, Jensen RH, Eftekhari S. The impact of obesity-related raised intracranial pressure in rodents. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9102. [PMID: 35650312 PMCID: PMC9160066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is observed in many brain disorders. Obesity has been linked to ICP pathogenesis in disorders such as idiopathic intracranial pressure (IIH). We investigated the effect of diet induced obesity (DIO) on ICP and clinically relevant sequelae. Rats were fed either a control or high fat diet. Following weight gain long term ICP, headache behavior, body composition and retinal outcome were examined. Post-hoc analysis of retinal histology and molecular analysis of choroid plexus and trigeminal ganglion (TG) were performed. DIO rats demonstrated raised ICP by 55% which correlated with the abdominal fat percentage and increased non-respiratory slow waves, suggestive of altered cerebral compliance. Concurrently, DIO rats demonstrated a specific cephalic cutaneous allodynia which negatively correlated with the abdominal fat percentage. This sensitivity was associated with increased expression of headache markers in TG. Additionally, DIO rats had increased retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in vivo associated with raised ICP with a subsequent post-hoc demonstration of neuroretinal degeneration. This study demonstrates for the first time that DIO leads to raised ICP and subsequent clinically relevant symptom development. This novel model of non-traumatic raised ICP could expand the knowledge regarding disorders with elevated ICP such as IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connar Stanley James Westgate
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Snorre Malm Hagen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Marchen Egerod Israelsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Hamann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rigmor Højland Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sajedeh Eftekhari
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Christensen SL, Rasmussen RH, Ernstsen C, La Cour S, David A, Chaker J, Haanes KA, Christensen ST, Olesen J, Kristensen DM. CGRP-dependent signalling pathways involved in mouse models of GTN- cilostazol- and levcromakalim-induced migraine. Cephalalgia 2021; 41:1413-1426. [PMID: 34407650 DOI: 10.1177/03331024211038884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of exact signalling events during migraine attacks is lacking. Various substances are known to trigger migraine attacks in patients and calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonising drugs are effective against migraine pain. Here, we investigated the signalling pathways involved in three different mouse models of provoked migraine and relate them to calcitonin gene-related peptide and other migraine-relevant targets. METHODS In vivo mouse models of glyceryl trinitrate-, cilostazol- and levcromakalim-induced migraine were applied utilising tactile sensitivity to von Frey filaments as measuring readout. Signalling pathways involved in the three models were dissected by use of specific knockout mice and chemical inhibitors. In vivo results were supported by ex vivo wire myograph experiments measuring arterial dilatory responses and ex vivo calcitonin gene-related peptide release from trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus caudalis from mice. RESULTS Glyceryl trinitrate-induced hypersensitivity was dependent on both prostaglandins and transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, whereas cilostazol- and levcromakalim-induced hypersensitivity were independent of both. All three migraine triggers activated calcitonin gene-related peptide signalling, as both receptor antagonism and antibody neutralisation of calcitonin gene-related peptide were effective inhibitors of hypersensitivity in all three models. Stimulation of trigeminal ganglia and brain stem tissue samples with cilostazol and levcromakalim did not result in release of calcitonin gene-related peptide, and vasodilation following levcromakalim stimulation was independent of CGRP receptor antagonism. CONCLUSION The mouse models of glyceryl trinitrate-, cilostazol- and levcromakalim- induced migraine all involve calcitonin gene-related peptide signalling in a complex interplay between different cell/tissue types. These models are useful in the study of migraine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke H Rasmussen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ernstsen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne La Cour
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Jade Chaker
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Kristian A Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, 70590Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Kristensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.,Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Wang M, Mason BN, Sowers LP, Kuburas A, Rea BJ, Russo AF. Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior using Light Aversion in Mice. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 34459825 DOI: 10.3791/62839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | - Bianca N Mason
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Levi P Sowers
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Administration Health Center, Iowa City, IA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa
| | - Adisa Kuburas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa
| | - Brandon J Rea
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Administration Health Center, Iowa City, IA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa
| | - Andrew F Russo
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Administration Health Center, Iowa City, IA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa; Department of Neurology, University of Iowa;
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8
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CGRP induces migraine-like symptoms in mice during both the active and inactive phases. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:62. [PMID: 34193048 PMCID: PMC8243868 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian patterns of migraine attacks have been reported by patients but remain understudied. In animal models, circadian phases are generally not taken into consideration. In particular, rodents are nocturnal animals, yet they are most often tested during their inactive phase during the day. This study aims to test the validity of CGRP-induced behavioral changes in mice by comparing responses during the active and inactive phases. METHODS Male and female mice of the outbred CD1 strain were administered vehicle (PBS) or CGRP (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce migraine-like symptoms. Animals were tested for activity (homecage movement and voluntary wheel running), light aversive behavior, and spontaneous pain at different times of the day and night. RESULTS Peripheral administration of CGRP decreased the activity of mice during the first hour after administration, induced light aversive behavior, and spontaneous pain during that same period of time. Both phenotypes were observed no matter what time of the day or night they were assessed. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in wheel activity is an additional clinically relevant phenotype observed in this model, which is reminiscent of the reduction in normal physical activity observed in migraine patients. The ability of peripheral CGRP to induce migraine-like symptoms in mice is independent of the phase of the circadian cycle. Therefore, preclinical assessment of migraine-like phenotypes can likely be done during the more convenient inactive phase of mice.
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9
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Abstract
Chronic pain affects approximately one-third of the population worldwide. The primary goal of animal research is to understand the neural mechanisms underlying pain so better treatments can be developed. Despite an enormous investment in time and money, almost no novel treatments for pain have been developed. There are many factors that contribute to this lack of translation in drug development. The mismatch between the goals of drug development in animals (inhibition of pain-evoked responses) and treatment in humans (restoration of function) is a major problem. To solve this problem, a number of pain-depressed behavioral tests have been developed to assess changes in normal behavior in laboratory animals. The use of home cage wheel running as a pain assessment tool is especially useful in that it is easy to use, provides an objective measurement of the magnitude and duration of pain, and is a clinically relevant method to screen novel drugs. Pain depresses activity in humans and animals, and effective analgesic treatments restore activity. Unlike traditional pain-evoked tests (e.g., hot plate, tail flick, von Frey test), restoration of home cage wheel running evaluates treatments for both antinociceptive efficacy and the absence of disruptive side effects (e.g., sedation, paralysis, nausea). This article reviews the literature using wheel running to assess pain and makes the case for home cage wheel running as an effective and clinically relevant method to screen novel analgesics for therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kandasamy
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Michael M. Morgan
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA
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10
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Turner PV, Pang DS, Lofgren JL. A Review of Pain Assessment Methods in Laboratory Rodents. Comp Med 2019; 69:451-467. [PMID: 31896391 PMCID: PMC6935698 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents requires accurate assessments of the presence or absence of pain to the extent possible. This can be challenging some situations because laboratory rodents are prey species that may show subtle signs of pain. Although a number of standard algesiometry assays have been used to assess evoked pain responses in rodents for many decades, these methods likely represent an oversimplification of pain assessment and many require animal handling during testing, which can result in stress-induced analgesia. More recent pain assessment methods, such as the use of ethograms, facial grimace scoring, burrowing, and nest-building, focus on evaluating changes in spontaneous behaviors or activities of rodents in their home environments. Many of these assessment methods are time-consuming to conduct. While many of these newer tests show promise for providing a more accurate assessment of pain, most require more study to determine their reliability and sensitivity across a broad range of experimental conditions, as well as between species and strains of animals. Regular observation of laboratory rodents before and after painful procedures with consistent use of 2 or more assessment methods is likely to improve pain detection and lead to improved treatment and care-a primary goal for improving overall animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Turner
- Charles River, Wilmington , Massachusetts Dept of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada;,
| | - Daniel Sj Pang
- Dept of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Behavioral and cognitive animal models in headache research. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:11. [PMID: 30704400 PMCID: PMC6734244 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-0963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have provided a growing body of information about the pathophysiology of headaches and novel therapeutic targets. In recent years, experiments in awake animals have gained attention as more relevant headache models. Pain can be assessed in animals using behavioral alterations, which includes sensory-discriminative, affective-emotional and cognitive aspects. Spontaneous behavioral alterations such as increased grooming, freezing, eye blinking, wet dog shake and head shake and decreased locomotion, rearing, food or water consumption observed during pain episodes are oftentimes easy to translate into clinical outcomes, but are giving little information about the localization and modality of the pain. Evoked pain response such as tactile and thermal hypersensitivity measures are less translatable but gives more insight into mechanisms of action. Mechanical allodynia is usually assessed with von Frey monofilaments and dynamic aesthesiometer, and thermal allodynia can be evaluated with acetone evaporation test and Hargreaves’ test in animal models. Anxiety and depression are the most frequent comorbid diseases in headache disorders. Anxiety-like behaviors are evaluated with the open-field, elevated plus-maze or light/dark box tests. Interpretation of the latter test is challenging in migraine models, as presence of photophobia or photosensitivity can also be measured in light/dark boxes. Depressive behavior is assessed with the forced-swim or tail suspension tests. The majority of headache patients complain of cognitive symptoms and migraine is associated with poor cognitive performance in clinic-based studies. Cluster headache and tension type headache patients also exhibit a reversible cognitive dysfunction during the headache attacks. However, only a limited number of animal studies have investigated cognitive aspects of headache disorders, which remains a relatively unexplored aspect of these pathologies. Thus, the headache field has an excellent and growing selection of model systems that are likely to yield exciting advances in the future.
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12
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Christensen SL, Petersen S, Sørensen DB, Olesen J, Jansen-Olesen I. Cilostazol induces C-fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and behavioural changes suggestive of headache with the migraine-like feature photophobia in female rats. Cephalalgia 2017; 38:452-465. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102417693833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Research in development of new migraine therapeutics is hindered by the lack of suitable, predictive animal models. Cilostazol provokes headache in healthy humans and migraineurs by increasing intracellular cAMP levels. We aimed to investigate whether cilostazol could provoke headache-like behaviours and c-fos expression in rats. In order to evaluate the predictive validity of the model, we examined the response to the migraine specific drug sumatriptan. Methods The effect of cilostazol (125 mg/kg p.o.) in female Sprague Dawley rats was evaluated on a range of spontaneous behavioural parameters, light sensitivity and mechanical sensitivity thresholds. We also measured c-fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Results Cilostazol increased light sensitivity and grooming behaviour. These manifestations were not inhibited by sumatriptan. Cilostazol also induced c-fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Furthermore, trigeminal – but not hind paw hyperalgesia was observed. Conclusion The altered behaviours are suggestive of cilostazol induced headache with migraine-like features, but not specific. The presence of head specific hyperalgesia and the c-fos response in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis imply that the model involves trigeminal nociception. The model will be useful for studying mechanisms related to the cAMP pathway in headache, but its predictive properties appear to be more limited due to the lack of response to sumatriptan.
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Affiliation(s)
- SL Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Steffen Petersen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Dorte B Sørensen
- Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Inger Jansen-Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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Kandasamy R, Lee AT, Morgan MM. Depression of home cage wheel running: a reliable and clinically relevant method to assess migraine pain in rats. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:5. [PMID: 28091820 PMCID: PMC5236037 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of new anti-migraine treatments is limited by the difficulty inassessing migraine pain in laboratory animals. Depression of activity is one of the few diagnostic criteria formigraine that can be mimicked in rats. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis thatdepression of home cage wheel running is a reliable and clinically relevant method to assess migraine painin rats. METHODS Adult female rats were implanted with a cannula to inject allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) onto the dura to induce migraine pain, as has been shown before. Rats recovered from implantation surgery for 8 days in cages containing a running wheel. Home cage wheel running was recorded 23 h a day. AITC and the migraine medication sumatriptan were administered in the hour prior to onset of the dark phase. RESULTS Administration of AITC caused a concentration-dependent decrease in wheel running that lasted 3 h. The duration and magnitude of AITC-induced depression of wheel running was consistent following three repeated injections spaced 48 h apart. Administration of sumatriptan attenuated AITC-induced depressionof wheel running when a large dose (1 mg/kg) was administered immediately following AITC administration. Wheel running patterns did not change when sumatriptan was given to naïve rats. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that home cage wheel running is a sensitive, reliable, and clinically relevant method to assess migraine pain in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kandasamy
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. .,Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA.
| | - Andrea T Lee
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Michael M Morgan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA
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