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Carey LM, Ghodrati S, France CP. Discriminative stimulus properties of Cannabis sativa terpenes in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:161-171. [PMID: 38660819 PMCID: PMC11095836 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis is a pharmacologically complex plant consisting of hundreds of potentially active compounds. One class of compounds present in cannabis that has received little attention are terpenes. Traditionally thought to impart aroma and flavor to cannabis, it has become increasingly recognized that terpenes might exert therapeutic effects themselves. Several recent reports have also indicated terpenes might behave as cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor agonists. This study aimed to investigate whether several terpenes present in cannabis produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to or enhance the effects of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Subsequent experiments explored other potential cannabimimetic effects of these terpenes. Rats were trained to discriminate THC from vehicle while responding under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule of food presentation. Substitution testing was performed with the CB receptor agonist JWH-018 and the terpenes linalool, limonene, γ-terpinene and α-humulene alone. Terpenes were also studied in combination with THC. Finally, THC and terpenes were tested in the tetrad assay to screen for CB1-receptor agonist-like effects. THC and JWH-018 dose-dependently produced responding on the THC-paired lever. When administered alone, none of the terpenes produced responding predominantly on the THC-paired lever. When administered in combination with THC, none of the terpenes enhanced the potency of THC, and in the case of α-humulene, decreased the potency of THC to produce responding on the THC-paired lever. While THC produced effects in all four tetrad components, none of the terpenes produced effects in all four components. Therefore, the terpenes examined in this report do not have effects consistent with CB1 receptor agonist properties in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Carey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Saba Ghodrati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Charles P. France
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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2
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Daniyan MO, Omisore NO, Adeyemi OI, Olusa AS, Olaniran SF, Oyemitan IA, Akanmu MA, Olayiwola G. An improved method for toxicological profiling of chemical substances. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:545-562. [PMID: 38267361 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2310012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Toxicity profiling is an integral part of the drug discovery pipeline. The 3Rs principle-Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement, is considered a golden rule in determining the most appropriate approach for toxicity studies. The acute toxicity study with proper estimate of median lethal dose (LD50) is usually an initial procedure for the determination of most suitable test doses for preclinical toxicological and pharmacological profiling. Several methods, which have been devised to determine the LD50, are faced with the challenge of using a large number of animals and time constraints. Despite the inherent advantage of the newer OECD Test Guidelines, the increasing concerns among toxicologists, the regulatory authorities and the general public, on the need to adhere to 3Rs principle, necessitated the need for an improved approach. Such an approach should not only minimize the time and number of animals required, but also take into cognizance animal welfare, and give accurate, comparable, and reproducible results across laboratories. While taking advantage of the inherent merits of the existing methods, here is presented the mathematical basis and evaluation of an improved method for toxicity profiling of test substances and estimation of LD50. The method makes use of the generated Table of values for the selection of appropriate test doses. Our proposed method has capacities to optimize the time and number of animal use, ensure more reliable and reproducible results across laboratories, allow for easy selection of doses for subsequent toxicity profiling, and be adaptable to other biological screening beyond toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Nusrat Omotayo Omisore
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwole Isaac Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayokunmi Stephen Olusa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Folarin Olaniran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Idris Ajayi Oyemitan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Moses Atanda Akanmu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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3
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Wang H, Meng Z, Zhao CY, Xiao YH, Zeng H, Lian H, Guan RQ, Liu Y, Feng ZG, Han QQ. Research progress of implantation materials and its biological evaluation. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:062001. [PMID: 37591254 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf17b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
With the development of modern material science, life science and medical science, implantation materials are widely employed in clinical fields. In recent years, these materials have also evolved from inert supports or functional substitutes to bioactive materials able to trigger or promote the regenerative potential of tissues. Reasonable biological evaluation of implantation materials is the premise to make sure their safe application in clinical practice. With the continual development of implantation materials and the emergence of new implantation materials, new challenges to biological evaluation have been presented. In this paper, the research progress of implantation materials, the progress of biological evaluation methods, and also the characteristics of biocompatibility evaluation for novel implantation materials, like animal-derived implantation materials, nerve contact implantation materials, nanomaterials and tissue-engineered medical products were reviewed in order to provide references for the rational biological evaluation of implantable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Meng
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Hao Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zeng
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Lian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qin Guan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Guo Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Han
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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4
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Coles L, Forcelli PA, Leclercq K, Katsarou AM, Klein BD, Potschka H, Koehling R, Harte-Hargrove L, Galanopoulou AS, Metcalf CS. Preclinical common data elements for general pharmacological studies (pharmacokinetic sample collection, tolerability, and drug administration). A report of the TASK3-WG1A General Pharmacology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2023. [PMID: 36896626 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing concerns over rigor and reproducibility of preclinical studies, including consistency across laboratories and translation to clinical populations, have triggered efforts to harmonize methodologies. This includes the first set of preclinical common data elements (CDEs) for epilepsy research studies, as well as Case Report Forms (CRFs) for widespread use in epilepsy research. The General Pharmacology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Task Force (TASK3-WG1A) has continued in this effort by adapting and refining CDEs/CRFs to address specific study design areas as they relate to preclinical drug screening: general pharmacology, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), and tolerability. This work has expanded general pharmacology studies to include dose records, PK/PD, tolerability, and elements of rigor and reproducibility. Tolerability testing CRFs included rotarod and Irwin/Functional Observation Battery (FOB) assays. The material provided in the form of CRFs can be delivered for widespread use within the epilepsy research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Coles
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Karine Leclercq
- Early Solutions Department, UCB Pharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Anna-Maria Katsarou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Brian D Klein
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudiger Koehling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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5
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Henningfield JE, Ashworth J, Heal DJ, Smith SL. Psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment for new drug applications and controlled substance scheduling: A United States perspective. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:33-44. [PMID: 36588452 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221140004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychedelics are an increasingly active area of research and pharmaceutical development. This includes abuse potential assessment to better understand their pharmacological mechanisms and effects and guide controlled substance regulation. Psychedelics pose challenges to abuse assessments to ensure valid, reliable, and generalizable outcomes and safe study conduct. FINDINGS Key nonclinical techniques, for example, receptor binding and functional assays in vitro, and nonclinical physical dependence determinations, are easily adaptable to psychedelics. However, the entactogens (weak reinforcers) and hallucinogens (non-reinforcers) require more flexible approaches than typically recommended by regulatory agencies. Phase 1 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic safety studies and Phases 2/3 efficacy/safety trials with systematic monitoring of abuse-related adverse events are readily applicable to psychedelics. Human abuse trials require modification because supratherapeutic doses may not be safe and procedures, for example, personal monitors to manage serious adverse events, might bias outcomes. RECOMMENDATIONS Abuse-related studies for psychedelics requiring approval by Food and Drug Administration and other agencies should take into consideration existing knowledge that will vary from extensive, for example, psilocybin, to zero for novel hallucinogens and entactogens. Many abuse assessments can be reasonably applied to animals and humans without compromising scientific integrity. Modification of existing techniques and incorporating a broader range of nonclinical tests should ensure generalizable outcomes. Human abuse studies merit reconsideration and possible modification to ensure safety and validity for psychedelic drug evaluation. Other nonclinical and clinical methods can provide evaluations of the pharmacological equivalence of test drugs to known drugs of abuse to provide context to the abuse assessment and guide drug scheduling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E Henningfield
- PinneyAssociates, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - David J Heal
- DevelRx Ltd, BioCity, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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6
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Neurodegeneration in a Regulatory Context: The Need for Speed. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2022.100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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7
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Toxicological Assessments of a Proprietary Blend of Punica granatum Fruit Rind and Theobroma cacao Seed Extracts: Acute, Subchronic, and Genetic Toxicity Studies. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:3903943. [PMID: 35571381 PMCID: PMC9106517 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3903943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LN18178 (Tesnor®) is a standardized, proprietary composition of aqueous ethanol extracts of Punica granatum fruit rind and Theobroma cacao seeds. The present study demonstrates a broad-spectrum toxicological evaluation of LN18178 utilizing in vitro and in vivo preclinical models following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for testing chemicals. Wistar rats did not show any clinical signs of toxicity and morbidity in acute oral and dermal toxicity tests with the median lethal dose (LD50) values of at least 5000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. LN18178 was nonirritating to the skin and eyes of the treated rabbits. In a ninety-day subchronic repeated oral dose toxicity study, the LN18178-treated Wistar rats did not show dose-related signs of toxicity on their body weight, food consumption, organ weights, hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters. The estimated no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of LN18178 in male and female rats was 2500 mg/kg body weight. The observations from the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes, and in vitro mouse lymphoma TK+/− gene mutation assay suggest that LN18178 is neither mutagenic nor clastogenic. In summary, the present study demonstrates that oral consumption of the herbal blend LN18178 does not show signs of toxicity; also it does not elicit genetic toxicity in the standard preclinical models.
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8
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Asahina M, Fujinawa R, Nakamura S, Yokoyama K, Tozawa R, Suzuki T. Ngly1 -/- rats develop neurodegenerative phenotypes and pathological abnormalities in their peripheral and central nervous systems. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1635-1647. [PMID: 32259258 PMCID: PMC7322575 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency, an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene, is characterized by developmental delay, hypolacrima or alacrima, seizure, intellectual disability, movement disorders and other neurological phenotypes. Because of few animal models that recapitulate these clinical signatures, the mechanisms of the onset of the disease and its progression are poorly understood, and the development of therapies is hindered. In this study, we generated the systemic Ngly1-deficient rodent model, Ngly1−/− rats, which showed developmental delay, movement disorder, somatosensory impairment and scoliosis. These phenotypes in Ngly1−/− rats are consistent with symptoms in human patients. In accordance with the pivotal role played by NGLY1 in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation processes, cleaving N-glycans from misfolded glycoproteins in the cytosol before they can be degraded by the proteasome, loss of Ngly1 led to accumulation of cytoplasmic ubiquitinated proteins, a marker of misfolded proteins in the neurons of the central nervous system of Ngly1−/− rats. Histological analysis identified prominent pathological abnormalities, including necrotic lesions, mineralization, intra- and extracellular eosinophilic bodies, astrogliosis, microgliosis and significant loss of mature neurons in the thalamic lateral and the medial parts of the ventral posterior nucleus and ventral lateral nucleus of Ngly1−/− rats. Axonal degradation in the sciatic nerves was also observed, as in human subjects. Ngly1−/− rats, which mimic the symptoms of human patients, will be a useful animal model for preclinical testing of therapeutic options and understanding the detailed mechanisms of NGLY1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Asahina
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Kanagawa 2518555, Japan.,T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Kanagawa 2518555, Japan
| | - Reiko Fujinawa
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Kanagawa 2518555, Japan.,Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 3510198, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nakamura
- Nonclinical Safety Research, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners Inc., Kanagawa 2510012, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yokoyama
- Nonclinical Safety Research, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners Inc., Kanagawa 2510012, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tozawa
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Kanagawa 2518555, Japan.,T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Kanagawa 2518555, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Kanagawa 2518555, Japan.,Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 3510198, Japan
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9
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Daniyan MO, Adeyipo TF, Oyemitan IA, Okwuese PB, Ekundina VO, Akanmu MA. In vivo and in silico studies of Dennettia tripetala essential oil reveal the potential harmful effects of habitual consumption of the plant seed. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1488-1497. [PMID: 34401359 PMCID: PMC8353414 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dennettia tripetala G. Baker (Annonaceae), is a plant with nutritional, social economy, and medicinal values. Its rising medicinal profile makes this plant a prospect in drug discovery. However, the reported strong addictive potential among habitual consumers makes the need to establish its safety imperative. In this report, we evaluated the safety profile of the essential oil of the seed of D. tripetala (EODS) in nulliparous female Wistar rats using in vivo single and repeated dose toxicity profiling, as well as in silico toxicity profiling of its known seed oil derived phytoconstituents. Our results showed consistent significant dose-dependent alterations in relative body weights, organ-body and organ-brain weight ratios, haematological and biochemical indices, as well as liver and kidney histoarchitectures, following single and repeated oral administrations. Significant alterations in liver and kidney histoarchitectures were consistent with the observed significant increase in AST/ALT ratio, suggesting deleterious effects of EODS on the kidney and liver. However, the lack of alterations in the histoarchitectures of the hippocampus and hypothalamus suggests that the brain may not have been adversely affected. Also, the in silico analysis suggests that hepatotoxic effects of EODS may be linked to Benzylnitrile, Humulene, Linalool, (Z)-ß-Ocimene. In addition, the failure of ß-Phenylnitroethane, the most abundant phytoconstituent of EODS, to pass phases I and II in silico toxicity screening, and the presence of Caryophyllene oxide, a known toxic compound, coupled with the predicted binding of both to DNA and protein, low LD50 and high percent mortality at 250 mg/kg of repeated doses, further confirmed the potentially toxic nature of EODS. We concluded that based on our in vivo and in silico observations, there is an urgent need for public education to regulate the excessive consumption of the seeds of D. tripetala.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Biochemical
- Dennettia tripetala
- FOB, functional observatory batteries
- HCT, hematocrit
- Haematology
- Hb, hemoglobin concentration
- Histopathology
- In silico
- MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin
- MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
- MCV, mean corpuscular volume
- MPV, mean platelet volume
- OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PCT, plateletcrit
- PDW, platelet distribution width
- PLT, platelets
- RBC, red blood count
- RDW-CV and RDW-SD, red blood cell distribution width variation coefficient and standard deviation respectively
- TG, test guidelines
- Toxicity
- WBC, white blood count
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Temilade Feyi Adeyipo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Idris Ajayi Oyemitan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Victor Olukayode Ekundina
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Moses Atanda Akanmu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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10
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Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Chang P, Kang Y, Gong D, Liu J, Zhang W. Safety Pharmacology Study of ET-26 Hydrochloride, a Potential Drug for Intravenous General Anesthesia, in Rats and Beagle Dogs. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679381. [PMID: 34135759 PMCID: PMC8201096 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: ET-26 hydrochloride (ET-26HCl), a class 1 new drug, was developed to reserve the advantages of etomidate with a mild adrenocortical inhibition. Purpose: this study was to evaluate the potential adverse effects on the cardiovascular system of beagle dogs and the respiratory and central nervous systems of rats. Methods: three established methods, the whole-body plethysmography for respiratory function, the prototype telemetry transmitter for cardiovascular function, and the standardized functional observational battery for central nervous system function, were accomplished with Good Laboratory Practice standards. Results: no significant difference in the tidal volume, but the respiratory rate and minute ventilation were reduced. The degree of inhibition was the most serious in the first 15 min after dosing and function fully recovered after 1 h. For male rats, the respiratory rate of male rats was reduced significantly at 15 min after injection with ET-26HCl (4 mg/kg, 28.6%, p ≤ 0.01; 8 mg/kg, 24.5%, p ≤ 0.01; 16 mg/kg, 44.5%, p ≤ 0.001), and the minute ventilation at 15 min was decreased by 20.1% (4 mg/kg, p = 0.034), 22.2% (8 mg/kg, p = 0.019), and 44.6% (16 mg/kg, p ≤ 0.001) as compared to control group. As with male rats, the respiratory rate of the female rats was reduced significantly at 15 min (4 mg/kg, 23.3%, p ≤ 0.01; 8 mg/kg, 29.2%, p ≤ 0.001; 16 mg/kg, 44.1%, p ≤ 0.001), and the minute ventilation was decreased by 25.2% (4 mg/kg, p ≤ 0.001), 23.0% (8 mg/kg, p ≤ 0.01), and 47.6% (16 mg/kg, p ≤ 0.001). Then, all the variations in cardiovascular functions were within the expected range for normal biological variation, we concluded that ET-26HCl, even at 10-fold ED50, still does not exert toxicological effects on the cardiovascular system. For male beagle dogs, the systolic blood pressure after 24 h following administration of vehicle control or 8, 12, or 16 mg/kg ET-26HCl was 137.80 ± 5.55, 131.76 ± 10.03, 139.88 ± 8.35, and 141.28 ± 8.75 mmHg, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure was 71.16 ± 4.84, 66.52 ± 8.50, 73.64 ± 8.51, and 74.24 ± 8.68 mmHg, respectively. For female beagle dogs, the systolic blood pressure after 24 h following administration of vehicle control or 8, 12, or 16 mg/kg ET-26HCl was 128.28 ± 5.22, 124.76 ± 7.29, 134.88 ± 5.56, and 135.36 ± 8.72 mmHg, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure was 67.00 ± 4.10, 62.12 ± 7.87, 69.44 ± 6.40, and 70.20 ± 8.42 mmHg, respectively. In central nervous system function experiment, all the changes observed in the functional observational battery tests, including motor activity, behavior, coordination, and sensory and motor reflex responses, and reduced body temperature, were resulted in general anesthesia effect of ET-26HCl. Conclusion: ET-26HCl exerts mild, reversible effects on respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous system function as verified by standard in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuJun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - YingYing Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Kang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - DeYing Gong
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - WenSheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Deguchi Y. [Current state of and challenges in in vivo central nervous system evaluation in safety pharmacology studies-Topic overview and initiatives of the Japanese Safety Pharmacology Society]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:171-177. [PMID: 33952847 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The modified Irwin's method and functional observational battery (FOB)used in non-clinical studies for predicting side effects that may appear in the central nervous system (CNS)in clinical studies consist of mainly macroscopic observation and largely depend on the observer's ability. Therefore, appropriate training for the observer and consistency of findings are extremely important, making it necessary for methods and judgment criteria to be standardized. In addition, because of concern for animal welfare as well as an increase in biopharmaceutical and anticancer drug development, there is increasing opportunity to incorporate safety pharmacological evaluation into general toxicity studies. While CNS evaluation can be incorporated into general toxicity studies relatively easily, studies need to be designed in such a way that reliable data can be obtained without reducing the ability to detect neurobehavioral abnormalities. It is therefore important to improve CNS evaluation techniques and to share these techniques with new observers in order to reliably detect the effects on the CNS during drug development.
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Fisher J, Pavan C, Ohlmeier LS, Nilson B, Lundgaard I, Linder A, Bentzer P. A functional observational battery for evaluation of neurological outcomes in a rat model of acute bacterial meningitis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:40. [PMID: 32770475 PMCID: PMC7415049 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute bacterial meningitis is a disease with a high mortality and a high incidence of neurological sequelae in survivors. There is an acute need to develop new adjuvant therapies. To ensure that new therapies evaluated in animal models are translatable to humans, studies must evaluate clinically relevant and patient-important outcomes, including neurological symptoms and sequelae. METHODS We developed and tested a functional observational battery to quantify the severity of a variety of relevant neurological and clinical symptoms in a rat model of bacterial meningitis. The functional observational battery included symptoms relating to general clinical signs, gait and posture abnormalities, involuntary motor movements, focal neurological signs, and neuromotor abnormalities which were scored according to severity and summed to obtain a combined clinical and neurological score. To test the functional observational battery, adult Sprague-Dawley rats were infected by intracisternal injection of a clinical isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rats were evaluated for 6 days following the infection. RESULTS Pneumococcal meningitis was not lethal in this model; however, it induced severe neurological symptoms. Most common symptoms were hearing loss (75% of infected vs 0% of control rats; p = 0.0003), involuntary motor movements (75% of infected vs 0% of control rats; p = 0.0003), and gait and posture abnormality (67% of infected vs 0% of control rats; p = 0.0013). Infected rats had a higher combined score when determined by the functional observational battery than control rats at all time points (24 h 12.7 ± 4.0 vs 4.0 ± 2.0; 48 h 17.3 ± 7.1 vs 3.4 ± 1.8; 6 days 17.8 ± 7.4 vs 1.7 ± 2.4; p < 0.0001 for all). CONCLUSIONS The functional observational battery described here detects clinically relevant neurological sequelae of bacterial meningitis and could be a useful tool when testing new therapeutics in rat models of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Fisher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Chiara Pavan
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculties of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luisa S Ohlmeier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Microbiology, Labmedicin, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adam Linder
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Bentzer
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
- Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Wilcox KS, West PJ, Metcalf CS. The current approach of the Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program contract site for identifying improved therapies for the treatment of pharmacoresistant seizures in epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107811. [PMID: 31790717 PMCID: PMC7054975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP), formerly known as the Anticonvulsant Screening Program (ASP), has played an important role in the preclinical evaluation of many of the antiseizure drugs (ASDs) that have been approved by the FDA and thus made available for the treatment of seizures. Recent changes to the animal models used at the contract site of the ETSP at the University of Utah have been implemented in an attempt to better model the unmet clinical needs of people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and thus identify improved therapies. In this review, we describe the changes that have occurred over the last several years in the screening approach used at the contract site and, in particular, detail the pharmacology associated with several of the animal models and assays that are either new to the program or have been recently characterized in more depth. There is optimism that the refined approach used by the ETSP contract site, wherein etiologically relevant models that include those with spontaneous seizures are used, will identify novel, potentially disease modifying therapies for people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and those at risk for developing epilepsy. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Wilcox
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
| | - Peter J West
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
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Zaccarelli-Magalhães J, Fukushima AR, Moreira N, Manes M, de Abreu GR, Ricci EL, Waziry PAF, Spinosa HDS. Preclinical toxicological study of prolonged exposure to ketamine as an antidepressant. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 72:24-35. [PMID: 32016837 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the most common mentally debilitating diseases in the world. Ketamine has been recently identified as a potential novel antidepressant. Further animal model evaluations of the use of ketamine as an antidepressant are necessary to determine safety parameters for clinical use. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform toxicological tests of prolonged treatment using three different doses of ketamine in adult male rats. METHODS The animals were divided into four groups: three treated with 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg of ketamine and a control group treated with saline solution. Intraperitoneal route of treatment was administered daily for 3 weeks. Body weight, water and food intake were measured once a week, as well as evaluation of the functional observational battery, which includes methodic monitoring of motor activity, motor coordination, behavioral changes, and sensory/motor reflex responses. Upon completion of treatment period, all animals were euthanized by decapitation followed by immediate collection of samples, which included brain structures and blood for neurochemical, hematological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Rats treated with the highest tested dosage (20 mg/kg) of ketamine had lower weight gain in the 1st and 2nd weeks of treatment and all experimental groups had measurable alterations in the serotoninergic system. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the alterations observed are minor and due to a predicted mechanism of action, which implies that ketamine is a promising drug for repurposing as an antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zaccarelli-Magalhães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - André Rinaldi Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Marianna Manes
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ramos de Abreu
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Esther Lopes Ricci
- Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, Rua Da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
- School of Health Science IGESP, Rua da Consolação, 1025, São Paulo, 01301-000, Brazil
| | - Paula A Faria Waziry
- Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Helenice de Souza Spinosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
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Jackson SJ, Authier S, Brohmann H, Goody SM, Jones D, Prior H, Rosch A, Traebert M, Tse K, Valentin JP, Milne A. Neurofunctional test batteries in safety pharmacology – Current and emerging considerations for the drug development process. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 100:106602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Variability of non-clinical behavioral CNS safety assessment: An intercompany comparison. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 99:106571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gauvin DV, Zimmermann ZJ, Dalton JA, Baird TJ, Kallman MJ. CNS Safety Screening Under ICH S7A Guidelines Requires Observations of Multiple Behavioral Units to Assess Motor Function. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:339-356. [PMID: 31470748 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819864836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the adoption of behavior as a critical end point in safety pharmacology and neurotoxicity screening, federal regulatory agencies have shifted the predominating scientific perspective from pharmacology back to the experimental analysis of behavior (psychology). Nowhere is this more evident than in tier I safety assessment of the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS and peripheral nervous system have multiple behavioral units of general activity. A complete picture of the motor control neural pathways cannot be measured by any one single approach. The CNS safety protocols under International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use S7A are required to be conducted in accordance with Good Laboratory Practices by trained technical staff. The CNS safety assessments necessitate the inclusion of a thorough and detailed behavioral analysis of home cage activity, the response to handling, and transportation to and observations within an open-field apparatus with ancillary measures of basal muscle tone, muscle strength, and tremor in a functional observation battery, as well as quantitative measurements of 3-dimensional activity in an automated photobeam arena. Cost-cutting initiatives or a radical application of the "reduce use" principle of the 3 Rs only jeopardize the spirit, intent, and predictive validity of tier I safety testing assays dictated by current drug safety guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Gauvin
- Director, Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, CRL Laboratories, Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | | | - Jill A Dalton
- Director, Safety Pharmacology Department, CRL Laboratories, Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Theodore J Baird
- Senior Director Drug Safety, CRL Laboratories, Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
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Redfern WS, Dymond A, Strang I, Storey S, Grant C, Marks L, Barnard C, Heys C, Moyser K, Greenwood K, Cobey D, Moore N, Karp NA, Prior H. The functional observational battery and modified Irwin test as global neurobehavioral assessments in the rat: Pharmacological validation data and a comparison of methods. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Matsuo T, Uchida T, Yamashita K, Takei S, Ido D, Fujiwara A, Iino M, Oguchi M. Vision evaluation by functional observational battery, operant behavior test, and light/dark box test in retinal dystrophic RCS rats versus normal rats. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01936. [PMID: 31294104 PMCID: PMC6595189 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vision plays a key role in some behavior tests for rats. Okayama University-type retinal prosthesis (OUReP) is a photoelectric dye-coupled polyethylene film which generates electric potential in response to light and stimulates nearby neurons. This study aims to assess vision in retinal dystrophic (RCS) rats, in comparison with normal rats, by selected behavior tests. We also examined whether the tests could detect vision changes in RCS rats with dye-coupled film implantation. Methods Data sets were 5 normal rats, 4 untreated RCS rats, 7 RCS rats with dye-coupled films implanted at the age of 7 weeks after excluding unsuccessful implantation at autopsy. Behavior tests chosen were landing foot splay and visual forelimb-placing response in the menu of functional observational battery, operant-conditioning lever-press response and light/dark box test. Results Normal visual placing response was significantly less frequent in untreated RCS rats at the age of 9 and 11 weeks, compared with normal rats (P = 0.0027, chi-square test) while normal response was significantly more frequent at the age of 9 weeks in RCS rats with dye-coupled film implantation, compared with untreated RCS rats (P = 0.0221). In operant-conditioning lever-press test, the correct response rate was significantly lower in untreated RCS rats than in normal rats at the age of 9 weeks (P < 0.05, Tukey-Kramer test) while the rate was not significantly different between normal rats and RCS rats with dye-coupled film implantation. In light/dark box test, the time to enter dark box was significantly shorter in normal rats, compared with untreated RCS rats or RCS rats with dye-coupled film implantation (P < 0.05, Tukey-Kramer test). Conclusions Behavior tests of functional observational battery, operant-conditioning lever-press response and light/dark box test discriminated vision between normal rats and RCS rats. The visual placing response and operant-conditioning lever-press test might have sensitivity to detect vision recovery in RCS rats with OUReP implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Matsuo
- Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine (Ophthalmology), Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama City, Japan.,Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Uchida
- Polymer Materials Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Koichiro Yamashita
- Polymer Materials Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama City, Japan
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Olayode OA, Daniyan MO, Olayiwola G. Biochemical, hematological and histopathological evaluation of the toxicity potential of the leaf extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 10:544-554. [PMID: 33134130 PMCID: PMC7588336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The many pharmacological potentials of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L.C. Rich) Vahl, especially in managing central nervous system disorders, hypertension, diabetes and infections, have made it a subject of abuse, necessitating the need to ascertain its safety. This study therefore investigated the toxic effects of the leaf extract of S. cayennensis in rats following acute and 28-day repeated doses in male and female rats. Experimental procedure Acute and repeated dose studies were conducted in male and female groups of rats (135–150 g), using OECD 423 and 407 Tests guidelines respectively. Functional observational battery, and body weights were monitored. Blood samples were analysed for haematological and plasma biochemical indices. Organs (brain, kidneys and liver) specimen were collected and weighed. Kidney and liver specimen were subjected to histopathological analysis. Results and conclusion The LD50 of the extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg, p.o. (24 h) suggesting that the extract may be non-toxic. However, following single and repeated doses, the results revealed varying degree of significant (p < 0.05) changes in biochemical and heamatological indices, as well as in relative body weight and organ-body and organ-brain weight ratios. Also, histological assessment revealed evidence of liver and kidney toxicities and recovery was incomplete, as signs of toxicities were still evident after 21 days of recovery. Therefore, the extract is potentially harmful to vital organs with evidence of sex differential adverse effects and non-reversible forms of toxicity, especially with repeated usage, necessitating the need to avoid indiscriminate use. The leaf extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis induced significant changes in rats weights. The extract caused varying significant changes in biochemical and hematological indices. Significant alteration in histoarchitecture of liver and kidney were observed. The observed toxic effects were persistent following period of recovery. The toxic effects are mostly sex dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladotun A Olayode
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Mathiasen JR, Moser VC. The Irwin Test and Functional Observational Battery (FOB) for Assessing the Effects of Compounds on Behavior, Physiology, and Safety Pharmacology in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 83:e43. [DOI: 10.1002/cpph.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R. Mathiasen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Klein CP, Dos Santos Rodrigues K, Hözer RM, de Sá Couto-Pereira N, Saccomori AB, Dal Magro BM, Crestani MS, Hoppe JB, Salbego CG, Dalmaz C, Matté C. Swimming exercise before and during pregnancy: Promising preventive approach to impact offspring´s health. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 71:83-93. [PMID: 30172896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several environmental factors affect child development, such as the intrauterine environment during the embryonic and fetal development and early postnatal environment provided by maternal behavior. Although mechanistic effects of maternal exercise on offspring health improvement are not yet completely understood, the number of reports published demonstrating the positive influence of maternal exercise have increase. Herein, we addressed issues related to early postnatal environment provided by maternal behavior and early developmental physical landmarks, sensorimotor reflexes, and motor movements ontogeny. In brief, adult female rats underwent involuntary swimming exercise, in a moderated intensity, one week before mating and throughout pregnancy, 30 min a day, 5 days a week. Maternal exercised dams have unchanged gestational outcomes compared to sedentary dams. We found no differences concerning the frequency of pup-directed behavior displayed by dams. However, sedentary dams displayed a poorer pattern of maternal care quality during dark cycle than exercised dams. Physical landmarks and sensorimotor reflexes development of female and male littermates did not differ between maternal groups. Developmental motor parameters such as immobility, lateral head movements, head elevation, pivoting, rearing with forelimb support and crawling frequencies did not differ between groups. Pups born to exercised dams presented higher frequency of walking and rearing on the hind legs. These data suggest that female and male littermates of exercised group present a high frequency of exploratory behavior over sedentary littermates. Taken together, the present findings reinforce that maternal exercise throughout pregnancy represent a window of opportunity to improve offspring's postnatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karoline Dos Santos Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Régis Mateus Hözer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natividade de Sá Couto-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Brum Saccomori
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Mariño Dal Magro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Scortegagna Crestani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bender Hoppe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Christianne Gazzana Salbego
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Gauvin DV, Zimmermann ZJ, Yoder J, Harter M, Holdsworth D, Kilgus Q, May J, Dalton J, Baird TJ. A predictive index of biomarkers for ictogenesis from tier I safety pharmacology testing that may warrant tier II EEG studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 94:50-63. [PMID: 29751085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three significant contributions to the field of safety pharmacology were recently published detailing the use of electroencephalography (EEG) by telemetry in a critical role in the successful evaluation of a compound during drug development (1] Authier, Delatte, Kallman, Stevens & Markgraf; JPTM 2016; 81:274-285; 2] Accardi, Pugsley, Forster, Troncy, Huang & Authier; JPTM; 81: 47-59; 3] Bassett, Troncy, Pouliot, Paquette, Ascaha, & Authier; JPTM 2016; 70: 230-240). These authors present a convincing case for monitoring neocortical biopotential waveforms (EEG, ECoG, etc) during preclinical toxicology studies as an opportunity for early identification of a central nervous system (CNS) risk during Investigational New Drug (IND) Enabling Studies. This review is about "ictogenesis" not "epileptogenesis". It is intended to characterize overt behavioral and physiological changes suggestive of drug-induced neurotoxicity/ictogenesis in experimental animals during Tier 1 safety pharmacology testing, prior to first dose administration in man. It is the presence of these predictive or comorbid biomarkers expressed during the requisite conduct of daily clinical or cage side observations, and in early ICH S7A Tier I CNS, pulmonary and cardiovascular safety study designs that should initiate an early conversation regarding Tier II inclusion of EEG monitoring. We conclude that there is no single definitive clinical marker for seizure liability but plasma exposures might add to set proper safety margins when clinical convulsions are observed. Even the observation of a study-related full tonic-clonic convulsion does not establish solid ground to require the financial and temporal investment of a full EEG study under the current regulatory standards. PREFATORY NOTE For purposes of this review, we have adopted the FDA term "sponsor" as it refers to any person who takes the responsibility for and initiates a nonclinical investigations of new molecular entities; FDA uses the term "sponsor" primarily in relation to investigational new drug application submissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Gauvin
- Neurobehavioral Science and MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States.
| | - Zachary J Zimmermann
- Neurobehavioral Science and MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States
| | - Joshua Yoder
- Neurobehavioral Science and MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States
| | - Marci Harter
- Safety Pharmacology, MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States
| | - David Holdsworth
- Safety Pharmacology, MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States
| | - Quinn Kilgus
- Safety Pharmacology, MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States
| | - Jonelle May
- Safety Pharmacology, MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States
| | - Jill Dalton
- Safety Pharmacology, MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States
| | - Theodore J Baird
- Drug Safety Assessment, MPI Research (A Charles Rivers Company), Mattawan, MI, United States
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Repeated “Day 1” FOB testing in ICH S7A safety assessment protocols: The influence of within- and between-session learning. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 85:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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