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De Caro Martins G, da Costa-Val AP, Coura FM, Diamantino GML, Nogueira MM, de Oliveira Melo-Junior OA, Giunchetti RC, da Silveira-Lemos D, Melo MM. Immunomodulatory effect of long-term oclacitinib maleate therapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:142-e40. [PMID: 34747068 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a chronic disease characterised by hypersensitivity to environmental allergens. Oclacitinib maleate selectively inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators associated with cAD. However, the impact of chronic oclacitinib use on immunocompetence requires further investigation. OBJECTIVES Herein, we examined the potential immunomodulatory effects of prolonged oclacitinib treatment in dogs. ANIMALS Thirteen privately owned dogs with cAD, treated with 0.4-0.6 mg/kg oclacitinib for 12 months. METHODS AND MATERIALS Pruritus level was evaluated using a pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) and the canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index, 4th iteration (CADESI IV). Peripheral blood samples were collected for routine laboratory assays and lymphocyte subtypes were analysed using flow cytometry. Antigen-specific intracellular cytokine production from CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was analysed following in vitro stimulation by Dermatophagoides farinae antigens. RESULTS Oclacitinib treatment significantly reduced pVAS and CADESI-04 scores, by 51% and 86.7%, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed increased CD4+ and CD14+ lymphocyte populations. The cytokine profile at 360 days after treatment initiation was similar to that before treatment and was not associated with clinical relapse. CONCLUSION Oclacitinib, when administered at the currently labelled dose for one year, is associated with a significant increase in circulating CD4+ T cells, but does not alter cytokine production from antigen-stimulated T cells. The results reported do not support evidence for immunosuppression mediated by the mechanisms evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriane Pimenta da Costa-Val
- Clinics and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Presidente Antonio Carlos Av, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Matoso Lima Diamantino
- Clinics and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Presidente Antonio Carlos Av, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marina Moller Nogueira
- Clinics and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Presidente Antonio Carlos Av, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Otoni Alves de Oliveira Melo-Junior
- Celular Interactions Biology, Morfology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Presidente Antonio Carlos Av, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Celular Interactions Biology, Morfology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Presidente Antonio Carlos Av, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Universidade José Do Rosário Vellano 50 Indaiá St, UNIFENAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-020, Brazil
| | - Marilia Martins Melo
- Clinics and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Presidente Antonio Carlos Av, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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2
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Agulla B, García-Sancho M, Sainz Á, Rodríguez-Franco F, Díaz-Regañón D, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Villaescusa A. Isolation and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry of canine peripheral blood and intraepithelial and lamina propria duodenal T lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 239:110305. [PMID: 34352607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) effector sites play a crucial role on the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated gastrointestinal diseases. The lymphocytes at these effector sites are principally T cells which present important morphological, phenotypical and functional differences. Flow cytometry (FC) is one of the most commonly used techniques to characterize intestinal lymphocytes in human and animal models. Published studies with a focus on dogs for intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) immunophenotyping exist in very limited numbers. Moreover, no lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) isolation protocols in the canine species have been described for FC evaluation. In addition to immune intestinal dysregulation, imbalances in the peripheral blood immune system have been described in both human and animal gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to provide a protocol for canine IEL and LPL isolation for FC immunophenotyping of T cells subsets. Specifically, T helper, T cytotoxic, activated Th and Tc lymphocytes, regulatory, double negative, double positive, IFN-γ and IL-4 producing T cells, and to compare their respective populations between these effector sites and with the blood stream compartment in healthy dogs. The potential relationship of these cells distributions with age, sex and breed was also evaluated. This study included sixteen healthy dogs of different sexes and breeds with a mean age of 4.55 ± 2.93 years old. The selected protocols for the three immune compartments showed proper cell yield, purity, viability, and the absence of phenotypic and functional disturbances. Histologically, an adequate separation of the duodenal epithelium from the lamina propria was also observed. All the proposed T cells subsets were identified in the three immune compartments studied, showing some statistically significant differences in their distributions at these locations that highlight the importance of their individual evaluation. This study provides an adequate method for canine small intestine IEL and LPL isolation for FC immunophenotyping and is key for future studies on the gastrointestinal immune system associated with different canine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Agulla
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Franco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Díaz-Regañón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Villaescusa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Sándor S, Kubinyi E. Genetic Pathways of Aging and Their Relevance in the Dog as a Natural Model of Human Aging. Front Genet 2019; 10:948. [PMID: 31681409 PMCID: PMC6813227 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging research has experienced a burst of scientific efforts in the last decades as the growing ratio of elderly people has begun to pose an increased burden on the healthcare and pension systems of developed countries. Although many breakthroughs have been reported in understanding the cellular mechanisms of aging, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to senescence on higher biological levels are still barely understood. The dog, Canis familiaris, has already served as a valuable model of human physiology and disease. The possible role the dog could play in aging research is still an open question, although utilization of dogs may hold great promises as they naturally develop age-related cognitive decline, with behavioral and histological characteristics very similar to those of humans. In this regard, family dogs may possess unmatched potentials as models for investigations on the complex interactions between environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors that determine the course of aging. In this review, we summarize the known genetic pathways in aging and their relevance in dogs, putting emphasis on the yet barely described nature of certain aging pathways in canines. Reasons for highlighting the dog as a future aging and gerontology model are also discussed, ranging from its unique evolutionary path shared with humans, its social skills, and the fact that family dogs live together with their owners, and are being exposed to the same environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sára Sándor
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Alexander JE, Colyer A, Haydock RM, Hayek MG, Park J. Understanding How Dogs Age: Longitudinal Analysis of Markers of Inflammation, Immune Function, and Oxidative Stress. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:720-728. [PMID: 29126143 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As in human populations, advances in nutrition and veterinary care have led to an increase in the lifespan of companion animals. Detrimental physiological changes occurring later in life must be understood before interventions can be made to slow or reduce them. One important aspect of human aging is upregulation of the inflammatory response and increase in oxidative damage resulting in pathologies linked to chronic inflammation. To determine whether similar processes occur in the aging dog, changes in markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were investigated in 80 Labrador retrievers from adulthood to the end of life. Serum levels of immunoglobulin M (p < .001) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (p < .001) increased with age, whereas no effect of age was detected for immunoglobulin G or C-reactive protein unless the last year of life was included in the analysis (p = .002). Baseline levels of heat shock protein 70 decreased with age (p < .001) while those after exposure to heat stress were maintained (p = .018). However, when excluding final year of life data, a decline in the heat shock protein 70 response after heat stress was observed (p = .004). These findings indicate that aging dogs undergo changes similar to human inflammaging and offer the possibility of nutritional or pharmacological intervention to delay or reduce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Alexander
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, UK
| | - Alison Colyer
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, UK
| | - Richard M Haydock
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, UK
| | | | - JeanSoon Park
- Royal Canin Pet Health and Nutrition Centre, Lewisburg, Ohio
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5
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Withers SS, Moore PF, Chang H, Choi JW, McSorley SJ, Kent MS, Monjazeb AM, Canter RJ, Murphy WJ, Sparger EE, Rebhun RB. Multi-color flow cytometry for evaluating age-related changes in memory lymphocyte subsets in dogs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:64-74. [PMID: 29859828 PMCID: PMC6197816 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While dogs are increasingly being utilized as large-animal models of disease, important features of age-related immunosenescence in the dog have yet to be evaluated due to the lack of defined naïve vs. memory T lymphocyte phenotypes. We therefore performed multi-color flow cytometry on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and aged beagles, and determined the differential cytokine production by proposed memory subsets. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in aged dogs displayed increased cytokine production, and decreased proliferative capacity. Antibodies targeting CD45RA and CD62L, but less so CD28 or CD44, defined canine cells that consistently exhibited properties of naïve-, central memory-, effector memory-, and terminal effector-like CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets. Older dogs demonstrated decreased frequencies of naïve-like CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and an increased frequency of terminal effector-like CD8+ T lymphocytes. Overall findings revealed that aged dogs displayed features of immunosenescence similar to those reported in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita S Withers
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hong Chang
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin W Choi
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, County Road 98 & Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, County Road 98 & Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael S Kent
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4501 X Street, G-140, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Robert J Canter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4501 X Street, G-140, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95716, USA
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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6
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Radakovich LB, Pannone SC, Truelove MP, Olver CS, Santangelo KS. Hematology and biochemistry of aging-evidence of "anemia of the elderly" in old dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:34-45. [PMID: 28195648 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of aging on hematologic and biochemical variables are well described in people. Anemia of the elderly is attributed to iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, chronic kidney disease, myelodysplasia, or idiopathic causes. Limited studies have examined these variables in aging dogs, but they have typically examined single breeds in research settings. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify differences in CBC and biochemistry values between adult and aged dogs of many breeds. METHODS Dogs presenting for wellness examinations and minor dental/elective surgeries that were otherwise clinically healthy were retrospectively identified. Dogs were categorized by age: adult (1-7.9 years), senior (8-11.9 years), and geriatric (12+ years). Standard CBC and biochemistry data were collated. Asian breeds, Greyhounds, and dogs with data indicating overt underlying disease were excluded. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare groups with statistical significance set at P ≤ .05. RESULTS Hematocrit, MCV, and serum iron decreased with age, indicating possible iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE), due to iron deficiency or low-grade chronic inflammation. Total proteins, globulins, and platelet counts increased with age while albumin decreased, suggesting low-grade inflammation. Urea was increased in older dogs without a concurrent increase in creatinine, which points toward gastrointestinal bleeding or dehydration. CONCLUSION Clinically healthy, aging dogs have changes in laboratory variables that indicate altered physiologies compared to younger adult animals, including evidence of IRE, inflammation, and potential gastrointestinal bleeding, suggesting a similar trend to that of elderly human beings. Future studies will examine markers of iron metabolism and inflammation in aging dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Radakovich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephen C Pannone
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matthew P Truelove
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christine S Olver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kelly S Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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7
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Mucha J, Rybicka A, Dolka I, Szymańska J, Manuali E, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Kluciński W, Król M. Immunosuppression in Dogs During Mammary Cancer Development. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:1147-1153. [PMID: 27106740 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816634808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunosuppression that facilitates tumor progression and metastasis evolves by development of an immunosuppressive network. The aim of this study was to assess this network in dogs with benign or malignant tumors with or without confirmed metastasis. The authors showed that the number of various T cell subpopulations was constant during tumor development; however the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly higher in tumor-bearing dogs than in healthy individuals. The number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and their p-STAT3 expression (which is a negative regulator of hematopoiesis and regulates VEGF expression) were higher in cancer patients than in control dogs, however their number increased significantly in late-stage cancer patients. Canine mammary carcinomas with confirmed metastases to either lymph nodes or internal organs had greater MDSCs and Treg infiltration than benign mammary tumors or malignant mammary tumors for which metastases had not been detected. Similarly, expression of p-STAT3 and VEGF-C was the highest in tumors with confirmed metastases. This research shows changes occurring in the blood (n = 30 patients) and tumor tissue of patients (n = 100) during canine mammary tumor development. The findings should be considered preliminary because of the small number of samples. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that a high level of Tregs and MDSCs as well as high expression of p-STAT3 and VEGF-C may significantly contribute to mammary tumor progression and metastasis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mucha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Rybicka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - I Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Szymańska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Umbria e Delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Kluciński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Król
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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García-Sancho M, Villaescusa A, Rodríguez-Franco F, Sainz Á. Comparative study of peripheral blood leukocytes in healthy dogs and in dogs with cancer and inflammatory diseases. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:282-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714522464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the peripheral blood lymphocyte subset distribution was compared between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease, dental and skin conditions, and cancer. The immunophenotype of the group with chronic gastrointestinal disease and the group with dental and skin conditions showed no statistically significant differences with other groups of healthy or diseased dogs. When compared with healthy dogs, animals with cancer showed significantly lower absolute values of T cytotoxic cells (CD3+, CD8+) and lymphocytes that express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II+) in peripheral blood. The results suggest that peripheral blood immunophenotype is mainly altered in dogs with cancer but not in other diseases. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Villaescusa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Franco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Reis AB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Giunchetti RC, Roatt BM, Coura-Vital W, Nicolato RDC, Silveira-Lemos D, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho ODA. Cellular immunophenotypic profile in the splenic compartment during canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 157:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Vitoriano-Souza J, Coura-Vital W, Braga SL, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, de Lana M, Gontijo NF, Marques MJ, Giunchetti RC, Reis AB. Performance of LBSap vaccine after intradermal challenge with L. infantum and saliva of Lu. longipalpis: immunogenicity and parasitological evaluation. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189161 PMCID: PMC3506642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the search for new vaccines against canine visceral leishmaniasis has intensified. However, the pattern related to immune protection during long periods after experimental infection in vaccine trials is still not fully understood. Herein, we investigated the immunogenicity and parasitological levels after intradermal challenge with Leishmania infantum plus salivary gland extract in dogs immunized with a vaccine composed of L. braziliensis antigens plus saponin as an adjuvant (LBSap vaccine). The LBSap vaccine elicited higher levels of total anti-Leishmania IgG as well as both IgG1 and IgG2. Furthermore, dogs vaccinated had increased levels of lymphocytes, particularly circulating B cells (CD21(+)) and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. LBSap also elicited an intense in vitro cell proliferation associated with higher levels of CD4(+) T lymphocytes specific for vaccine soluble antigen and soluble lysate of L. infantum antigen even 885 days after experimental challenge. Furthermore, LBSap vaccinated dogs presented high IFN-γ and low IL-10 and TGF-β1 expression in spleen with significant reduction of parasite load in this tissue. Overall, our results validate the potential of LBSap vaccine to protect against L. infantum experimental infection and strongly support further evaluation of efficiency of LBSap against CVL in natural infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Vitoriano-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel Leôncio Braga
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Marques
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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11
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Villaescusa A, García-Sancho M, Rodríguez-Franco F, Sainz Á. Early-life longitudinal survey of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in Beagle dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Fujiwara M, Yonezawa T, Arai T, Yamamoto I, Ohtsuka H. Alterations with age in peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine synthesis in beagles. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2012; 3:79-84. [PMID: 30101087 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s32590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The immune system is considered to be affected by aging, which is linked to various immune pathogeneses. The purpose of this study was to determine age-associated changes in immune function of healthy dogs (beagles), specifically those of naive and memory T lymphocytes, based on cytokine synthesis. Patients and methods Blood samples were obtained from 44 healthy beagles that were divided into three age-groups: young (<4 years), middle-aged (4-8 years), and older dogs (>8 years). Subpopulations of T lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Transcriptional (mRNA) levels of cytokines were determined for primary-cultured leukocytes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results There were negative correlations between dogs' ages and the number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T cells, and B cells. In particular, the number of naive CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells and CD8+ CD45RA+ T cells significantly decreased with age. The mRNA levels for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-2Rα, and interferon-gamma were significantly higher in young or middle-aged dogs (P < 0.05), whereas IL-4 mRNA expression was not significantly different over the different age-groups. IL-2Rγ mRNA expression tended to decrease with age. Conclusion Decreases of naive CD4+ and naive CD8+ T cells may be related to age-related immunosenescence in dogs. With regard to cytokine production, leukocyte IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA levels did not change with age, whereas IL-2, IL-2Rα, and IL-2Rγ mRNA levels decreased with age. These altered cytokine mRNA expression patterns may contribute to decreased naive T-cell function(s) with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Large Animal Internal Medicine,
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Toshiro Arai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in family-owned dogs naturally infected by Ehrlichia canis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:391-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Watabe A, Hanazono K, Komatsu T, Fu DR, Endo Y, Kadosawa T. Peripheral lymphocyte subsets as a prognostic indicator of mortality and morbidity in healthy dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:937-43. [PMID: 22382731 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship among immune status and increased morbidity and mortality, peripheral blood lymphocytes (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD21(+) cells) from 32 healthy dogs over 8 years of age were analyzed. Twenty-five of the 32 dogs were followed-up for 3 years after the analysis; and 14 dogs were found to be diseased, and nine dogs died. There was no notable difference between the ages of the dogs that died compared with the ones that survived. The relative percentage of CD4(+) and the CD4(+):CD8(+) ratio decreased notably in dogs falling ill compared with healthy dogs. The relative percentage of CD3(+) lymphocytes showed a notable decrease in dogs that died within 3 years in comparison with dogs that survived. In a discriminant analysis of morbidity and mortality, most patients were correctly classified as diseased or not and surviving or dead, respectively. These results indicate that the immunophenotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes in older dogs offer promise as parameters for evaluating mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Watabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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15
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Immunophenotypic evaluation of working Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherd dogs living in the same environment. Vet J 2012; 193:602-5. [PMID: 22321612 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to compare peripheral blood lymphocyte subset distribution between healthy working police Labrador Retrievers (LRs; n=12) and German Shepherd dogs (GS; n=11) living in the same environment. The CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in LR than in GS because of the lower percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes in LR. GS showed the highest relative percentage of CD3-/CD21- lymphocytes, whereas LR had the highest percentages of MHC II+ lymphocytes. Because age, sex, environmental and housing conditions, dietary patterns, and training or working routines were similar in both breeds in the study, differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte subset distribution could be attributed to the influence of breed on the immune system.
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16
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Humoral and cellular immune responses in dogs with inapparent natural Leishmania infantum infection. Vet J 2011; 190:e43-e47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Alterations of lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy dogs with aging and in dogs with cancer. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142:189-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Applicability of an optimized non-conventional flow cytometry method to detect anti-Trypanosoma cruzi immunoglobulin G for the serological diagnosis and cure assessment following chemotherapeutic treatment of Chagas disease. J Immunol Methods 2011; 369:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Araújo MSS, de Andrade RA, Sathler-Avelar R, Magalhães CP, Carvalho AT, Andrade MC, Campolina SS, Mello MN, Vianna LR, Mayrink W, Reis AB, Malaquias LCC, Rocha LM, Martins-Filho OA. Immunological changes in canine peripheral blood leukocytes triggered by immunization with first or second generation vaccines against canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 141:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Day M. Ageing, Immunosenescence and Inflammageing in the Dog and Cat. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142 Suppl 1:S60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Anti-fixed Leishmania chagasi promastigotes IgG antibodies detected by flow cytometry (FC-AFPA-IgG) as a tool for serodiagnosis and for post-therapeutic cure assessment in American visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Martins-Filho OA, de Brito-Melo GEA, Gallego S, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Souza JG, Barbosa-Stancioli EF. Performance of IgG and IgG1 anti-HTLV-1 reactivity by an indirect immunofluorescence flow cytometric assay for the identification of persons infected with HTLV-1, asymptomatic carriers and patients with myelopathy. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:138-48. [PMID: 19447144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of IgG and IgG1 anti-HTLV-1 reactivity obtained by a flow cytometric assay was evaluated to verify its applicability for the diagnosis of persons infected with HTLV-1, including asymptomatic carriers and patients with myelopathy. The ability to identify patients with myelopathy among persons infected with HTLV-1 was also examined. Western blot assays were performed to assess the reactivity profiles of sera from asymptomatic carriers and patients with myelopathy against viral proteins. The data showed that IgG1 detected by flow cytometric assay is effective for the diagnosis of persons infected with HTLV-1 with 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity. IgG and IgG1 exhibited high performance in distinguishing patients with myelopathy from asymptomatic carriers. Using serum dilutions and cut-off points established previously a second HTLV-1 carrier group was tested using flow cytometric assay to detect IgG and IgG1. The data demonstrated sensitivity of 93% and 98%, respectively, confirming the high reactivity of persons infected with HTLV-1 detected by this method. Western blot assays confirmed the high specificity of MT-2 cells as a reliable source of viral antigen since only sera from persons infected with HTLV-1 recognised MT-2 proteins. Furthermore, a high reactivity to Gag and Env proteins was observed, especially among patients with myelopathy. These data suggest that flow cytometric detection of IgG1 is a valuable, non-conventional serological method to diagnose HTLV-1 infection and for research purposes.
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23
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Guerra LL, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Giunchetti RC, Martins-Filho OA, Reis AB, Corrêa-Oliveira R. Evaluation of the influence of tissue parasite density on hematological and phenotypic cellular parameters of circulating leukocytes and splenocytes during ongoing canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:611-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Giunchetti RC, Reis AB, da Silveira-Lemos D, Martins-Filho OA, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Bethony J, Vale AM, da Silva Quetz J, Bueno LL, França-Silva JC, Nascimento E, Mayrink W, Fujiwara RT. Antigenicity of a whole parasite vaccine as promising candidate against canine leishmaniasis. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Giunchetti RC, Martins-Filho OA, Carneiro CM, Mayrink W, Marques MJ, Tafuri WL, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Reis AB. Histopathology, parasite density and cell phenotypes of the popliteal lymph node in canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:23-33. [PMID: 17723246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While enlargement of popliteal lymph nodes (LN) is frequently described in canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), there are few histopathologic studies of lymph nodes during this chronic immunopathological condition. Besides a detailed histopathologic analysis, we have characterized the parasite load and major immunophenotypic features of the LN in Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi-infected dogs. Our major histopathological findings highlight that hypertrophy/hyperplasia of LN cortical and medullary zones was the principal characteristic observed in asymptomatic dogs (AD), whereas atrophy of LN cortical zone was predominant in symptomatic animals (SD). The LN parasite density detected by anti-Leishmania immunohistochemical assay or expressed as Leishman Donovan Units was also highly correlated with the skin parasitism, the most reliable parameter to decode the clinical status of CVL. The major LN immunophenotypic changes during ongoing CVL were an increased frequency of T-lymphocytes, particularly CD8+ T-cells, up-regulation of MHC-II expression by lymphocytes and decreased levels of CD21+ B-cells. Our findings further demonstrated that changes in the LN B-lymphocyte compartment exhibited a negative correlation with the skin parasite load. Conversely, we also showed evidence for a positive association between skin parasitism and LN T-cell-mediated immunity, suggesting that T-cells, especially CD8+ lymphocytes, may have a Type-2 immunological profile in this lymphoid tissue in response to CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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26
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A killed Leishmania vaccine with sand fly saliva extract and saponin adjuvant displays immunogenicity in dogs. Vaccine 2007; 26:623-38. [PMID: 18180079 PMCID: PMC7115610 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), comprising Leishmania braziliensis promastigote protein, sand fly gland extract (SGE) and saponin adjuvant, was evaluated in dog model, in order to analyse the immunogenicity of the candidate vaccine. The vaccine candidate elicited strong antigenicity in dogs in respect of specific SGE and Leishmania humoral immune response. The major saliva proteins recognized by serum from immunized dogs exhibited molecular weights of 35 and 45 kDa, and were related to the resistance pattern against Leishmania infection. Immunophenotypic analysis revealed increased circulating CD21+ B-cells and CD5+ T-cells, reflected by higher counts of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. The observed interaction between potential antigen-presenting cells (evaluated as CD14+ monocytes) and lymphocyte activation status indicated a relationship between innate and adaptive immune responses. The higher frequency in L. chagasi antigen-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and their positive association with intense cell proliferation, in addition to the progressively higher production of serum nitric oxide levels, showed a profile compatible with anti-CVL vaccine potential. Further studies on immunological response after challenge with L. chagasi may provide important information that will lead to a better understanding on vaccine trial and efficacy.
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27
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Schuberth HJ, Kucinskiene G, Chu RM, Faldyna M. Reactivity of cross-reacting monoclonal antibodies with canine leukocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:47-55. [PMID: 17643496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A panel of 380 commercially available monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human CD molecules from various sources was tested during the 8th Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshop (HLDA8) for cross-reactivity on canine peripheral blood leukocytes by flow cytometry. In addition, all mAbs were used to label a 50:50 mixture of platelets and erythrocytes of the same dogs. This testing resulted in 51 cross-reacting mAbs. mAbs with specificity for CD9, CD29, CD42a, CD61, and CD41/CD61 showed cross-reactivity with canine platelets in a non-polymorphic and one mAb with the erythrocyte antigen CD235a in a polymorphic reaction pattern. Canine leukocyte-reactive mAbs included those with specificity for CD11a, CD11b, CD14, CD18, CD21, CD22, CD47, CD49d, CD49e, CD56, CD62L, CD91, CD94, and CD172a. In addition, several mAbs resulted in a staining pattern of canine cells which suggest that the canine epitope equivalents have an alternate expression pattern from that expected for humans (CD1a, CD35, CD44, CD45, CD75s, CD81). In summary, this study confirmed the reactivity of previously described cross-reactive mAbs with canine cells and resulted in the characterization of mAbs recognizing so far undetectable canine CD molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Giunchetti RC, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Roatt BM, de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares RD, de Souza JV, das Dores Moreira N, Malaquias LCC, Mota e Castro LL, de Lana M, Reis AB. Immunogenicity of a killed Leishmania vaccine with saponin adjuvant in dogs. Vaccine 2007; 25:7674-86. [PMID: 17913311 PMCID: PMC7115514 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immune responses of dogs to a candidate vaccine, composed of Leishmania braziliensis promastigote protein plus saponin as adjuvant, have been investigated as a pre-requisite to understanding the mechanisms of immunogenicity against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). The candidate vaccine elicited strong antigenicity related to the increases of anti-Leishmania IgG isotypes, together with higher levels of lymphocytes, particularly of circulating CD8+ T-lymphocytes and Leishmania chagasi antigen-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes. As indicated by the intense cell proliferation and increased nitric oxide production during in vitro stimulation by L. chagasi soluble antigens, the candidate vaccine elicited an immune activation status potentially compatible with effective control of the etiological agent of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Vitoriano de Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nádia das Dores Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias
- Núcleo se Pesquisa em Imunologia, Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lisboa Mota e Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro, 35.400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Tel.: +55 31 3559 1694; fax: +55 31 3559 1680.
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de Andrade RA, Reis AB, Gontijo CMF, Braga LB, Rocha RDR, Araújo MSS, Vianna LR, Martins-Filho OA. Clinical value of anti-Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi IgG titers detected by flow cytometry to distinguish infected from vaccinated dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 116:85-97. [PMID: 17287029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmune vaccination covers a broader number of endemic areas of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and therefore the development of new serological devices able to discriminate CVL from Leishmune vaccinees becomes an urgent need considering the post-vaccine seroconversion detected throughout conventional methodologies. Herein, we have described the establishment of a flow cytometry based methodology to detect anti-fixed L. (L.) chagasi promastigotes antibodies (FC-AFPA-IgG, FC-AFPA-IgG1 and FC-AFPA-IgG2) in sera samples from Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infected dogs and Leishmune vaccinees. The results of FC-AFPA were reported along the sera titration curve (1:128-1:524,288), as percentage-of-positive-fluorescent-parasite (PPFP). The use of PPFP=20% as a cut-off edge to segregate negative and positive results at sera dilution 1:2048 revealed outstanding performance indexes that elect FC-AFPA-IgG and IgG2 (both detected by polyclonal FITC-labeled second step reagent) applicable to the serological diagnosis of CVL, with 100% of specificity for both IgG and IgG2 and 97 and 93% of sensitivity, respectively. Moreover, FC-AFPA-IgG, applied at sera dilution 1:2048, also appeared as a useful tool to discriminate L. chagasi infected dogs from Leishmune vaccinees, with 76% of specificity. Outstanding likelihood indexes further support the performance of FC-AFPA-IgG for exclusion diagnosis of CVL in Leishmune vaccinees. Analysis of FC-AFPA-IgG at sera dilution 1:8192 revealed the most outstanding indexes, demonstrating that besides the ability of PPFP <or=20% to exclude the diagnosis of CVL, a PPFP values higher 80%, mostly observed for infected dogs (INF) have a minimal change to come from a non-infected animal (NI) or Leishmune vaccinees (VAC). Together, our findings showed the potential of both anti-L. chagasi FC-AFPA-IgG and IgG2 to distinguish the serological reactivity of L. chagasi infected dogs from Leishmune vaccinees, which will further contribute for the differential diagnosis in the context of CVL immunoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Aline de Andrade
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ/MG, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
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Carneiro CM, Martins-Filho OA, Reis AB, Veloso VM, Araújo FMG, Bahia MT, de Lana M, Machado-Coelho GLL, Gazzinelli G, Correa-Oliveira R, Tafuri WL. Differential impact of metacyclic and blood trypomastigotes on parasitological, serological and phenotypic features triggered during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs. Acta Trop 2007; 101:120-9. [PMID: 17296162 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A detailed follow-up investigation of the major parasitological, serological and phenotypic features in dogs experimentally infected with metacyclic (MT) and blood (BT) trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Berenice-78, typifying vectorial and transfusional transmission of human Chagas disease, has been conducted. Although there were no changes with respect to the window of patent-parasitaemia, significant differences between MT- and BT-infected dogs in both the prepatent period (days 23 and 19, respectively) and the day of maximum parasitaemia (days 26 and 22, respectively) were recorded. A progressive enhancement in the level of T. cruzi-specific antibodies accompanied infection by both MT and BT forms, although higher IgG titres developed on days 14 and 21 following infection with MT forms. Higher Thy-1(+)/CD21(+) and lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratios, occasioned by increased levels of Thy-1(+) and CD8(+) T-cells and reduced frequencies of CD4(+) T-cells and CD21(+) B-lymphocytes, were observed in both MT- and BT-infected animals. The reduced frequency of CD14(+) leukocytes was revealed as the most relevant phenotypic feature intrinsic to T. cruzi infection independent of inoculum source. BT-specific phenotypic features included an early reduction in the percentage of circulating CD21(+) and CD14(+) leukocytes, together with a higher Thy-1(+)/CD21(+) cell ratio on day 42. On the other hand, higher levels of CD8(+) T-cells, together with a lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratio on day 28, were characteristic of MT infection. These findings emphasise the importance of inoculum source and suggest that vectorial or transfusional routes of T. cruzi infection may trigger distinct parasite-host interactions during acute Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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31
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Reis AB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Giunchetti RC, Guerra LL, Carvalho MG, Mayrink W, Genaro O, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA. Phenotypic features of circulating leucocytes as immunological markers for clinical status and bone marrow parasite density in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:303-11. [PMID: 17034583 PMCID: PMC1942052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) manifests itself as a broad clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic infection to patent severe disease. Despite relevant findings suggesting changes on lymphocytes subsets regarding the CVL clinical forms, it still remains to be elucidated whether a distinct phenotypic profile would be correlated with degree of tissue parasite density. Herein, we have assessed the correlation between the clinical status as well as the impact of bone marrow parasite density on the phenotypic profile of peripheral blood leucocytes in 40 Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi. Our major findings describe the lower frequency of B cells and monocytes as the most important markers of severe CVL. Our main statistically significant findings reveal that the CD8(+) T cell subset reflects most accurately both the clinical status and the overall bone marrow parasite density, as increased levels of CD8(+) lymphocytes appeared as the major phenotypic feature of asymptomatic disease and dogs bearing a low parasite load. Moreover, enhanced major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II density as well as a higher CD45RB/CD45RA expression index seems to represent a key element to control disease morbidity. The association between clinical status, bone marrow parasitism and CD8(+) T cells re-emphasizes the role of the T cell-mediated immune response in the resistance mechanisms during ongoing CVL. Higher levels of circulating T lymphocytes (both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells) and lower MHC-II expression by peripheral blood lymphocytes seem to be the key for the effective immunological response, a hallmark of asymptomatic CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas/Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Giunchetti RC, Mayrink W, Genaro O, Carneiro CM, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Marques MJ, Tafuri WL, Reis AB. Relationship between Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis and the Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi Burden in Dermal Inflammatory Foci. J Comp Pathol 2006; 135:100-107. [PMID: 16959259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the first point of contact with organisms of the genus Leishmania from sand fly vectors, and apparently normal skin of sick dogs harbours amastigote forms of Leishmania chagasi. In relation to canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL), the ear skin was examined in 10 uninfected dogs (UDs) and in 31 dogs dogs naturally infected with L. chagasi. The infected animals consisted of 10 symptomless dogs (SLDs), 12 mildly affected dogs (MADs) and nine affected dogs (ADs). A higher parasite burden was demonstrated in ADs than in SLDs by anti-Leishmania immunohistochemistry (P<0.01), and by Leishman Donivan Unit (LDU) indices (P=0.0024) obtained from Giemsa-stained impression smears. Sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin demonstrated a higher intensity of inflammatory changes in ADs than in SLDs (P<0.05), and in the latter group flow cytometry demonstrated a correlation (P=0.05/r=0.7454) between the percentage of CD14(+) monocytes in peripheral blood and chronic dermal inflammation. Extracellular matrix assessment for reticular fibres by staining of sections with Masson trichrome and Gomori ammoniacal silver demonstrated a decrease in collagen type I and an increase in collagen type III as the clinical signs increased. The data on correlation between cellular phenotypes and histological changes seemed to reflect cellular activation and migration from peripheral blood to the skin, mediated by antigenic stimulation. The results suggested that chronic dermal inflammation and cutaneous parasitism were directly related to the severity of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.
| | - W Mayrink
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| | - O Genaro
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| | - C M Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais
| | - R Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| | - O A Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - M J Marques
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| | - W L Tafuri
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais
| | - A B Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais
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Lamerato-Kozicki AR, Helm KM, Jubala CM, Cutter GC, Modiano JF. Canine hemangiosarcoma originates from hematopoietic precursors with potential for endothelial differentiation. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:870-8. [PMID: 16797414 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two competing hypotheses can be formulated regarding the origin of canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA). One states HSA originates from differentiated vascular endothelial cells that undergo mutations which endow them with malignant potential. The other states HSA originates from transformed hemangioblastic stem cells. This study was designed to begin to distinguish between these possibilities, as well as to test if flow cytometry was sufficiently sensitive to detect malignant cells in blood samples from dogs with HSA. METHODS We used multiparameter flow cytometry to examine expression of cell-surface determinants associated with hematopoietic precursors (c-kit, CD34, CD133, CD45) or with lineage-committed cells (CD3, CD11b, CD14, CD21, CD105, CD146, alphavbeta3-integrin) in HSA cell lines and in blood samples from healthy dogs or dogs with HSA. RESULTS The data show that HSA cells coexpress surface markers associated with hematopoietic precursors and with commitment to endothelial lineage, providing a means to identify their presence in circulation and distinguish them from normal or malignant white blood cells. The percentage of cells that coexpressed these markers ranged from 0.5 to 1.25% for HSA dogs, and was less than 0.3% for unaffected dogs or dogs with HSA that had the tumors removed within 48 hours prior to obtaining samples. CONCLUSIONS The results place the ontogeny of HSA with multipotential bone marrow-derived stem cells whose progeny arrest differentiation at the hemangioblast or angioblast stage. In addition, these expression patterns may assist to confirm an HSA diagnosis, monitor minimal residual disease, and detect the disease in early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Lamerato-Kozicki
- Department of Immunology and AMC Cancer Research Center, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center; Denver, CO 80214, USA
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Barrouin-Melo SM, Larangeira DF, Santos SO, Chagas-Júnior AD, Paixão M, Aguiar PHP, dos-Santos WLC, Pontes-de-Carvalho L. A standardized cytological and immunochemical method for the analysis of fine-needle spleen aspirates: Assessment of leukocyte population changes in canine visceral leishmaniosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 111:251-61. [PMID: 16546267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method for the evaluation of splenic cellularity using samples collected by fine-needle aspirative biopsy was standardized in this work. The procedure includes erythrocyte lysing, preparation of cytospin films and staining by histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. The cellular profiles of spleen preparations were compared with those observed in peripheral blood samples subjected to the same procedure. Two groups were compared, one consisting of 14 healthy uninfected and the other of 15 polysymptomatic Leishmania chagasi/infantum-infected dogs, from an endemic area for visceral leishmaniosis. Cell populations were identified by conventional hematoxilin-eosin and Wright' stainings, and by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against canine CD45RA and CD45RB, phagocytes and a pan-leukocyte antigen. Larger neutrophil (P < 0.0001) and monocyte/macrophage (P = 0.0036) relative counts and lower lymphocyte relative counts (P < 0.0001) were found in the spleen, and not in the blood, of the animals with leishmaniosis than in those of the healthy animals. The proportions of CD45RB+ cells were higher, and of CD45RA+ cells were lower, both in the spleen and in the blood of animals with leishmaniosis than in those of healthy dogs (P < 0.05). Additionally, hematoxilin-eosin-stained cytospins of spleen aspirates from Leishmania-infected animals permitted the easy visualization of amastigote forms inside phagocytes, under light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Valdemar Falcão 121, Salvador 40295-001, Brazil.
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Blount DG, Pritchard DI, Heaton PR. Age-related alterations to immune parameters in Labrador retriever dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:399-407. [PMID: 16105688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess age-related changes in the immune status of Labrador retriever dogs, leukocyte phenotypes, lymphocyte proliferative capacity, and serum antibody levels were measured in four cohorts of dogs, ranging from 2 to 10 years of age. Absolute numbers of white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD21+ lymphocytes significantly decreased with increasing age. Relative percentages of lymphocytes and CD4 cells were significantly decreased, and relative percentages of granulocytes and CD8 cells significantly increased, with age. The CD4:CD8 ratio showed a significant age-related decrease. Proliferative responses of T-cells to mitogens in whole-blood cultures either increased (Concanavalin A) or remained the same (phytohemagglutinin) with age when data was normalised to allow for differences in responding cell number. Similarly, normalised data of proliferative response to anti-CD3 stimulation together with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate showed an age-related increase. Serum levels of total IgA significantly increased with age whereas total IgG levels remained unchanged. These observations illustrate a significant change to a number of immune parameters with age. However, further work is required to determine whether the differences reported here are sufficient to cause overt or functional immune senescence in Labrador retriever dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Blount
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
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