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Gallardo MJ, Delgado FO. Animal prion diseases: A review of intraspecies transmission. Open Vet J 2021; 11:707-723. [PMID: 35070868 PMCID: PMC8770171 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative, transmissible, and fatal disorders that affect several animal species. The causative agent, prion, is a misfolded isoform of normal cellular prion protein, which is found in cells with higher concentration in the central nervous system. This review explored the sources of infection and different natural transmission routes of animal prion diseases in susceptible populations. Chronic wasting disease in cervids and scrapie in small ruminants are prion diseases capable of maintaining themselves in susceptible populations through horizontal and vertical transmission. The other prion animal diseases can only be transmitted through food contaminated with prions. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only animal prion disease considered zoonotic. However, due to its inability to transmit within a population, it could be controlled. The emergence of atypical cases of scrapie and BSE, even the recent report of prion disease in camels, demonstrates the importance of understanding the transmission routes of prion diseases to take measures to control them and to assess the risks to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Julián Gallardo
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Oscar Delgado
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Facultad de Cs. Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Argentina
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Chen J, Chen C, Hu C, Liu L, Xia Y, Wang L, Yang W, Wu HY, Zhou W, Xiao K, Shi Q, Wu Y, Chen ZB, Dong XP. IP10, KC and M-CSF Are Remarkably Increased in the Brains from the Various Strains of Experimental Mice Infected with Different Scrapie Agents. Virol Sin 2020; 35:614-625. [PMID: 32314275 PMCID: PMC7736440 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of inflammatory cells and upregulations of a number of cytokines in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with prion diseases are frequently observed. To evaluate the potential changes of some brain cytokines that were rarely addressed during prion infection, the levels of 17 different cytokines in the brain homogenates of mice infected with different scrapie mouse-adapted agents were firstly screened with Luminex assay. Significant upregulations of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) were frequently detected in the brain lysates of many strains of scrapie infected mice. The upregulations of those three cytokines in the brains of scrapie infected mice were further validated by the individual specific ELISA and immunohistochemical assay. Increased specific mRNAs of IP10, M-CSF and KC in the brains of scrapie infected mice were also detected by the individual specific qRT-PCRs and IP10-specific digital PCR. Dynamic analyses of the brain samples collected at different time points post infection revealed the time-dependent increases of those three cytokines, particularly IP10 during the incubation period of scrapie infection. In addition, we also found that the levels of IP10 in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of 45 sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) patients were slightly but significantly higher than those of the cases who were excluded the diagnosis of prion diseases. These data give us a better understanding of inflammatory reaction during prion infection and progression of prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Ying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yuezhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Zhi-Bao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430000, China.
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China.
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Altered distribution, aggregation, and protease resistance of cellular prion protein following intracranial inoculation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219457. [PMID: 31291644 PMCID: PMC6620108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrPC) is a protease-sensitive and soluble cell surface glycoprotein expressed in almost all mammalian cell types. PrPSc, a protease-resistant and insoluble form of PrPC, is the causative agent of prion diseases, fatal and transmissible neurogenerative diseases of mammals. Prion infection is initiated via either ingestion or inoculation of PrPSc or when host PrPC stochastically refolds into PrPSc. In either instance, the early events that occur during prion infection remain poorly understood. We have used transgenic mice expressing mouse PrPC tagged with a unique antibody epitope to monitor the response of host PrPC to prion inoculation. Following intracranial inoculation of either prion-infected or uninfected brain homogenate, we show that host PrPC can accumulate both intra-axonally and within the myelin membrane of axons suggesting that it may play a role in axonal loss following brain injury. Moreover, in response to the inoculation host PrPC exhibits an increased insolubility and protease resistance similar to that of PrPSc, even in the absence of infectious prions. Thus, our results raise the possibility that damage to the brain may be one trigger by which PrPC stochastically refolds into pathogenic PrPSc leading to productive prion infection.
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Wathne GJ, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Zurzolo C, Mabbott NA. Determining the role of mononuclear phagocytes in prion neuroinvasion from the skin. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:817-28. [PMID: 22389312 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1211633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many prion diseases are acquired by peripheral exposure, and skin lesions are an effective route of transmission. Following exposure, early prion replication, upon FDCs in the draining LN is obligatory for the spread of disease to the brain. However, the mechanism by which prions are conveyed to the draining LN is uncertain. Here, transgenic mice were used, in which langerin(+) cells, including epidermal LCs and langerin(+) classical DCs, were specifically depleted. These were used in parallel with transgenic mice, in which nonepidermal CD11c(+) cells were specifically depleted. Our data show that prion pathogenesis, following exposure via skin scarification, occurred independently of LC and other langerin(+) cells. However, the depletion of nonepidermal CD11c(+) cells impaired the early accumulation of prions in the draining LN, implying a role for these cells in the propagation of prions from the skin. Therefore, together, these data suggest that the propagation of prions from the skin to the draining LN occurs via dermal classical DCs, independently of langerin(+) cells.
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Akesson CP, McL Press C, Espenes A, Aleksandersen M. Phenotypic characterisation of intestinal dendritic cells in sheep. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:837-849. [PMID: 18222542 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to identify dendritic cells (DCs) in the ileum and rectum of lambs and adult sheep. The distribution of these cells in four different intestinal compartments, i.e. lamina propria, lymphoid follicles, domes and interfollicular areas was assessed, and the presence of these cells in lambs and adult sheep was compared. Specimens were examined by using a number of potential DC markers (CD11c, CD205, MHC class II (MHCII), CD1b and CD209) in immunohistochemical and multicolour immunofluorescent procedures. The ovine ileal and rectal mucosa contain many CD11c+/CD205+ cells with a dendritic morphology, and the majority of these cells co-expressed MHCII. These double-positive cells were also labelled with the CD209 antibody in the lamina propria and interfollicular regions. Only very few cells expressed CD1b. In conclusion, a major DC population in ileum and rectum of sheep co-expressed the CD11c, CD205 and MHCII molecules. The CD209 antibody appeared to be a novel marker for a subpopulation of ovine intestinal DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Piercey Akesson
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian College of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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