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Cain CL, White E, Citron LE, Zheng Q, Morris DO, Grice EA, Bradley CW. Longitudinal evaluation of the cutaneous and rectal microbiota of German shepherd dogs with perianal fistulas undergoing therapy with ciclosporin and ketoconazole. Vet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38616572 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perianal fistulas are painful ulcers or sinus tracts that disproportionately affect German shepherd dogs and are proposed as a spontaneous animal model of fistulising Crohn's disease. OBJECTIVES To characterise the rectal and cutaneous microbiota in German shepherd dogs with perianal fistulas and to investigate longitudinal shifts with lesion resolution during immunomodulatory therapy. ANIMALS Eleven German shepherd dogs with perianal fistulas and 15 healthy German shepherd dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Affected dogs were evaluated and swabbed at three visits, 30 days apart, while undergoing treatment with ciclosporin and ketoconazole. Healthy German shepherd dogs were contemporaneously sampled. Sites included the rectum, perianal skin and axilla. The microbiome was evaluated following sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. RESULTS Alpha diversity was not significantly different between healthy and affected dogs at each of the three body sites (p > 0.5), yet rectal and perianal beta diversities from affected dogs differed significantly from those of healthy dogs at Day 0 (p = 0.004). Rectal and perianal relative abundance of Prevotella spp. increased and perianal Staphylococcus spp. relative abundance decreased in affected dogs over time, coincident with lesion resolution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Changes in lesional cutaneous and rectal microbiota occur in German shepherd dogs with perianal fistulas and shift over time with lesion resolution during immunomodulatory therapy. Further investigations of the role of cutaneous and enteric microbiota in the pathogenesis of perianal fistulas, and whether manipulation of microbial populations may ameliorate disease, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen White
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsey E Citron
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles W Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Harvey R, Horton H. Successful treatment of perianal fistulas in two dogs with oclacitinib. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:483-486. [PMID: 37184056 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Perianal fistula (PAF) formation in dogs is a frustrating and painful disease, occurring primarily in German shepherd dogs. Ciclosporin has become the recommended treatment of choice yet may be associated with numerous adverse effects. This case report describes the successful treatment of two cases of PAF with oclacitinib.
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3
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The Intersection of Human and Veterinary Medicine-A Possible Direction towards the Improvement of Cell Therapy Protocols in the Treatment of Perianal Fistulas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213917. [PMID: 36430390 PMCID: PMC9696944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is still a challenge. Local administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is becoming a part of accepted treatment options. However, as a fledgling technique, it still can be optimized. A new trend in translational research, which is in line with "One Health" approach, bases on exploiting parallels between naturally occurring diseases affecting humans and companion animals. Canine anal furunculosis (AF) has been indicated as condition analogous to human perianal Crohn's disease (pCD). This narrative review provides the first comprehensive comparative analysis of these two diseases based on the published data. The paper also outlines the molecular mechanisms of action of MSCs which are likely to have a role in modulating the perianal fistula niche in humans, and refers them to the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory properties of canine MSCs. Generally, the pathogenesis of both diseases shares main determinants such as the presence of genetic predispositions, dysregulation of immune response and the relation to intestine microbiota. However, we also identified many aspects which should be further specified, such as determining the frequency of true fistulas formation in AF patients, elucidating the role of TNF and Th17 pathway in the pathogenesis of AF, or clarifying the role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenomenon in the formation of canine fistulae. Nevertheless, the available data support the hypothesis that the results from testing cell therapies in dogs with anal furunculosis have a significant translational value in optimizing MSC transplants procedures in pCD patients.
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4
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Novak A, Pupo E, Van't Veld E, Rutten VPMG, Broere F, Sloots A. Activation of Canine, Mouse and Human TLR2 and TLR4 by Inactivated Leptospira Vaccine Strains. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823058. [PMID: 35386703 PMCID: PMC8978998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Leptospira vaccines contain inactivated strains of pathogenic Leptospira, the causative agents of leptospirosis. For an effective response to vaccination, activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs is crucial. However, it is not known which TLRs are activated by Leptospira in dogs. To investigate the involvement of canine TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 in the recognition of Leptospira, we stimulated canine moDC and reporter cells expressing canine TLR2 with either whole-inactivated bacteria or purified LPS of Leptospira strains, representing the serogroups generally used in canine leptospirosis vaccines. Using the endotoxin neutralizing reagent polymyxin B and TLR4 antagonist RS-LPS, we demonstrate that Leptospira LPS and canine TLR4 are involved in IL-1β production as well as in the uptake of inactivated Leptospira in canine moDC. Furthermore, polymyxin B only partially inhibited IL-1β production induced by inactivated Leptospira, suggesting that next to TLR4, also other TLRs may be involved. The observed activation of canine TLR2-expressing reporter cells by inactivated Leptospira strains indicates that TLR2 could be one of these TLRs. Next, we analyzed TLR2 and TLR4 activating capabilities by the same Leptospira strains using human and mouse TLR-expressing reporter cells. Inactivated Leptospira and leptospiral LPS activated not only mouse, but also human TLR4 and this activation was shown to be LPS dependent in both cases. Additionally, inactivated Leptospira activated mouse and human TLR2-expressing reporter cell lines. In our study, we could not identify significant species differences in the recognition of Leptospira by TLR2 and TLR4 between dog, human and mouse. Lastly, we show that these inactivated Leptospira strains are recognized by both mouse and human TLR5 reporter cells only after exposure to additional heat-treatment. Unfortunately, we were not able to confirm this in the canine system. Our data show that TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the recognition of Leptospira strains used in the production of canine Leptospira vaccines. This study contributes to the understanding of Leptospira-induced innate immune responses in dogs, humans, and mice. Future studies are needed to further explore the role of canine TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 in the induction of vaccine-mediated immunity against Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Novak
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Elder Pupo
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Esther Van't Veld
- Center for Cell Imaging (CCI), Division Cell Biology, Metabolism and Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Femke Broere
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division Internal Medicine of Companion Animals, Department Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sloots
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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5
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Lu S, Zhu K, Guo Y, Wang E, Huang J. Evaluation of animal models of Crohn's disease with anal fistula (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:974. [PMID: 34335916 PMCID: PMC8290422 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anal fistula is a common and serious complication of Crohn's disease (CD). A sufficiently suitable animal model that may be used to simulate this disease is yet to be established. The aim of the present review was to summarize the different characteristics and experimental methods of commonly used animal models of CD with anal fistula. Electronic databases were searched for studies reporting on the use of this type of animal model. A total of 234 related articles were retrieved, of which six articles met the inclusion criteria; these were used as references for the present review article. The characteristics of the animal models, the advantages and disadvantages of the modeling methods and the similarities with patients with CD and anal fistula were summarized and analyzed. The evidence suggests that a sufficiently suitable animal preclinical model requires to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,Gastrointestinal Center, Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Keyuan Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,Gastrointestinal Center, Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,Gastrointestinal Center, Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Enjing Wang
- Gastrointestinal Center, Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,Gastrointestinal Center, Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
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7
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Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.
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8
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Ferrer L, Kimbrel EA, Lam A, Falk EB, Zewe C, Juopperi T, Lanza R, Hoffman A. Treatment of perianal fistulas with human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a canine model of human fistulizing Crohn's disease. Regen Med 2016; 11:33-43. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intralesional injection of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in canine anal furunculosis dogs. Materials & methods: Dogs naturally develop an immune-mediated disease called canine anal furunculosis, which shares many features with human fistulizing Crohn's disease. Results: The hESC-MSCs were well tolerated and 1 month postinjection, accompanied by reduced serum levels of IL-2 and IL-6, two inflammatory cytokines associated with Crohn's disease. All six dogs were found to be completely free of fistulas at 3 months postinjection. However, at 6 months, two dogs had some fistula relapse. Conclusion: Results of this study provide the first evidence of the safety and therapeutic potential of hESC-MSCs in a large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Erin A Kimbrel
- Ocata Therapeutics, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Andrea Lam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Falk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Christine Zewe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Tarja Juopperi
- Ocata Therapeutics, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Robert Lanza
- Ocata Therapeutics, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Andrew Hoffman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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9
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Hosein S, Rodríguez-Cortés A, Blake DP, Allenspach K, Alberola J, Solano-Gallego L. Transcription of Toll-Like Receptors 2, 3, 4 and 9, FoxP3 and Th17 Cytokines in a Susceptible Experimental Model of Canine Leishmania infantum Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140325. [PMID: 26465878 PMCID: PMC4605763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a chronic zoonotic systemic disease resulting from complex interactions between protozoa and the canine immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system and facilitate the early detection of many infections. However, the role of TLRs in CanL remains unknown and information describing TLR transcription during infection is extremely scarce. The aim of this research project was to investigate the impact of L. infantum infection on canine TLR transcription using a susceptible model. The objectives of this study were to evaluate transcription of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in skin, spleen, lymph node and liver in the presence or absence of experimental L. infantum infection in Beagle dogs. These findings were compared with clinical and serological data, parasite densities in infected tissues and transcription of IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3 in different tissues in non-infected dogs (n = 10), and at six months (n = 24) and 15 months (n = 7) post infection. Results revealed significant down regulation of transcription with disease progression in lymph node samples for TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3. In spleen samples, significant down regulation of transcription was seen in TLR4 and IL-22 when both infected groups were compared with controls. In liver samples, down regulation of transcription was evident with disease progression for IL-22. In the skin, upregulation was seen only for TLR9 and FoxP3 in the early stages of infection. Subtle changes or down regulation in TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and FoxP3 are indicative of the silent establishment of infection that Leishmania is renowned for. These observations provide new insights about TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and Foxp3 in the liver, spleen, lymph node and skin in CanL and highlight possible markers of disease susceptibility in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Hosein
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SH); (LSG)
| | - Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, LeishLAB-SAF, Departament de Farmacologia de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Royal Veterinary College, Clinical Sciences and Services, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Alberola
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, LeishLAB-SAF, Departament de Farmacologia de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Veterinaria, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SH); (LSG)
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10
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Lipopolysaccharide and toll-like receptor 4 in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. Vet J 2015; 206:404-13. [PMID: 26383860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surgical attenuation of a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) results in increased portal vein perfusion, liver growth and clinical improvement. Portal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in liver regeneration via toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mediated cytokine activation. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with LPS in dogs with CPSS. Plasma LPS concentrations were measured in the peripheral and portal blood using a limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. LPS concentration was significantly greater in the portal blood compared to peripheral blood in dogs with CPSS (P = 0.046) and control dogs (P = 0.002). LPS concentrations in the peripheral (P = 0.012) and portal (P = 0.005) blood of dogs with CPSS were significantly greater than those of control dogs. The relative mRNA expression of cytokines and TLRs was measured in liver biopsies from dogs with CPSS using quantitative PCR. TLR4 expression significantly increased following partial CPSS attenuation (P = 0.020). TLR4 expression was significantly greater in dogs that tolerated complete CPSS attenuation (P = 0.011) and those with good portal blood flow on pre-attenuation (P = 0.004) and post-attenuation (P = 0.015) portovenography. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 concentration was measured using a canine specific ELISA and significantly increased 24 h following CPSS attenuation (P < 0.001). Portal LPS was increased in dogs with CPSS, consistent with decreased hepatic clearance. TLR4 mRNA expression was significantly associated with portal blood flow and increased following surgery. These findings support the concept that portal LPS delivery is important in the hepatic response to surgical attenuation. Serum IL-6 significantly increased following surgery, consistent with LPS stimulation via TLR4, although this increase might be non-specific.
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11
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Igarashi H, Ohno K, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Uchida K, Tsujimoto H. Functional analysis of pattern recognition receptors in miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:439-47. [PMID: 25650150 PMCID: PMC4427745 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) frequently occur in miniature dachshunds (MDs) in
Japan. MDs with ICRPs develop multiple polyps with severe neutrophil infiltration that
respond to immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, ICRPs are thought to constitute a novel,
breed-specific form of canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Pattern recognition
receptors (PRRs) play a key role in the distinction of pathogens from commensal bacteria
and food antigens. Dysfunction resulting from genetic disorders of PRRs have been linked
to human and canine IBD. Therefore, we analyzed the reactivity of PRRs in MDs with ICRPs.
Twenty-six MDs with ICRPs and 16 control MDs were recruited. Peripheral blood-derived
monocytes were obtained from each dog and then stimulated with PRR ligands for 6 and 24
hr; subsequently, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels and protein secretion of IL-1β
were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The levels of
IL-1β mRNA and protein secretion after stimulation with a nucleotide-binding
oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) ligand were significantly greater in monocytes from
ICRP-affected MDs than in those from control MDs. In addition, IL-1β protein secretion
induced by toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2, TLR2 and TLR2/6 stimulation was also
significantly greater in ICRP-affected MDs. These results suggest that reactivity against
NOD2, TLR1/2, TLR2 and TLR2/6 signals is enhanced in ICRP-affected MDs and may play a role
in the pathogenesis of ICRPs in MDs. Additional studies of the genetic background of these
PRRs should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Igarashi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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12
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Andonova M, Urumova V. Immune surveillance mechanisms of the skin against the stealth infection strategy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa—Review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:433-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Schmitz S, Henrich M, Neiger R, Werling D, Allenspach K. Comparison of TNFα responses induced by Toll-like receptor ligands and probiotic Enterococcus faecium in whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 153:170-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Okanishi H, Hayashi K, Sakamoto Y, Sano T, Maruyama H, Kagawa Y, Watari T. NOD2 mRNA Expression and NFkappaB Activation in Dogs with Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Colitis. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:439-44. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Okanishi
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
| | - K. Hayashi
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
| | - Y. Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
| | - T. Sano
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
| | - H. Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology (Maruyama); Department of Veterinary Medicine; College of Bioresource Sciences; Nihon University; Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - T. Watari
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
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Yang X, Murani E, Ponsuksili S, Wimmers K. Association of TLR5 sequence variants and mRNA level with cytokine transcription in pigs. Immunogenetics 2012; 65:125-32. [PMID: 23132291 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) plays a crucial role in host defense against flagellated bacteria by recognizing flagellin. Accumulating evidence suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR5 have an effect on flagellin recognition and are associated with susceptibility/resistance to disease. In this study, we analyzed association of SNPs, including c.834T>G, c.1065T>C, c.1205C>T, c.1246A>T, c.1269G>A, and c.1398C>T, as well as mRNA level of TLR5 with the abundance of transcripts of cytokines in pigs. SNPs c.1246A>T and c.1269G>A were significantly associated with the transcript abundance of interleukin (IL)-2, and SNPs c.834T>G and c.1398C>T with IL-10 (P < 0.05); the haplotypes showed a tendency to affect the transcript abundance of IL-10 (P = 0.0660) and significantly associated with the transcription of TLR5 (P < 0.01); the abundance of transcripts of TLR5 and IL-10 were strongly correlated (P < 0.01). The results indicated that the SNPs, associated with the transcript abundance of cytokines, were related to immune responsiveness mediated by cytokine, which, in turn, would have a role in pig breeding for disease resistance. Furthermore, the positive correlation between the abundance of TLR5 and IL10 suggest a link between TLR5 activation and IL-10 expression in porcine.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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17
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Catchpole B, Allenspach K. Canine inflammatory bowel disease: does innate immunity fail to discriminate between friend and foe? Vet J 2012; 194:7-8. [PMID: 22513299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Ciclosporin modulates the responses of canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEK) to toll-like receptor agonists. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:91-6. [PMID: 22525195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 dependent pathways have an important role in the antimicrobial defense of human keratinocytes, and various factors and compounds have been shown to affect those pathways. Investigating Toll-like receptor function in canine keratinocytes and the potential for their modulation is of similar relevance in dogs due to the frequency of staphylococcal skin infections in this species, particularly in the context of canine atopic dermatitis. This pilot study hypothesized that ciclosporin would have a modulatory effect on the cytokine and TLR mRNA expression of canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes in response to TLR2 agonists. No detectable up-regulation of TLR2, TLR4, IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA was detected following exposure to FSL-1, Pam3CSK4 and staphylococcal peptidoglycan (PGN). Ciclosporin alone did not alter the expression levels of these transcripts but in the presence of ciclosporin, TNF-α mRNA expression was upregulated in response to all three agonists and both TNF-α and IL-8 transcript abundance was increased in response to Pam3CSK4. The enhanced responsiveness of canine keratinocytes to TLR2 agonists in response to ciclosporin may imply that administration of this drug might enhance the innate immune barrier of skin.
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TLR5 risk-associated haplotype for canine inflammatory bowel disease confers hyper-responsiveness to flagellin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30117. [PMID: 22279566 PMCID: PMC3261174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the TLR5 gene have been associated with human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and animal models of this disease. We recently demonstrated a significant association between three non-synonymous SNPs in the canine TLR5 gene and IBD in German shepherd dogs (GSDs). However, so far, no direct link between these SNPs and a disturbance in TLR5 function was shown. In the present study, we determined the functional significance of the canine TLR5 SNPs by transfecting the identified risk-protective and risk-associated haplotype into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK) and assessed nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and CXCL8 production after stimulation. In addition, a whole blood assay for TLR5 activation was developed using blood derived from carrier dogs of either haplotype. There was a significant increase in NF-kB activity when cells transfected with the risk-associated TLR5 haplotype were stimulated with flagellin compared to the cells expressing the risk-protective TLR5 haplotype. This difference in NFkB activation correlated with CXCL8 expression in the supernatant measured by ELISA. Furthermore, whole blood taken from carrier dogs of the risk-associated TLR5 haplotype produced significantly more TNF after stimulation with flagellin compared to that taken from carriers of the risk-protective haplotype. Thus, we show for the first time a direct functional impact of the canine IBD risk-associated TLR5 haplotype, which results in hyper-responsiveness to flagellin compared to the IBD risk-protective TLR5 haplotype. Our data potentially suggest that similarly to human IBD and experimental models, TLR5 may also play a role in canine IBD. Blocking the hyper-responsive receptor found in susceptible dogs with IBD may alleviate the inappropriate inflammation seen in this disease.
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Kwon S, Gewirtz AT, Hurley DJ, Robertson TP, Moore JN, Vandenplas ML. Disparities in TLR5 Expression and Responsiveness to Flagellin in Equine Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6263-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Xiong W, Candolfi M, Liu C, Muhammad AKMG, Yagiz K, Puntel M, Moore PF, Avalos J, Young JD, Khan D, Donelson R, Pluhar GE, Ohlfest JR, Wawrowsky K, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Human Flt3L generates dendritic cells from canine peripheral blood precursors: implications for a dog glioma clinical trial. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11074. [PMID: 20552015 PMCID: PMC2884015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and carries a dismal prognosis. We have developed a conditional cytotoxic/immunotherapeutic approach using adenoviral vectors (Ads) encoding the immunostimulatory cytokine, human soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (hsFlt3L) and the conditional cytotoxic molecule, i.e., Herpes Simplex Type 1- thymide kinase (TK). This therapy triggers an anti-tumor immune response that leads to tumor regression and anti-tumor immunological memory in intracranial rodent cancer models. We aim to test the efficacy of this immunotherapy in dogs bearing spontaneous GBM. In view of the controversy regarding the effect of human cytokines on dog immune cells, and considering that the efficacy of this treatment depends on hsFlt3L-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs), in the present work we tested the ability of Ad-encoded hsFlt3L to generate DCs from dog peripheral blood and compared its effects with canine IL-4 and GM-CSF. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our results demonstrate that hsFlT3L expressed form an Ad vector, generated DCs from peripheral blood cultures with very similar morphological and phenotypic characteristics to canine IL-4 and GM-CSF-cultured DCs. These include phagocytic activity and expression of CD11c, MHCII, CD80 and CD14. Maturation of DCs cultured under both conditions resulted in increased secretion of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Importantly, hsFlt3L-derived antigen presenting cells showed allostimulatory potential highlighting their ability to present antigen to T cells and elicit their proliferation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that hsFlt3L induces the proliferation of canine DCs and support its use in upcoming clinical trials for canine GBM. Our data further support the translation of hsFlt3L to be used for dendritic cells' vaccination and gene therapeutic approaches from rodent models to canine patients and its future implementation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xiong
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - A. K. M. Ghulam Muhammad
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kader Yagiz
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Moore
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Avalos
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John D. Young
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Khan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Randy Donelson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - G. Elizabeth Pluhar
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John R. Ohlfest
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kolja Wawrowsky
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Allenspach K, House A, Smith K, McNeill FM, Hendricks A, Elson-Riggins J, Riddle A, Steiner JM, Werling D, Garden OA, Catchpole B, Suchodolski JS. Evaluation of mucosal bacteria and histopathology, clinical disease activity and expression of Toll-like receptors in German shepherd dogs with chronic enteropathies. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:326-35. [PMID: 20615633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic enteropathies in dogs likely involves an interaction between the intestinal immune system and luminal intestinal bacteria. German shepherd dogs (GSD) are particularly predisposed to chronic enteropathies. The present study sought to evaluate expression patterns of certain pattern recognition receptors of the innate immunity (Toll-like receptors, TLR), clinical disease activity and histopathological severity in GSD with chronic enteropathies. Mucosal biopsies were collected from the duodenum, colon and ileum of 13 affected GSD and 10 healthy greyhounds as controls. Dogs were objectively assessed using published scoring systems for clinical and histological severity of disease. Diversity of the duodenal microbiota was assessed by construction of 16S rRNA gene libraries. Expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 in biopsies of the duodenum, ileum and colon was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. TLR4 expression was increased in all intestinal segments in GSD, however, TLR5 expression was very low compared to the healthy dogs. The microbiota in the duodenum of GSDs was significantly different to that of the greyhounds, with an over-representation of 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to the classes of Bacilli, and Erysipelotrichi, and to the orders of Lactobacillales, Actinomycetales and Erysipelotrichales. These findings could point to a distinct pathogenesis of chronic enteropathies in GSD, with differentially high and low expression of TLR4 and TLR5, respectively, and increased proportions of specific members of the Lactobacillales potentially playing a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
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McMahon LA, House AK, Catchpole B, Elson-Riggins J, Riddle A, Smith K, Werling D, Burgener IA, Allenspach K. Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 in duodenal biopsies from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with severity of disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 135:158-163. [PMID: 20034678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that aberrant innate immune responses towards the bacterial flora of the gut play a role in the pathogenesis of canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an important role as primary sensors of invading pathogens and have gained significant attention in human IBD as differential expression and polymorphisms of certain TLR have been shown to occur in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the expression of two TLR important for recognition of commensals in the gut. TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression in duodenal biopsies from dogs with IBD was measured and correlated with clinical and histological disease severity. Endoscopic duodenal biopsies from 20 clinical cases and 7 healthy control dogs were used to extract mRNA. TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR. TLR2 mRNA expression was significantly increased in the IBD dogs compared to controls, whereas TLR4 mRNA expression was similar in IBD and control cases. In addition, TLR2 mRNA expression was mildly correlated with clinical severity of disease, however, there was no correlation between TLR2 expression and histological severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A McMahon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - A K House
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - B Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - J Elson-Riggins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - A Riddle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - K Smith
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - D Werling
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - I A Burgener
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggasstr. 128, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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House AK, Binns MM, Gregory SP, Catchpole B. Analysis of NOD1, NOD2, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR9 genes in anal furunculosis of German shepherd dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 73:250-4. [PMID: 19254256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anal furunculosis (AF) primarily affects German shepherd dogs (GSD) and is characterised by inflammation and ulceration of the perianal tissues with development of cutaneous sinuses or rectocutaneous fistulae. Investigation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) function has suggested that defective responses might occur in AF-affected GSD. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether canine PRR genes are involved in determining susceptibility to AF in this breed. Chromosomal location and coding sequences for NOD1, NOD2, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR9 were determined and microsatellite markers identified for each gene. Microsatellite genotyping of 100 control GSD and 47 AF-affected GSD showed restricted allelic variation for AHT H91 (associated with TLR5) and REN216 NO5 (associated with both TLR1 and TLR6) compared with non-GSD dogs. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms identified in canine TLR1, TLR5, TLR6 and NOD2 genes failed to show any significant associations between PRR polymorphisms and AF. The highly restricted PRR genotypes seen in GSD are likely to have resulted from selective breeding and might influence innate immune responses in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K House
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK.
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