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Williams ZJ, Chow L, Dow S, Pezzanite LM. The potential for senotherapy as a novel approach to extend life quality in veterinary medicine. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1369153. [PMID: 38812556 PMCID: PMC11133588 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1369153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a condition where cells undergo arrest and can assume an inflammatory phenotype, has been associated with initiation and perpetuation of inflammation driving multiple disease processes in rodent models and humans. Senescent cells secrete inflammatory cytokines, proteins, and matrix metalloproteinases, termed the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which accelerates the aging processes. In preclinical models, drug interventions termed "senotherapeutics" selectively clear senescent cells and represent a promising strategy to prevent or treat multiple age-related conditions in humans and veterinary species. In this review, we summarize the current available literature describing in vitro evidence for senotheraputic activity, preclinical models of disease, ongoing human clinical trials, and potential clinical applications in veterinary medicine. These promising data to date provide further justification for future studies identifying the most active senotherapeutic combinations, dosages, and routes of administration for use in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë J. Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lynn M. Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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2
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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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3
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Žagar Ž, Schmidt JM. A Scoping Review on Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cats: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3059. [PMID: 37835664 PMCID: PMC10572079 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become invaluable in the treatment of human and canine malignancies, but their role in feline oncology is less defined. While toceranib phosphate and masitinib mesylate are licensed for use in dogs, no TKI is yet approved for cats. This review systematically maps the research conducted on the expression of tyrosine kinases in neoplastic and non-neoplastic domestic feline tissues, as well as the in vitro/in vivo use of TKIs in domestic cats. We identify and discuss knowledge gaps and speculate on the further research and potential indications for TKI use in cats. A comprehensive search of three electronic databases and relevant paper reference lists identified 139 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The most commonly identified tumors were mast cell tumors (MCTs), mammary and squamous cell carcinomas and injection-site sarcomas. Based on the current literature, toceranib phosphate appears to be the most efficacious TKI in cats, especially against MCTs. Exploring the clinical use of TKIs in mammary carcinomas holds promise. Despite the progress, currently, the evidence falls short, underscoring the need for further research to discover new indications in feline oncology and to bridge the knowledge gaps between human and feline medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Žagar
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, 65719 Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
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4
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Ludwig L, Dobromylskyj M, Wood GA, van der Weyden L. Feline Oncogenomics: What Do We Know about the Genetics of Cancer in Domestic Cats? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100547. [PMID: 36288160 PMCID: PMC9609674 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a significant cause of suffering and death in domestic cats. In humans, an understanding of the genetics of different types of cancers has become clinically important for all aspects of patient care and forms the basis for most emerging diagnostics and therapies. The field of ‘oncogenomics’ characterises the alterations of cancer-associated genes that are found in tumours. Such a thorough understanding of the oncogenome of human tumours has only been possible due to a high-quality reference genome and an understanding of the genetic variation that can exist between people. Although a high-quality reference genome for cats has only recently been generated, investigations into understanding the genetics of feline cancers have been underway for many years, using a range of different technologies. This review summarises what is currently known of the genetics of both common and rare types of cancer in domestic cats. Drawing attention to our current understanding of the feline oncogenome will hopefully bring this topic into focus and serve as a springboard for more much-needed research into the genetics of cancer in domestic cats. Abstract Cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic cats. In humans, an understanding of the oncogenome of different cancer types has proven critical and is deeply interwoven into all aspects of patient care, including diagnostics, prognostics and treatments through the application of targeted therapies. Investigations into understanding the genetics of feline cancers started with cytogenetics and was then expanded to studies at a gene-specific level, looking for mutations and expression level changes of genes that are commonly mutated in human cancers. Methylation studies have also been performed and together with a recently generated high-quality reference genome for cats, next-generation sequencing studies are starting to deliver results. This review summarises what is currently known of the genetics of both common and rare cancer types in cats, including lymphomas, mammary tumours, squamous cell carcinomas, soft tissue tumours, mast cell tumours, haemangiosarcomas, pulmonary carcinomas, pancreatic carcinomas and osteosarcomas. Shining a spotlight on our current understanding of the feline oncogenome will hopefully serve as a springboard for more much-needed research into the genetics of cancer in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Correspondence:
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Smedley RC, Stedman NL, Kiupel M. Cutaneous and splenic mastocytosis in a juvenile Malayan tiger. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:288-291. [PMID: 35075959 PMCID: PMC8921805 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221074709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A male Malayan tiger cub developed well-circumscribed, erythematous, alopecic lesions on the face, torso, and paws when 1-wk-old. Biopsies of a torso lesion and a right front paw lesion at 1-mo-old confirmed cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs). MCTs on the paws grew into pendulous masses up to 6.5 cm in diameter by 3-mo-old, but those on the face and torso regressed. Fine-needle aspiration of the spleen at 3-mo-old revealed marked mast cell infiltration. The spleen and the right paw cutaneous MCT were removed; the paw MCT recurred within 7 d. A 12-bp tandem duplication, suggesting a somatic mutation, was identified in exon 8 of c-KIT in DNA extracted from the cutaneous MCT on the right paw and from one over the torso, but not from the spleen. Remaining MCTs on the paws regressed slowly following splenectomy and had completely regressed by 1-y-old. At 7-y-old, there was no recurrence of any mast cell disease. Mast cell disease in this tiger cub is similar to a report in a domestic kitten and to pediatric mastocytosis in humans, which commonly begins in infancy, improves by adolescence, and is associated with somatic c-kit mutations. To our knowledge, mastocytosis has not been reported previously in a juvenile exotic felid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Smedley
- Rebecca C. Smedley, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | | | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
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6
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Tamlin VS, Bottema CDK, Peaston AE. Comparative aspects of mast cell neoplasia in animals and the role of KIT in prognosis and treatment. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:3-18. [PMID: 31650704 PMCID: PMC7036313 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell neoplasia clinical presentation and biological behaviour vary considerably across mammalian species, ranging from a solitary benign mass to an aggressive systemic malignancy. Mutations in the KIT Proto‐Oncogene Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (KIT) gene are common molecular abnormalities involved in mast cell tumorigenesis. KIT mutations often occur in dog, cat and human neoplastic mast cells and result in altered Kit protein structure and function. In dogs, certain KIT mutations are associated with more malignant and lethal disease. In contrast, KIT mutations in feline and human mast cell neoplasms are not correlated with prognosis, but are of value in diagnosis and treatment planning in humans. KIT genetic abnormalities have not been well investigated in other species, although aberrant cytoplasmic Kit protein staining detected in neoplasms of the ferret, horse and cow resembles aberrant Kit staining patterns detected in neoplastic mast cells of dogs, cats and humans. Mutations within KIT are classified as either regulatory‐type or enzymatic pocket‐type mutations according to their location within the KIT Proto‐Oncogene. Mutations within the enzymatic pocket domain confer tumour resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Hence, knowledge of tumour KIT mutation status adds valuable information for optimizing patient treatment strategies. The use of TKIs in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics has opened a new treatment avenue for patients unresponsive to existing drugs. This review highlights the similarities and differences of mast cell neoplasia in mammals with a special focus on the involvement of KIT in the canine and feline forms in comparison to human mast cell neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Tamlin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Cynthia D K Bottema
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Anne E Peaston
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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7
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Berger EP, Johannes CM, Post GS, Rothchild G, Shiu KB, Wetzel S, Fox LE. Retrospective evaluation of toceranib phosphate (Palladia) use in cats with mast cell neoplasia. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:95-102. [PMID: 29172873 PMCID: PMC11129263 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17695898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to solicit and compile data from practicing veterinary specialists regarding their use of toceranib in cats with mast cell neoplasia and to provide initial assessment of possible clinical benefit and adverse events. Methods The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Oncology listservs were used to solicit data pertaining to cases in which toceranib was used in the treatment of feline mast cell neoplasia. Cases were included if the following data were received: signalment (age, sex, breed), diagnosis of mast cell neoplasia by either cytology or histopathology, anatomic classification of disease (cutaneous, splenic/hepatic, gastrointestinal, other), previous and concurrent treatment, toceranib dose (mg/kg) and schedule, duration of therapy, best response and documentation of adverse events. Results Case data from 50 cats with cutaneous (n = 22), splenic/hepatic (visceral) (n = 10), gastrointestinal (n = 17) or other (n = 1) mast cell neoplasia were received. Clinical benefit was seen in 80% (40/50), including 86% (19/22) with cutaneous, 80% (8/10) with visceral and 76% (13/17) with gastrointestinal involvement. A majority of cats (n = 35) received glucocorticoids during toceranib treatment. Median duration of treatment in cats experiencing clinical benefit was 36 weeks (range 4-106 weeks), 48 weeks (range 12-199 weeks) and 23 weeks (range 13-81 weeks) for cutaneous, visceral and gastrointestinal cases, respectively. Toceranib was administered at a median dose of 2.5 mg/kg (range 1.6-3.5 mg/kg); in 90% (45/50) the drug was given three times per week. Treatment was generally well tolerated with 60% (30/50) of cats experiencing adverse events. The majority of these events were low-grade (grade 1 or 2) gastrointestinal or hematologic events that resolved with treatment break and/or dose adjustment. Conclusions and relevance Toceranib appears to be well tolerated in feline patients with mast cell neoplasia. Biologic activity of this drug is evident in the studied cats; however, further prospective studies are needed to elucidate fully its role in treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika P Berger
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Kai-Biu Shiu
- Veterinary Emergency Service/Veterinary Specialty Center, Middleton, WI, USA
| | - Sarah Wetzel
- Veterinary Emergency Service/Veterinary Specialty Center, Middleton, WI, USA
| | - Leslie E Fox
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
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8
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Bauer K, Hadzijusufovic E, Cerny-Reiterer S, Hoermann G, Reifinger M, Pirker A, Valent P, Willmann M. IL-4 downregulates expression of the target receptor CD30 in neoplastic canine mast cells. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1240-1256. [PMID: 27507155 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD30 is a novel therapeutic target in human mast cell (MC) neoplasms. In this 'comparative oncology' study, we examined CD30 expression and regulation in neoplastic canine MC using a panel of immunomodulatory cytokines [interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and stem cell factor (SCF)] and the canine mastocytoma cell lines NI-1 and C2. Of all cytokines tested IL-4 was found to downregulate expression of CD30 in NI-1 and C2 cells. We also found that the CD30-targeting antibody-conjugate brentuximab vedotin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in both MC lines. Next, we asked whether IL-4-induced downregulation of CD30 interferes with brentuximab vedotin-effects. Indeed, pre-incubation of NI-1 cells with IL-4 decreased responsiveness towards brentuximab vedotin. To overcome IL-4-mediated resistance, we applied drug combinations and found that brentuximab vedotin synergizes with the Kit-targeting drugs masitinib and PKC412 in inhibiting growth of NI-1 and C2 cells. In summary, CD30 is a new marker and IL-4-regulated target in neoplastic canine MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Cerny-Reiterer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Hoermann
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Reifinger
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Pirker
- Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Willmann
- Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sabattini S, Barzon G, Giantin M, Lopparelli RM, Dacasto M, Prata D, Bettini G. Kit receptor tyrosine kinase dysregulations in feline splenic mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1051-1061. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - G. Barzon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - M. Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - R. M. Lopparelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - M. Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - D. Prata
- Laboratoire IDEXX; Saint Denis France
| | - G. Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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10
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Kraus KA, Clifford CA, Davis GJ, Kiefer KM, Drobatz KJ. Outcome and Prognostic Indicators in Cats Undergoing Splenectomy for Splenic Mast Cell Tumors. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2015; 51:231-8. [PMID: 26083443 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This was a multi-institutional retrospective study evaluating the outcome and clinical parameters associated with the postoperative prognosis of 36 cats with splenic mast cell tumors treated with splenectomy. Clinical parameters reviewed included signalment, clinical history, results of staging tests, surgical variables, administration of blood products, presence of metastasis, postoperative complications, administration of chemotherapy postoperatively, chemotherapy protocol, and response to chemotherapy. Overall median survival time was 390 days (range, 2-1737 days). Administration of a blood product (P < .0001), metastasis to a regional lymph node (P = .022), and evidence of either concurrent or historical neoplasia (P = .037) were negatively associated with survival. Response to chemotherapy (P = .0008) was associated with an improved median survival time. Larger-scale prospective studies evaluating different chemotherapy protocols are required to elucidate the discrepancy between lack of survival benefit with administration of chemotherapy and improvement in survival time with positive response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Kraus
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (K.A.K., G.D.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, PA (C.C.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (K.M.K.); and the Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.)
| | - Craig A Clifford
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (K.A.K., G.D.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, PA (C.C.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (K.M.K.); and the Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.)
| | - Garrett J Davis
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (K.A.K., G.D.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, PA (C.C.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (K.M.K.); and the Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.)
| | - Kristina M Kiefer
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (K.A.K., G.D.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, PA (C.C.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (K.M.K.); and the Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.)
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (K.A.K., G.D.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, PA (C.C.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (K.M.K.); and the Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.)
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11
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Maes RK, Langohr IM, Wise AG, Smedley RC, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M. Beyond H&E: integration of nucleic acid-based analyses into diagnostic pathology. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:238-56. [PMID: 24129897 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813505878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary pathology of infectious, particularly viral, and neoplastic diseases has advanced significantly with the advent of newer molecular methodologies that can detect nucleic acid of infectious agents within microscopic lesions, differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic cells, or determine the suitability of a targeted therapy by detecting specific mutations in certain cancers. Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA or RNA and in situ hybridization are currently the most commonly used methods for nucleic acid detection. In contrast, the main methodology used for protein detection within microscopic lesions is immunohistochemistry. Other methods that allow for analysis of nucleic acids within a particular cell type or individual cells, such as laser capture microdissection, are also available in some laboratories. This review gives an overview of the factors that influence the accurate analysis of nucleic acids in formalin-fixed tissues, as well as of different approaches to detect such targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Maes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA. and
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12
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Sabattini S, Frizzon MG, Gentilini F, Turba ME, Capitani O, Bettini G. Prognostic Significance of Kit Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Dysregulations in Feline Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:797-805. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813476064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline cutaneous mast cell tumors (FeCMCTs) are characterized by variable biological behavior. Development of multiple nodules and potential visceral involvement, along with inconsistency of conventional prognostic aids, justify uncertainty in differentiating benign from malignant forms. c-Kit proto-oncogene activating mutations have been reported in feline mast cell tumors (MCTs), but their prognostic relevance was not investigated. This study was performed on FeCMCTs with variable clinical outcome to assess whether Kit cytoplasmic immunohistochemical labeling can be regarded as indicative of c-Kit mutations and to evaluate the relationship between Kit dysregulation and survival. Twenty-four cats diagnosed with a primary cutaneous MCT were enrolled. Kit immunohistochemical pattern and c-Kit (exons 8, 9, 11) mutational status were assessed in 34 tumor samples. Risk factors affecting survival were a number of mitoses greater than 5 per 10 HPFs ( P = .017) and cytoplasmic Kit labeling ( P = .045). Increased mitotic activity was associated with Kit cytoplasmic expression ( P = .01). c-Kit encoding mutations were present in 19 (56%) tumors (exon 8, 19%; exon 9, 71%; exon 11, 10%), however, they were not significantly related to protein expression and they had no influence on prognosis. Additionally, in 6 of 9 (67%) cats, multiple nodules from the same cat had different mutational statuses. Mutations in the fifth immunoglobulin-like domain of Kit occur frequently in FeCMCT, but they are variably associated with aberrant protein expression and do not appear to be strictly correlated with biological behavior. These findings need to be confirmed in larger series, and exploration of further genomic regions of c-Kit is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - F. Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - O. Capitani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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13
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Hadzijusufovic E, Peter B, Herrmann H, Rülicke T, Cerny‐Reiterer S, Schuch K, Kenner L, Thaiwong T, Yuzbasiyan‐Gurkan V, Pickl WF, Willmann M, Valent P. NI-1: a novel canine mastocytoma model for studying drug resistance and IgER-dependent mast cell activation. Allergy 2012; 67:858-68. [PMID: 22583069 PMCID: PMC3401908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced mast cell (MC) disorders are characterized by uncontrolled growth of neoplastic MC in various organs, mediator-related symptoms, and a poor prognosis. Kit mutations supposedly contribute to abnormal growth and drug resistance in these patients. METHODS We established a novel canine mastocytoma cell line, NI-1, from a patient suffering from MC leukemia. RESULTS NI-1 cells were found to form mastocytoma lesions in NOD/SCID IL-2Rgamma(null) mice and to harbor several homozygous Kit mutations, including missense mutations at nucleotides 107(C→T) and 1187(A→G), a 12-bp duplication (nucleotide 1263), and a 12-bp deletion (nucleotide 1550). NI-1 cells expressed several MC differentiation antigens, including tryptase, Kit, and a functional IgE receptor. Compared to the C2 mastocytoma cell line harboring a Kit exon 11 mutation, NI-1 cells were found to be less responsive against the Kit tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) masitinib and imatinib, but were even more sensitive against proliferation-inhibitory effects of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) blocker RAD001 and PI3-kinase/mTOR blocker NVP-BEZ235. The Kit-targeting multikinase inhibitors PKC412 and dasatinib were also found to override TKI resistance in NI-1 cells, and produced growth inhibition with reasonable IC(50) values (<0.1 μM). CONCLUSION NI-1 may serve as a useful tool to investigate IgE-dependent reactions and mechanisms of abnormal growth and drug resistance in neoplastic MC in advanced mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Hadzijusufovic
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
- Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology Department of Internal Medicine I Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology Vienna Austria
| | - B. Peter
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
- Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology Department of Internal Medicine I Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - H. Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology Vienna Austria
| | - T. Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - S. Cerny‐Reiterer
- Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology Department of Internal Medicine I Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - K. Schuch
- Institute of Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - L. Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research Vienna Austria
| | - T. Thaiwong
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - V. Yuzbasiyan‐Gurkan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - W. F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - M. Willmann
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - P. Valent
- Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology Department of Internal Medicine I Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology Vienna Austria
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Arock M, Valent P. Pathogenesis, classification and treatment of mastocytosis: state of the art in 2010 and future perspectives. Expert Rev Hematol 2011; 3:497-516. [PMID: 21083038 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.10.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a myeloid neoplasm characterized by abnormal accumulation and frequent activation of mast cells (MCs) in various organs. Organ systems typically involved are the bone marrow, skin, liver and gastrointestinal tract. In most adult patients, the systemic form of mastocytosis (SM) is diagnosed, which includes an indolent subvariant, an aggressive subvariant and a leukemic subvariant, also termed MC leukemia. Whereas in pediatric mastocytosis, which is usually confined to the skin, a number of different KIT mutations and other defects may be detected, the KIT mutation D816V is detectable in most (adult) patients with SM. In a subset of these patients, additional oncogenic factors may lead to enhanced survival and growth of MCs and, thus, to advanced SM. Other factors may lead to MC activation, with consecutive anaphylactic reactions that can be severe or even fatal. Treatment of SM usually focuses on symptom relief by histamine receptor antagonists and other supportive therapy. However, in aggressive and leukemic variants, cytoreductive and targeted drugs must be applied. Unfortunately, the prognosis in these patients remains poor, even when treated with novel KIT-targeting agents, polychemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. This article provides a summary of our knowledge on the pathogenesis and on treatment options in SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Arock
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS UMR 8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 61, Ave du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan Cedex, France.
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15
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Hadzijusufovic E, Peter B, Gleixner KV, Schuch K, Pickl WF, Thaiwong T, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Mirkina I, Willmann M, Valent P. H1-receptor antagonists terfenadine and loratadine inhibit spontaneous growth of neoplastic mast cells. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:896-907. [PMID: 20570632 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In mast cell (MC) neoplasms, clinical problems requiring therapy include local aggressive and sometimes devastating growth of MCs and mediator-related symptoms. A key mediator of MCs responsible for clinical symptoms is histamine. Therefore, use of histamine receptor (HR) antagonists is an established approach to block histamine effects in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We screened for additional beneficial effects of HR antagonists and asked whether any of these agents would also exert growth-inhibitory effects on primary neoplastic MCs, the human MC line HMC-1, and on two canine MC lines, C2 and NI-1. RESULTS We found that the HR1 antagonists terfenadine and loratadine suppress spontaneous growth of HMC-1, C2, and NI-1 cells, as well as growth of primary neoplastic MCs in all donors tested (human patients, n = 5; canine patients, n = 8). The effects of both drugs were found to be dose-dependent (IC(50): terfenadine, 1-20 μM; loratadine, 10-50 μM). Both agents also produced apoptosis in neoplastic MCs and augmented apoptosis-inducing effects of two KIT-targeting drugs, PKC412 and dasatinib. The other HR1 antagonists (fexofenadine, diphenhydramine) and HR2 antagonists (famotidine, cimetidine, ranitidine) tested did not exert substantial growth-inhibitory effects on neoplastic MCs. None of the histamine receptor blockers were found to modulate cell-cycle progression in neoplastic MCs. CONCLUSIONS The HR1 antagonists terfenadine and loratadine, in addition to their antimediator activity, exert in vitro growth-inhibitory effects on neoplastic MCs. Whether these drugs (terfenadine) alone, or in combination with KIT inhibitors, can also affect in vivo neoplastic MC growth remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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