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Afify AF, Hassanien RT, El Naggar RF, Rohaim MA, Munir M. Unmasking the ongoing challenge of equid herpesvirus- 1 (EHV-1): A comprehensive review. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106755. [PMID: 38897362 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are a group of highly impactful viral pathogens that affect horses, presenting a substantial risk to the global equine industry. Among these, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) primarily causes respiratory infections. However, its ability to spread to distant organs can lead to severe consequences such as abortion and neurological diseases. These viruses can enter a dormant phase, with minimal activity, and later reactivate to trigger active infections at any time. Recently, there has been a notable rise in the prevalence of a particularly devastating strains of EHV-1 known as equid herpesviral myeloencephalopathy (EHM). In the light of dynamic nature of EHV-1, this review provides a thorough overview of EHV-1 and explores how advances in viral biology affect the pathophysiology of viral infection. The information presented here is crucial for understanding the dynamics of EHV-1 infections and creating practical plans to stop the virus's global spread among equid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Afify
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Rabab T Hassanien
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt; Division of Biomedical and Life Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.
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Soboll‐Hussey G, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross P, Neinast C, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Lunn DP. Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1872-1891. [PMID: 38069576 PMCID: PMC11099755 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death. OBJECTIVE To determine if there is an association between the level and duration of EHV-1 viremia and either abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in domesticated horses? METHODS A systematic review was performed searching numerous databases to identify peer reviewed reports that evaluated viremia and EHM, or viremia and abortion published before January 19, 2021. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were assessed for risk of bias or publication quality. RESULTS A total of 189 unique studies were identified, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Thirty studies evaluated viremia and neurologic outcomes including 4 observational studies. Eight experimental studies examined viremia and abortion, which used the Ab4 and OH03 virus strains or recombinant Ab4 derivatives. Incidence rates for both EHM and abortion in experimental studies varied among the studies as did the level of evidence. Viremia was generally detectable before the onset of either EHM or abortion. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate, sample sizes were small, and multiple studies reported negative outcome data. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results of this study support that viremia is regularly present before EHM or abortion occurs. However, no inferences could be made about the relationship between the occurrence of either neurological signs or abortion and the magnitude or duration of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Soboll‐Hussey
- College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, Room G331, 784 Wilson RoadEast Lansing, Michigan 48824USA
| | - David C. Dorman
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Brandy A. Burgess
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Georgia, 2200 College Station RoadAthens, Georgia 30602USA
| | - Lutz Goehring
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville RoadLexington, Kentucky 40546‐0099USA
| | - Peggy Gross
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Claire Neinast
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert‐von‐Ostertag‐Strasse 7Berlin 14163Germany
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, One Garrod DriveDavis, California 95616USA
| | - David P. Lunn
- School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High RoadNeston CH64 7TEUnited Kingdom
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3
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Pusterla N, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross M, Osterrieder K, Soboll Hussey G, Lunn DP. Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1765-1791. [PMID: 38069548 PMCID: PMC11099742 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection is associated with upper respiratory disease, EHM, abortions, and neonatal death. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Are nasal secretions a more sensitive biological sample compared to blood for the detection of EHV-1 infection? How long is EHV-1 detectable after primary infection by PCR? METHODS MedLine and Web of Science searches identified original peer-reviewed reports evaluating nasal shedding and viremia using virus isolation methods or PCR published in English before October 9, 2023. RESULTS Sixty experimental and 20 observational studies met inclusion criteria. EHV-1 detection frequency by qPCR in nasal secretions and blood from naturally-infected horses with fever and respiratory signs were 15% and 9%, respectively; qPCR detection rates in nasal secretions and blood from horses with suspected EHM were 94% and 70%, respectively. In experimental studies the sensitivity of qPCR matched or exceeded that seen for virus isolation from either nasal secretions or blood. Detection of nasal shedding typically occurred within 2 days after EHV-1 inoculation with a detection period of 3 to 7 days. Viremia lasted 2 to 7 days and was usually detected ≥1 days after positive identification of EHV-1 in nasal secretions. Nasal shedding and viremia decreased over time and remained detectable in some horses for several weeks after inoculation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Under experimental conditions, blood and nasal secretions have similar sensitivity for the detection of EHV-1 when horses are sampled on multiple consecutive days. In contrast, in observational studies detection of EHV-1 in nasal secretions was consistently more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - David C. Dorman
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Lutz Goehring
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Margaret Gross
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State University, Veterinary Medical CenterEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - David P. Lunn
- School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst CampusNestonUK
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Osterrieder K, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring LS, Gross P, Neinast C, Pusterla N, Hussey GS, Lunn DP. Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1858-1871. [PMID: 37930113 PMCID: PMC11099739 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with respiratory and neurologic disease, abortion, and neonatal death. HYPOTHESIS Vaccines decrease the occurrence of clinical disease in EHV-1-infected horses. METHODS A systematic review was performed searching multiple databases to identify relevant studies. Selection criteria were original peer-reviewed research reports that investigated the in vivo use of vaccines for the prevention of disease caused by EHV-1 in domesticated horses. Main outcomes of interest included pyrexia, abortion, neurologic disease, viremia, and nasal shedding. We evaluated risk of bias, conducted exploratory meta-analyses of incidence data for the main outcomes, and performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for each vaccine subtype. RESULTS A total of 1018 unique studies were identified, of which 35 met the inclusion criteria. Experimental studies accounted for 31/35 studies, with the remainder being observational studies. Eight vaccine subclasses were identified including commercial (modified-live, inactivated, mixed) and experimental (modified-live, inactivated, deletion mutant, DNA, recombinant). Risk of bias was generally moderate, often because of underreporting of research methods, and sample sizes were small leading to imprecision in the estimate of the effect size. Several studies reported either no benefit or minimal vaccine efficacy for the primary outcomes of interest. Meta-analyses revealed significant heterogeneity was present, and our confidence in the quality of evidence for most outcomes was low to moderate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our review indicates that commercial and experimental vaccines minimally reduce the incidence of clinical disease associated with EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C. Dorman
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Lutz S. Goehring
- College of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentUniversity of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research CenterLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Peggy Gross
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Claire Neinast
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical CenterEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - David P. Lunn
- School of Veterinary Science, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Hussey GS, Giessler KS. Contribution of the immune response to the pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1): Are there immune correlates that predict increased risk or protection from EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy? Vet J 2022; 282:105827. [PMID: 35405348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a devastating consequence of EHV-1 infection that has significant economic consequences. However, clinical EHM is relatively rare and occurs in only approximately 10% of infected horses. While there is a positive correlation between the duration and magnitude of viremia and incidence of EHM, it is likely that a combination of host and viral factors determine whether EHM occurs. The identification of these factors is of high interest for the equine community and has been the topic of much research for vaccine development and to predict which horses might be most at risk for developing EHM. The aim of this review is to highlight host immunity contributions to EHM pathogenesis at different sites of EHV-1 infection to shed light on the different aspects and interdependence of the response to EHV-1 in the time course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA.
| | - Kim S Giessler
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
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Pursell T, Spencer Clinton JL, Tan J, Peng R, Ling PD. Modified vaccinia Ankara expressing EEHV1A glycoprotein B elicits humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265424. [PMID: 35312707 PMCID: PMC8936464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) can cause lethal hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) in Asian elephants and is the largest cause of death in captive juvenile Asian elephants in North America and Europe. EEHV-HD also has been documented in captive and wild elephants in their natural range countries. A safe and effective vaccine to prevent lethal EEHV infection would significantly improve conservation efforts for this endangered species. Recent studies from our laboratory suggest that EEHV morbidity and mortality are often associated with primary infection. Therefore, we aim to generate a vaccine, particularly for EEHV1 naïve animals, with the goal of preventing lethal EEHV-HD. To address this goal, we generated a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) recombinant virus expressing a truncated form of glycoprotein B (gBΔfur731) from EEHV1A, the strain associated with the majority of lethal EEHV cases. Vaccination of CD-1 mice with this recombinant virus induced robust antibody and polyfunctional T cell responses significantly above mice inoculated with wild-type MVA. Although the vaccine-induced T cell response was mainly observed in CD8+ T cell populations, the CD4+ T cell response was also polyfunctional. No adverse responses to vaccination were observed. Overall, our data demonstrates that MVA-gBΔfur731 stimulates robust humoral and cell-mediated responses, supporting its potential translation for use in elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Pursell
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Spencer Clinton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rongsheng Peng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Ling
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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7
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Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2668. [PMID: 31849857 PMCID: PMC6901505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of horses and a major threat to the equine industry throughout most of the world. EHV-1 primarily causes respiratory disease but viral spread to distant organs enables the development of more severe sequelae; abortion and neurologic disease. The virus can also undergo latency during which viral genes are minimally expressed, and reactivate to produce lytic infection at any time. Recently, there has been a trend of increasing numbers of outbreaks of a devastating form of EHV-1, equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy. This review presents detailed information on EHV-1, from the discovery of the virus to latest developments on treatment and control of the diseases it causes. We also provide updates on recent EHV-1 research with particular emphasis on viral biology which enables pathogenesis in the natural host. The information presented herein will be useful in understanding EHV-1 and formulating policies that would help limit the spread of EHV-1 within horse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatai S. Oladunni
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - David W. Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Thomas M. Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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8
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Wilson ME, Holz CL, Kopec AK, Dau JJ, Luyendyk JP, Soboll Hussey G. Coagulation parameters following equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:102-107. [PMID: 29658149 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is the cause of respiratory disease, abortion storms, and outbreaks of herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Infection of the spinal cord is characterised by multifocal regions of virally infected vascular endothelium, associated with vasculitis, thrombosis and haemorrhage that result in ischaemia and organ dysfunction. However, the mechanism of thrombosis in affected horses is unknown. OBJECTIVES To evaluate tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activity and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) levels in horses following infection with EHV-1. STUDY DESIGN In vitro and in vivo studies following experimental EHV-1 infection. METHODS Horses were infected with EHV-1 and levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-associated TF activity; plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived microvesicle (MV)-associated TF activity and TAT complexes in plasma were examined. RESULTS EHV-1 infection increased PBMC TF procoagulant activity in vitro and in vivo. In infected horses, this increase was observed during the acute infection and was most marked at the onset and end of viraemia. However, no significant differences were observed between the horses that showed signs of EHM and the horses that did not develop EHM. Significant changes in MV-associated TF procoagulant activity and TAT complexes were not observed in infected horses. MAIN LIMITATIONS A small number of horses typically exhibit clinical EHM following experimental infection. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that EHV-1 infection increases PBMC-associated TF procoagulant activity in vivo and in vitro. Additional in vivo studies are needed to better understand the role of TF-dependent coagulation during EHM pathogenesis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - C L Holz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - A K Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - J J Dau
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - J P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - G Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Holz CL, Nelli RK, Wilson ME, Zarski LM, Azab W, Baumgardner R, Osterrieder N, Pease A, Zhang L, Hession S, Goehring LS, Hussey SB, Soboll Hussey G. Viral genes and cellular markers associated with neurological complications during herpesvirus infections. J Gen Virol 2017. [PMID: 28631601 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of neurological disorders associated with herpesviruses, the mechanism by which these viruses influence the central nervous system (CNS) has not been definitively established. Owing to the limitations of studying neuropathogenicity of human herpesviruses in their natural host, many aspects of their pathogenicity and immune response are studied in animal models. Here, we present an important model system that enables studying neuropathogenicity of herpesviruses in the natural host. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes a devastating neurological disease (EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy; EHM) in horses. Like other alphaherpesviruses, our understanding of virus neuropathogenicity in the natural host beyond the essential role of viraemia is limited. In particular, information on the role of different viral proteins for virus transfer to the spinal cord endothelium in vivo is lacking. In this study, the contribution of two viral proteins, DNA polymerase (ORF30) and glycoprotein D (gD), to the pathogenicity of EHM was addressed. Furthermore, different cellular immune markers, including alpha-interferon (IFN-α), gamma-interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), were identified to play a role during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine L Holz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rahul K Nelli
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - M Eilidh Wilson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lila M Zarski
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rachel Baumgardner
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Pease
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Hession
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Lutz S Goehring
- Equine Hospital - Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen B Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Abstract
Antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses and the occasional introduction of influenza viruses of novel subtypes into the human population complicate the timely production of effective vaccines that antigenically match the virus strains that cause epidemic or pandemic outbreaks. The development of game-changing vaccines that induce broadly protective immunity against a wide variety of influenza viruses is an unmet need, in which recombinant viral vectors may provide. Use of viral vectors allows the delivery of any influenza virus antigen, or derivative thereof, to the immune system, resulting in the optimal induction of virus-specific B- and T-cell responses against this antigen of choice. This systematic review discusses results obtained with vectored influenza virus vaccines and advantages and disadvantages of the currently available viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D de Vries
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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11
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Bergmann T, Moore C, Sidney J, Miller D, Tallmadge R, Harman RM, Oseroff C, Wriston A, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Osterrieder N, Peters B, Antczak DF, Sette A. The common equine class I molecule Eqca-1*00101 (ELA-A3.1) is characterized by narrow peptide binding and T cell epitope repertoires. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:675-89. [PMID: 26399241 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a detailed quantitative peptide-binding motif for the common equine leukocyte antigen (ELA) class I allele Eqca-1*00101, present in roughly 25 % of Thoroughbred horses. We determined a preliminary binding motif by sequencing endogenously bound ligands. Subsequently, a positional scanning combinatorial library (PSCL) was used to further characterize binding specificity and derive a quantitative motif involving aspartic acid in position 2 and hydrophobic residues at the C-terminus. Using this motif, we selected and tested 9- and 10-mer peptides derived from the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) proteome for their capacity to bind Eqca-1*00101. PSCL predictions were very efficient, with an receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve performance of 0.877, and 87 peptides derived from 40 different EHV-1 proteins were identified with affinities of 500 nM or higher. Quantitative analysis revealed that Eqca-1*00101 has a narrow peptide-binding repertoire, in comparison to those of most human, non-human primate, and mouse class I alleles. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six EHV-1-infected, or vaccinated but uninfected, Eqca-1*00101-positive horses were used in IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. When we screened the 87 Eqca-1*00101-binding peptides for T cell reactivity, only one Eqca-1*00101 epitope, derived from the intermediate-early protein ICP4, was identified. Thus, despite its common occurrence in several horse breeds, Eqca-1*00101 is associated with a narrow binding repertoire and a similarly narrow T cell response to an important equine viral pathogen. Intriguingly, these features are shared with other human and macaque major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules with a similar specificity for D in position 2 or 3 in their main anchor motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bergmann
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universtiät Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carrie Moore
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Donald Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca Tallmadge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Carla Oseroff
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amanda Wriston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | - Bjoern Peters
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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12
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Kydd JH, Case R, Minke J, Audonnet JC, Wagner B, Antczak DF. Immediate-early protein of equid herpesvirus type 1 as a target for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the Thoroughbred horse. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1783-1789. [PMID: 24836672 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are associated with protective immunity against disease caused by equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). However, the EHV-1 target proteins for CTLs are poorly defined. This limits the development of vaccine candidates designed to stimulate strong CTL immunity. Here, classical CTL assays using lymphocytes from horses of three defined MHC class I types that experienced natural infection with EHV-1 and a modified vaccinia virus construct containing an EHV-1 gene encoding the immediate-early (IE) protein are reported. Horses homozygous for the equine leukocyte antigen (ELA)-A2 haplotype, but not the ELA-A5 haplotype, produced MHC-restricted CTL responses against the IE protein. Previously, horses homozygous for the ELA-A3 haplotype also mounted CTL responses against the IE protein. Both haplotypes are common in major horse breeds, including the Thoroughbred. Thus, the IE protein is an attractive candidate molecule for future studies of T-cell immunity to EHV-1 in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Kydd
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kennett, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Ruth Case
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kennett, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Julius Minke
- Merial SAS, R&D, 254 rue Marcel Merieux, Lyon, France
| | | | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY 14853, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY 14853, USA
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Rusli ND, Mat KB, Harun HC. A Review: Interactions of Equine Herpesvirus-1 with Immune System and Equine Lymphocyte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2014.412036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Hussey GS, Goehring LS, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Huang T, Osterrieder N, Powell C, Hand J, Holz C, Slater J. Experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) induces chorioretinal lesions. Vet Res 2013; 44:118. [PMID: 24308772 PMCID: PMC4028784 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalitis (EHM) remains one of the most devastating manifestations of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection but our understanding of its pathogenesis remains rudimentary, partly because of a lack of adequate experimental models. EHV-1 infection of the ocular vasculature may offer an alternative model as EHV-1-induced chorioretinopathy appears to occur in a significant number of horses, and the pathogenesis of EHM and ocular EHV-1 may be similar. To investigate the potential of ocular EHV-1 as a model for EHM, and to determine the frequency of ocular EHV-1, our goal was to study: (1) Dissemination of virus following acute infection, (2) Development and frequency of ocular lesions following infection, and (3) Utility of a GFP-expressing virus for localization of the virus in vivo. Viral antigen could be detected following acute infection in ocular tissues and the central nervous system (experiment 1). Furthermore, EHV-1 infection resulted in multifocal choroidal lesions in 90% (experiment 2) and 50% (experiment 3) of experimentally infected horses, however ocular lesions did not appear in vivo until between 3 weeks and 3 months post-infection. Taken together, the timing of the appearance of lesions and their ophthalmoscopic features suggest that their pathogenesis may involve ischemic injury to the chorioretina following viremic delivery of virus to the eye, mirroring the vascular events that result in EHM. In summary, we show that the frequency of ocular EHV-1 is 50-90% following experimental infection making this model attractive for testing future vaccines or therapeutics in an immunologically relevant age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Ma G, Azab W, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesviruses type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)—Masters of co-evolution and a constant threat to equids and beyond. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Strain impact on equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion models: viral loads in fetal and placental tissues and foals. Vaccine 2012; 30:6564-72. [PMID: 22944628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) continues to cause both sporadic and epidemic abortions despite extensive vaccination. Lack of progress in the development of protective vaccines may be hindered by the lack of equine abortion models that employ contemporary EHV-1 strains. The objective of our experiments was to compare a contemporary EHV-1 strain with a previously described challenge strain, and to quantify EHV-1 loads in various maternal and fetal tissues. Infection experiments were performed in two groups of 7 pregnant pony mares at 270-290 days of gestation with a contemporary EHV-1 strain (University of Findlay 2003 isolate - OH03) or an EHV-1 strain isolated over 30 years ago, and previously described in abortion models (Ab4). All mares in both groups exhibited nasal viral shedding and viremia. Infection with OH03 resulted in 1/7 abortion and infection with Ab4 resulted in 5/7 abortions. In the OH03 challenge, placentas of foals delivered at term showed little detectable virus, while the aborted fetus expressed high levels of virus infection in the spleen and liver, lower levels in the lung and thymus, and lowest levels in the chorioallantois. After Ab4 challenge, high viral loads were detected in fetal and placental tissues in abortions. In the two normal deliveries, the chorioallantois contained virus levels comparable with the chorioallantois of aborted foals and both foals shed EHV-1 starting on day 4 of life, but were clinically healthy. Our results demonstrate the continued importance of strain selection for abortion models, and this study is the first report of viral load quantification using contemporary methods. Extremely high EHV-1 loads in decidua from abortions illustrate the infection risk posed to other horses.
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Kydd JH, Slater J, Osterrieder N, Lunn DP, Antczak DF, Azab W, Balasuriya U, Barnett C, Brosnahan M, Cook C, Damiani A, Elton D, Frampton A, Gilkerson J, Goehring L, Horohov D, Maxwell L, Minke J, Morley P, Nauwynck H, Newton R, Perkins G, Pusterla N, Soboll-Hussey G, Traub-Dargatz J, Townsend H, Van de walle GR, Wagner B. Third International Havemeyer Workshop on Equine Herpesvirus type 1. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:513-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Soboll Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, Horohov DW, Van de Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Goehring LS, Rao S, Lunn DP. Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant. Vet Res 2011; 42:23. [PMID: 21314906 PMCID: PMC3045331 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection remains a significant problem despite the widespread use of vaccines. The inability to generate a protective immune response to EHV-1 vaccination or infection is thought to be due to immunomodulatory properties of the virus, and the ORF1 and ORF2 gene products have been hypothesized as potential candidates with immunoregulatory properties. A pony infection study was performed to define immune responses to EHV-1, and to determine if an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant (ΔORF1/2) would have different disease and immunoregulatory effects compared to wild type EHV-1 (WT). Infection with either virus led to cytokine responses that coincided with the course of clinical disease, particularly the biphasic pyrexia, which correlates with respiratory disease and viremia, respectively. Similarly, both viruses caused suppression of proliferative T-cell responses on day 7 post infection (pi). The ΔORF1/ORF2 virus caused significantly shorter primary pyrexia and significantly reduced nasal shedding, and an attenuated decrease in PBMC IL-8 as well as increased Tbet responses compared to WT-infected ponies. In conclusion, our findings are (i) that infection of ponies with EHV-1 leads to modulation of immune responses, which are correlated with disease pathogenesis, and (ii) that the ORF1/2 genes are of importance for disease outcome and modulation of cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W, Drake Rd, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Wilsterman S, Soboll-Hussey G, Lunn DP, Ashton LV, Callan RJ, Hussey SB, Rao S, Goehring LS. Equine herpesvirus-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations during viremia. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:40-7. [PMID: 21093993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection with equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, late term abortions and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalitis (EHM) and remains an important problem in horses worldwide. Despite increasing outbreaks of EHM in recent years, our understanding of EHM pathogenesis is still limited except for the knowledge that a cell-associated viremia in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is a critical link between primary respiratory EHV-1 infection and secondary complications such as late-term abortion or EHM. To address this question our objective was to identify which PBMC subpopulation(s) are infected during viremia and may therefore play a role in transmitting the virus to the vascular endothelium of the spinal cord or pregnant uterus. PBMCs from 3 groups of animals were collected between days 4 and 9 following experimental infection with EHV-1 strain Findlay/OH03 or strain Ab4. PBMCs were labeled with primary antibodies selective for CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, or monocytes and positively selected using magnetic bead separation. Cell numbers and EHV-1 genome numbers in each subpopulation were then determined using quantitative PCR for β-actin and the EHV-1 glycoprotein B, respectively. Viral genomic DNA was found in all PBMC subpopulations; the CD8+ lymphocytes were most frequently positive for viral DNA, followed by B-lymphocytes. These differences were statistically significant in horses infected with the EHV-1 strain Findlay/OH03, and ponies with Ab4. These results differ from what has been reported in in vitro studies, and indicate that different PBMC subpopulations may play different roles in EHV-1 viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wilsterman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Kydd JH, Slater J, Osterrieder N, Antczak DF, Lunn DP. Report of the Second Havemeyer EHV-1 Workshop, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA, September 2008. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:572-5. [PMID: 20716200 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report summarises the findings of the Second Havemeyer EHV-1 Workshop, which was held in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA in September 2008. A total of 38 delegates, consisting of veterinary clinicians and scientists from academia and industry participated in a series of sessions that focused on equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Each session consisted of a review, followed by short presentations on current research topics. The sessions included EHM epidemiology, in vivo and in vitro models for studying EHM, EHV-1 virulence determinants, real-time PCR diagnostics, antiviral medications and new vaccination technologies. The report summarises the key advances identified during and since the meeting. Citations are restricted to selected reviews and papers published since the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
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