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Hinz D, Seumois G, Gholami AM, Greenbaum JA, Lane J, White B, Broide DH, Schulten V, Sidney J, Bakhru P, Oseroff C, Wambre E, James EA, Kwok WW, Peters B, Vijayanand P, Sette A. Lack of allergy to timothy grass pollen is not a passive phenomenon but associated with the allergen-specific modulation of immune reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 46:705-19. [PMID: 26662458 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timothy grass (TG) pollen is a common seasonal airborne allergen associated with symptoms ranging from mild rhinitis to severe asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize changes in TG-specific T cell responses as a function of seasonality. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from allergic individuals and non-allergic controls, either during the pollen season or out of season, were stimulated with either TG extract or a pool of previously identified immunodominant antigenic regions. RESULTS PBMCs from allergic subjects exhibit higher IL-5 and IL-10 responses in season than when collected out of season. In the case of non-allergic subjects, as expected we observed lower IL-5 responses and robust production of IFN-γ compared to allergic individuals. Strikingly, non-allergic donors exhibited an opposing pattern, with decreased immune reactivity in season. The broad down-regulation in non-allergic donors indicates that healthy individuals are not oblivious to allergen exposure, but rather react with an active modulation of responses following the antigenic stimulus provided during the pollen season. Transcriptomic analysis of allergen-specific T cells defined genes modulated in concomitance with the allergen exposure and inhibition of responses in non-allergic donors. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Magnitude and functionality of T helper cell responses differ substantially in season vs. out of season in allergic and non-allergic subjects. The results indicate the specific and opposing modulation of immune responses following the antigenic stimulation during the pollen season. This seasonal modulation reflects the enactment of specific molecular programmes associated with health and allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hinz
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G Seumois
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A M Gholami
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J A Greenbaum
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Lane
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B White
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D H Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - V Schulten
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Bakhru
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C Oseroff
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Vijayanand
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Arlehamn CSL, Alcalay RN, Garretti F, Cote L, Kanter E, Agin-Liebes J, Liong C, McMurtrey C, Hildebrand WH, Mao X, Dawson V, Dawson TM, Oseroff C, Pham J, Sidney J, Dillon M, Carpenter C, Weiskopf D, Phillips EJ, Mallal SA, Peters B, Frazier A, Sulzer D, Sette A. Immune response in Parkinson’s disease driven by HLA display of α-synuclein peptides. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.55.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Abnormal processing of self-proteins can produce epitopes presented by major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins to be recognized by specific T cells that escaped central tolerance during thymic selection. Such actions by the acquired immune system are widely held to produce autoimmune disorders such as Type-1 diabetes. While not considered to possess autoimmune features, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the altered processing of specific proteins. One of the major pathological features of Parkinson’s disease are the presence of intraneuronal aggregrates known as Lewy bodies and neurites composed of α-synuclein. Genetic studies associate Parkinson’s disease with DRB5*01 and DRB1*15:01 MHC alleles. To address the hypothesis that Parkinson’s disease is associated with T cell recognition of epitopes derived from α-synuclein and presented by specific MHC alleles, we recruited 67 Parkinson’s disease patients and 36 age-matched non-Parkinson’s healthy controls. We found that a defined set of peptides derived from α-synuclein, act as antigenic epitopes displayed by these alleles and drive helper and cytotoxic T cell responses in Parkinson’s disease patients. We identified two antigenic regions in α-synuclein, the first near the N terminus (aa31-46), which was bound by DRB1*15:01 and DRB5*01:01, and the second near the C terminus, which required phosphorylation of an amino acid residue (S129). These α-synuclein epitopes were shown to arise from natural processing of both extracellular native α-synuclein and the fibrilized form associated with Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. These responses may explain the association of Parkinson’s disease with alleles of the acquired immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Pham
- 1La Jolla Inst. for Allergy and Immunology
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Oseroff C, Christensen LH, Westernberg L, Pham J, Lane J, Paul S, Greenbaum J, Stranzl T, Lund G, Hoof I, Holm J, Würtzen PA, Meno KH, Frazier A, Schulten V, Andersen PS, Peters B, Sette A. Immunoproteomic analysis of house dust mite antigens reveals distinct classes of dominant T cell antigens according to function and serological reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 47:577-592. [PMID: 27684489 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mite (HDM) allergens are a common cause of allergy and allergic asthma. A comprehensive analysis of proteins targeted by T cells, which are implicated in the development and regulation of allergic disease independent of their antibody reactivity, is still lacking. OBJECTIVE To comprehensively analyse the HDM-derived protein targets of T cell responses in HDM-allergic individuals, and investigate their correlation with IgE/IgG responses and protein function. METHODS Proteomic analysis (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) of HDM extracts identified 90 distinct protein clusters, corresponding to 29 known allergens and 61 novel proteins. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 20 HDM-allergic individuals were stimulated with HDM extracts and assayed with a set of ~2500 peptides derived from these 90 protein clusters and predicted to bind the most common HLA class II types. 2D immunoblots were made in parallel to elucidate IgE and IgG reactivity, and putative function analyses were performed in silico according to Gene Ontology annotations. RESULTS Analysis of T cell reactivity revealed a large number of T cell epitopes. Overall response magnitude and frequency was comparable for known and novel proteins, with 15 antigens (nine of which were novel) dominating the total T cell response. Most of the known allergens that were dominant at the T cell level were also IgE reactive, as expected, while few novel dominant T cell antigens were IgE reactive. Among known allergens, hydrolase activity and detectable IgE/IgG reactivity are strongly correlated, while no protein function correlates with immunogenicity of novel proteins. A total of 106 epitopes accounted for half of the total T cell response, underlining the heterogeneity of T cell responses to HDM allergens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Herein, we define the T cell targets for both known allergens and novel proteins, which may inform future diagnostics and immunotherapeutics for allergy to HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Luise Westernberg
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Pham
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerome Lane
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sinu Paul
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason Greenbaum
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Gitte Lund
- ALK-Abelló A/S, Global Research, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Ilka Hoof
- ALK-Abelló A/S, Global Research, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jens Holm
- ALK-Abelló A/S, Global Research, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Kåre H Meno
- ALK-Abelló A/S, Global Research, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - April Frazier
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Pham J, Oseroff C, Hinz D, Sidney J, Paul S, Greenbaum J, Vita R, Phillips E, Mallal S, Peters B, Sette A. Sequence conservation predicts T cell reactivity against ragweed allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1194-205. [PMID: 27359111 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ragweed is a major cause of seasonal allergy, affecting millions of people worldwide. Several allergens have been defined based on IgE reactivity, but their relative immunogenicity in terms of T cell responses has not been studied. OBJECTIVE We comprehensively characterized T cell responses from atopic, ragweed-allergic subjects to Amb a 1, Amb a 3, Amb a 4, Amb a 5, Amb a 6, Amb a 8, Amb a 9, Amb a 10, Amb a 11, and Amb p 5 and examined their correlation with serological reactivity and sequence conservation in other allergens. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors positive for IgE towards ragweed extracts after in vitro expansion for secretion of IL-5 (a representative Th2 cytokine) and IFN-γ (Th1) in response to a panel of overlapping peptides spanning the above-listed allergens were assessed. RESULTS Three previously identified dominant T cell epitopes (Amb a 1 176-191, 200-215, and 344-359) were confirmed, and three novel dominant epitopes (Amb a 1 280-295, 304-319, and 320-335) were identified. Amb a 1, the dominant IgE allergen, was also the dominant T cell allergen, but dominance patterns for T cell and IgE responses for the other ragweed allergens did not correlate. Dominance for T cell responses correlated with conservation of ragweed epitopes with sequences of other well-known allergens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results provide the first assessment of the hierarchy of T cell reactivity in ragweed allergens, which is distinct from that observed for IgE reactivity and influenced by T cell epitope sequence conservation. The results suggest that ragweed allergens associated with lesser IgE reactivity and significant T cell reactivity may be targeted for T cell immunotherapy, and further support the development of immunotherapies against epitopes conserved across species to generate broad reactivity against many common allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pham
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Hinz
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Paul
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Greenbaum
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Vita
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - B Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Hinz D, Oseroff C, Pham J, Sidney J, Peters B, Sette A. Definition of a pool of epitopes that recapitulates the T cell reactivity against major house dust mite allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1601-12. [PMID: 25652035 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergens from house dust mites (HDM) are a common cause of asthma. Der p and Der f from Dermatophagoides sp. are strong immunogens in humans. Allergen extracts are used to study T helper (Th2) cell responses to HDM, which are implicated in the development and regulation of allergic disease. OBJECTIVE To define an epitope mixture that recapitulates, and might substitute for, HDM extract in terms of detecting and characterizing Th2 cell responses. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 52 HDM allergic and 10 non-allergic individuals were stimulated with HDM extracts and assayed with a set of 178 peptides spanning mite allergens group Der p 1, 2, 23 and Der f group 1 and 2 allergens. A pool of the most dominant T cell epitopes identified in the present study and from published literature was assembled and tested for ex vivo T cell responses. Correlation with HDM-specific IgE titres was examined. RESULTS Patterns of T cell reactivity to Der p and Der f - derived peptides revealed a large number of epitopes. Clear patterns of immunodominance were apparent, with HDM allergen group 1 and 2 dominant over group 23. Furthermore, within a given antigen, 6-11 epitopes accounted for the vast majority of responses. Based on these results and published data, a comprehensive dust mite pool (DMP) of epitopes was designed and found to allow detection of ex vivo T cell responses. DMP ex vivo reactivity correlated with HDM-specific IgE titres and was similar to that detected with commonly used HDM extracts. Ex vivo DMP stimulation was associated with a predominant Th2 response in allergic donors, and minor reactivity of T cells producing IFNγ, IL17 and IL10. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE A detailed map of Der p and Der f antigens defined a pool of epitopes that can be used to detect ex vivo HDM responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hinz
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C Oseroff
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Pham
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Sette A, Dillon MB, Schulten VM, Oseroff C, Dullanty L, Frazier A, Belles X, Piulachs MD, Visness C, Bacharier LB, Bloomberg GR, Busse PJ, Sidney J, Peters B. Recognition of Bla g T Cell Antigens Varies As a Function of Allergic Asthma Versus Rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Hinz D, Seumois G, Greenbaum J, White B, Schulten VM, Broide DH, Sidney J, Oseroff C, Wambre ER, James EA, Kwok WW, Vijayanand P, Peters B, Sette A. Non-Atopic Individuals Exhibit a Distinct Immune Reactivity Patterns in Response to Timothy Grass Pollen in and out-of-Season. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Dillon MBC, Schulten V, Oseroff C, Paul S, Dullanty LM, Frazier A, Belles X, Piulachs MD, Visness C, Bacharier L, Bloomberg GR, Busse P, Sidney J, Peters B, Sette A. Different Bla-g T cell antigens dominate responses in asthma versus rhinitis subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:1856-67. [PMID: 26414909 PMCID: PMC4654660 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The allergenicity of several German cockroach (Bla-g) antigens at the level of IgE responses is well established. However, less is known about the specificity of CD4+ TH responses, and whether differences exist in associated magnitude or cytokine profiles as a function of disease severity. METHODS Proteomic and transcriptomic techniques were used to identify novel antigens recognized by allergen-specific T cells. To characterize different TH functionalities of allergen-specific T cells, ELISPOT assays with sets of overlapping peptides covering the sequences of known allergens and novel antigens were employed to measure release of IL-5, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-21. RESULTS Using these techniques, we characterized TH responses in a cohort of adult Bla-g-sensitized subjects, either with (n = 55) or without (n = 17) asthma, and nonsensitized controls (n = 20). T cell responses were detected for ten known Bla-g allergens and an additional ten novel Bla-g antigens, representing in total a 5-fold increase in the number of antigens demonstrated to be targeted by allergen-specific T cells. Responses of sensitized individuals regardless of asthma status were predominantly TH 2, but higher in patients with diagnosed asthma. In asthmatic subjects, Bla-g 5, 9 and 11 were immunodominant, while, in contrast, nonasthmatic-sensitized subjects responded mostly to Bla-g 5 and 4 and the novel antigen NBGA5. CONCLUSIONS Asthmatic and nonasthmatic cockroach-sensitized individuals exhibit similar TH 2-polarized responses. Compared with nonasthmatics, however, asthmatic individuals have responses of higher magnitude and different allergen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B C Dillon
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - V Schulten
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Paul
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L M Dullanty
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Frazier
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - X Belles
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M D Piulachs
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Visness
- Federal Systems Division, Rho Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L Bacharier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - G R Bloomberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - P Busse
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Bergmann T, Moore C, Sidney J, Miller D, Tallmadge R, Harman RM, Oseroff C, Wriston A, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Osterrieder N, Peters B, Antczak DF, Sette A. The common equine class I molecule Eqca-1*00101 (ELA-A3.1) is characterized by narrow peptide binding and T cell epitope repertoires. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:675-89. [PMID: 26399241 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a detailed quantitative peptide-binding motif for the common equine leukocyte antigen (ELA) class I allele Eqca-1*00101, present in roughly 25 % of Thoroughbred horses. We determined a preliminary binding motif by sequencing endogenously bound ligands. Subsequently, a positional scanning combinatorial library (PSCL) was used to further characterize binding specificity and derive a quantitative motif involving aspartic acid in position 2 and hydrophobic residues at the C-terminus. Using this motif, we selected and tested 9- and 10-mer peptides derived from the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) proteome for their capacity to bind Eqca-1*00101. PSCL predictions were very efficient, with an receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve performance of 0.877, and 87 peptides derived from 40 different EHV-1 proteins were identified with affinities of 500 nM or higher. Quantitative analysis revealed that Eqca-1*00101 has a narrow peptide-binding repertoire, in comparison to those of most human, non-human primate, and mouse class I alleles. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six EHV-1-infected, or vaccinated but uninfected, Eqca-1*00101-positive horses were used in IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. When we screened the 87 Eqca-1*00101-binding peptides for T cell reactivity, only one Eqca-1*00101 epitope, derived from the intermediate-early protein ICP4, was identified. Thus, despite its common occurrence in several horse breeds, Eqca-1*00101 is associated with a narrow binding repertoire and a similarly narrow T cell response to an important equine viral pathogen. Intriguingly, these features are shared with other human and macaque major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules with a similar specificity for D in position 2 or 3 in their main anchor motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bergmann
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universtiät Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carrie Moore
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Donald Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca Tallmadge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Carla Oseroff
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amanda Wriston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | - Bjoern Peters
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Paul S, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Scriba TJ, Dillon MBC, Oseroff C, Hinz D, McKinney DM, Carrasco Pro S, Sidney J, Peters B, Sette A. Development and validation of a broad scheme for prediction of HLA class II restricted T cell epitopes. J Immunol Methods 2015; 422:28-34. [PMID: 25862607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Computational prediction of HLA class II restricted T cell epitopes has great significance in many immunological studies including vaccine discovery. In recent years, prediction of HLA class II binding has improved significantly but a strategy to globally predict the most dominant epitopes has not been rigorously defined. Using human immunogenicity data associated with sets of 15-mer peptides overlapping by 10 residues spanning over 30 different allergens and bacterial antigens, and HLA class II binding prediction tools from the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB), we optimized a strategy to predict the top epitopes recognized by human populations. The most effective strategy was to select peptides based on predicted median binding percentiles for a set of seven DRB1 and DRB3/4/5 alleles. These results were validated with predictions on a blind set of 15 new allergens and bacterial antigens. We found that the top 21% predicted peptides (based on the predicted binding to seven DRB1 and DRB3/4/5 alleles) were required to capture 50% of the immune response. This corresponded to an IEDB consensus percentile rank of 20.0, which could be used as a universal prediction threshold. Utilizing actual binding data (as opposed to predicted binding data) did not appreciably change the efficacy of global predictions, suggesting that the imperfect predictive capacity is not due to poor algorithm performance, but intrinsic limitations of HLA class II epitope prediction schema based on HLA binding in genetically diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Paul
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Myles B C Dillon
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Denise Hinz
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Denise M McKinney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sebastian Carrasco Pro
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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11
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Frazier A, Schulten V, Hinz D, Oseroff C, Sidney J, Peters B, Sette A. Allergy-associated T cell epitope repertoires are surprisingly diverse and include non-IgE reactive antigens. World Allergy Organ J 2014; 7:26. [PMID: 25352946 PMCID: PMC4210551 DOI: 10.1186/1939-4551-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified T cell epitopes associated with human allergic responses. In a majority of cases, responses focused on a few immunodominant epitopes which can be predicted on the basis of MHC binding characteristics. Several observations from our studies challenged the assumption that T cell epitopes are derived from the same allergen proteins that bind IgE. Transcriptomic and proteomics analysis identified pollen proteins, not bound by IgE. These novel Timothy Grass proteins elicited vigorous Th2 responses, suggesting that unlinked T cell help is operational in pollen-specific responses. Thus, the repertoire of antigens recognized by T cells is much broader than IgE-binding allergens. Additionally, we evaluated the use of epitopes from these novel antigens to assess immunological changes associated with Specific Immunotherapy (SIT). We found that a marked decrease in IL5 production is associated with clinically efficacious SIT, suggesting that these novel antigens are potential immunomarkers for SIT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Frazier
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Veronique Schulten
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Denise Hinz
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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Schulten V, Greenbaum J, Hauser M, Baker D, Sidney J, Kolla R, Lindestam Arlehamn C, Oseroff C, Alam R, Broide D, Ferreira F, Grey H, Sette A, Peters B. Novel grass pollen antigens are the major inducers of Th2 cytokine producing T cells in allergic individuals (P6039). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.120.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. However, potential immunogens of allergenic T cell responses have traditionally been limited to those that induce IgE responses. Timothy grass (TG) pollen is an inhaled allergen for which major IgE-reactive allergens have also been shown to trigger Th2 responses. Here we examined whether other TG pollen proteins are recognized by Th2 responses independently of IgE-reactivity. A TG pollen extract was analyzed by 2D-gel electrophoresis and IgE/IgG immunoblots using pooled sera from allergic donors. Mass spectrometry in combination with de-novo sequencing of the whole TG pollen transcriptome identified 93 novel proteins for further study, 64 of which were not targeted by IgE. Peptides from the novel TG proteins were screened for T cell reactivity in PBMCs from allergic donors. Strong IL-5 production was detected in response to peptides from several novel proteins, most of which were not targeted by IgE. Responses against the dominant novel epitopes were associated with memory T cells and could be detected directly ex vivo after Th2 cell enrichment. These findings demonstrate that a combined unbiased transcriptomic-, proteomic-, and immunomic approach identifies a greatly broadened repertoire of protein antigens targeted by T cells involved in allergy pathogenesis. The discovery of proteins that induce Th2 cells but are not IgE reactive may allow the development of safer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Schulten
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jason Greenbaum
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael Hauser
- 2Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Denise Baker
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - John Sidney
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ravi Kolla
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Carla Oseroff
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - David Broide
- 4University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Howard Grey
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- 1Vaccine discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
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13
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Gilchuk P, Spencer CT, Conant SB, Hill T, Gray JJ, Niu X, Zheng M, Erickson JJ, Boyd KL, McAfee KJ, Oseroff C, Hadrup SR, Bennink JR, Hildebrand W, Edwards KM, Crowe JE, Williams JV, Buus S, Sette A, Schumacher TNM, Link AJ, Joyce S. Discovering naturally processed antigenic determinants that confer protective T cell immunity. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1976-87. [PMID: 23543059 DOI: 10.1172/jci67388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells (TCD8) confer protective immunity against many infectious diseases, suggesting that microbial TCD8 determinants are promising vaccine targets. Nevertheless, current T cell antigen identification approaches do not discern which epitopes drive protective immunity during active infection - information that is critical for the rational design of TCD8-targeted vaccines. We employed a proteomics-based approach for large-scale discovery of naturally processed determinants derived from a complex pathogen, vaccinia virus (VACV), that are presented by the most frequent representatives of four major HLA class I supertypes. Immunologic characterization revealed that many previously unidentified VACV determinants were recognized by smallpox-vaccinated human peripheral blood cells in a variegated manner. Many such determinants were recognized by HLA class I-transgenic mouse immune TCD8 too and elicited protective TCD8 immunity against lethal intranasal VACV infection. Notably, efficient processing and stable presentation of immune determinants as well as the availability of naive TCD8 precursors were sufficient to drive a multifunctional, protective TCD8 response. Our approach uses fundamental insights into T cell epitope processing and presentation to define targets of protective TCD8 immunity within human pathogens that have complex proteomes, suggesting that this approach has general applicability in vaccine sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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14
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Schulten VM, Greenbaum J, Kolla R, Arlehamn-Lindestam C, Oseroff C, Alam R, Broide DH, Grey H, Sette A, Peters B. Novel Grass Pollen Antigens Contribute to the Stimulation of Th2 Cytokines in Allergic Individuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Sidney J, Southwood S, Moore C, Oseroff C, Pinilla C, Grey HM, Sette A. Measurement of MHC/peptide interactions by gel filtration or monoclonal antibody capture. Curr Protoc Immunol 2013; Chapter 18:Unit 18.3.. [PMID: 23392640 PMCID: PMC3626435 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1803s100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This unit describes a technique for the direct and quantitative measurement of the capacity of peptide ligands to bind Class I and Class II MHC molecules. The binding of a peptide of interest to MHC is assessed based on its ability to inhibit the binding of a radiolabeled probe peptide to purified MHC molecules. This unit includes protocols for the purification of Class I and Class II MHC molecules by affinity chromatography, and for the radiolabeling of peptides using the chloramine T method. An alternate protocol describes alterations in the basic protocol that are necessary when performing direct binding assays, which are required for (1) selecting appropriate high-affinity, assay-specific, radiolabeled ligands, and (2) determining the amount of MHC necessary to yield assays with the highest sensitivity. After a predetermined incubation period, dependent upon the allele under examination, the bound and unbound radiolabeled species are separated, and their relative amounts are determined. Three methods for separation are described, two utilizing size-exclusion gel-filtration chromatography and a third using monoclonal antibody capture of MHC. Data analysis for each method is also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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16
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Schulten V, Oseroff C, Alam R, Broide D, Vijayanand P, Peters B, Sette A. The identification of potentially pathogenic and therapeutic epitopes from common human allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 110:7-10. [PMID: 23244651 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To outline the processes involved in large-scale T-cell epitope identification from common allergens and illustrate their relevance to development of allergy specific immunotherapy. DATA SOURCES A set of studies recently published by our laboratory illustrating high-throughput identification of allergen specific T-cell epitopes. STUDY SELECTION T-cell responses contribute both directly and indirectly to allergy-related disease. However, the molecular targets (epitopes) recognized by allergen-specific T cells are largely undefined. We review several different studies in the last 2 years that identified novel T-cell epitopes from a panel of 32 different allergen sources. RESULTS Allergen-specific T-cell responses are highly heterogeneous. Epitopes prevalently recognized in allergic patients are often capable of binding to multiple HLA class II molecules. This feature can be used to predict these promiscuous epitopes by bioinformatic predictions. This approach was validated in the Timothy grass system and then applied to a panel of 31 other allergen sources. CONCLUSION T-cell epitopes for common allergens have been identified, and a general method to identify epitopes from additional allergens has been validated. Characterization of epitopes for common allergens might enable new diagnostics and immunotherapy regimens. These data will also allow the study of T-cell responses in different patient populations and throughout disease progression.
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17
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Oseroff C, Sidney J, Vita R, Tripple V, McKinney DM, Southwood S, Brodie TM, Sallusto F, Grey H, Alam R, Broide D, Greenbaum JA, Kolla R, Peters B, Sette A. T cell responses to known allergen proteins are differently polarized and account for a variable fraction of total response to allergen extracts. J Immunol 2012; 189:1800-11. [PMID: 22786768 PMCID: PMC3411923 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A panel of 133 allergens derived from 28 different sources, including fungi, trees, grasses, weeds, and indoor allergens, was surveyed utilizing prediction of HLA class II-binding peptides and ELISPOT assays with PBMC from allergic donors, resulting in the identification of 257 T cell epitopes. More than 90% of the epitopes were novel, and for 14 allergen sources were the first ever identified to our knowledge. The epitopes identified in the different allergen sources summed up to a variable fraction of the total extract response. In cases of allergens in which the identified T cell epitopes accounted for a minor fraction of the extract response, fewer known protein sequences were available, suggesting that for low epitope coverage allergen sources, additional allergen proteins remain to be identified. IL-5 and IFN-γ responses were measured as prototype Th2 and Th1 responses, respectively. Whereas in some cases (e.g., orchard grass, Alternaria, cypress, and Russian thistle) IL-5 production greatly exceeded IFN-γ, in others (e.g., Aspergillus, Penicillum, and alder) the production of IFN-γ exceeded IL-5. Thus, different allergen sources are associated with variable polarization of the responding T cells. The present study represents the most comprehensive survey to date of human allergen-derived T cell epitopes. These epitopes might be used to characterize T cell phenotype/T cell plasticity as a function of seasonality, or as a result of specific immunotherapy treatment or varying disease severity (asthma or rhinitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Randi Vita
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Victoria Tripple
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Scott Southwood
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tess M. Brodie
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Howard Grey
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - David Broide
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | | | - Ravi Kolla
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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18
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Oseroff C, Sidney J, Tripple V, Grey H, Wood R, Broide DH, Greenbaum J, Kolla R, Peters B, Pomés A, Sette A. Analysis of T cell responses to the major allergens from German cockroach: epitope specificity and relationship to IgE production. J Immunol 2012; 189:679-88. [PMID: 22706084 PMCID: PMC3392449 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bla g allergens are major targets of IgE responses associated with cockroach allergies. However, little is known about corresponding T cell responses, despite their potential involvement in immunopathology and the clinical efficacy of specific immunotherapy. Bioinformatic predictions of the capacity of Bla g 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 peptides to bind HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ molecules, and PBMC responses from 30 allergic donors, identified 25 T cell epitopes. Five immunodominant epitopes accounted for more than half of the response. Bla g 5, the most dominant allergen, accounted for 65% of the response, and Bla g 6 accounted for 20%. Bla g 5 induced both IL-5 and IFN-γ responses, whereas Bla g 6 induced mostly IL-5, and, conversely, Bla g 2 induced only IFN-γ. Thus, responses to allergens within a source are independently regulated, suggesting a critical role for the allergen itself, and not extraneous stimulation from other allergens or copresented immunomodulators. In comparing Ab with T cell responses for several donor/allergen combinations, we detected IgE titers in the absence of detectable T cell responses, suggesting that unlinked T cell-B cell help might support development of IgE responses. Finally, specific immunotherapy resulted in IL-5 down modulation, which was not associated with development of IFN-γ or IL-10 responses to any of the Bla g-derived peptides. In summary, the characteristics of T cell responses to Bla g allergens appear uncorrelated with IgE responses. Monitoring these responses may therefore yield important information relevant to understanding cockroach allergies and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Victoria Tripple
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Howard Grey
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert Wood
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | | | - Jason Greenbaum
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ravi Kolla
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Gilchuk P, Spencer C, Conant S, Niu X, Erickson J, McAfee K, Oseroff C, Hadrup S, Bennink J, Hildebrand W, Edwards K, Crowe, Jr J, Williams J, Buus S, Sette A, Schumacher T, Link A, Joyce S. Naturally processed HLA class I-restricted epitopes inform targets of protective CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity (113.11). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.113.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rational design of CD8+ T cell (TCD8)-based vaccines requires knowledge of the immunogenic and protective epitopes presented during infection, information which is currently lacking. Using the clinically successful smallpox vaccine as a model, ~200 novel naturally processed vaccinia viral peptides presented by HLA-A*0201 and -B*0702 molecules were identified and characterized. Humans showed a variegated response to these determinants, reminiscent of the hierarchic response seen in HLA class I transgenic mice. Importantly, multiple TCD8 epitopes were commonly recognized by humans and mice and identified potential targets for protective TCD8-mediated immunity. After acute infection, both dominant and subdominant TCD8 specificities exhibited all of the immunologic features necessary for protection. However, early and efficient presentation of immune determinants during infection ensured protective responses, regardless of dominance, such that subunit vaccination targeting subdominant or recessive TCD8 specificities conferred protection against lethal poxvirus challenge. Hence, an in-depth knowledge of naturally processed T cell epitopes coupled with the identification of TCD8-based targets that protect from lethal poxviral infection are essential for rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - Charles Spencer
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - Stephanie Conant
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - Xinnan Niu
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - John Erickson
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - Kristi McAfee
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - Carla Oseroff
- 4Centre for Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Asthma, La Jolla Inst. for Allergy and Immunol., La Jolla, CA
| | - Sine Hadrup
- 5Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jack Bennink
- 6Cellular Biology and Viral Immunology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - William Hildebrand
- 7Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Hlth. Sci. Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Kathryn Edwards
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - James Crowe, Jr
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - John Williams
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - Søren Buus
- 8Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen Med. Sch., Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Sette
- 4Centre for Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Asthma, La Jolla Inst. for Allergy and Immunol., La Jolla, CA
| | - Ton Schumacher
- 9Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew Link
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN
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Oseroff C, Sidney J, Kotturi MF, Kolla R, Alam R, Broide DH, Wasserman SI, Weiskopf D, McKinney DM, Chung JL, Petersen A, Grey H, Peters B, Sette A. Molecular determinants of T cell epitope recognition to the common Timothy grass allergen. J Immunol 2010; 185:943-55. [PMID: 20554959 PMCID: PMC3310373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular determinants of allergen-derived T cell epitopes in humans utilizing the Phleum pratense (Timothy grass) allergens (Phl p). PBMCs from allergic individuals were tested in ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptides spanning known Phl p allergens. A total of 43 distinct antigenic regions were recognized, illustrating the large breadth of grass-specific T cell epitopes. Th2 cytokines (as represented by IL-5) were predominant, whereas IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-17 were detected less frequently. Responses from specific immunotherapy treatment individuals were weaker and less consistent, yet similar in epitope specificity and cytokine pattern to allergic donors, whereas nonallergic individuals were essentially nonreactive. Despite the large breadth of recognition, nine dominant antigenic regions were defined, each recognized by multiple donors, accounting for 51% of the total response. Multiple HLA molecules and loci restricted the dominant regions, and the immunodominant epitopes could be predicted using bioinformatic algorithms specific for 23 common HLA-DR, DP, and DQ molecules. Immunodominance was also apparent at the Phl p Ag level. It was found that 52, 19, and 14% of the total response was directed to Phl p 5, 1, and 3, respectively. Interestingly, little or no correlation between Phl p-specific IgE levels and T cell responses was found. Thus, certain intrinsic features of the allergen protein might influence immunogenicity at the level of T cell reactivity. Consistent with this notion, different Phl p Ags were associated with distinct patterns of IL-5, IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
| | | | - Ravi Kolla
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jo L. Chung
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
| | - Arnd Petersen
- Molecular and Clinical Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Howard Grey
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
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21
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Sette A, Grey H, Oseroff C, Peters B, Moutaftsi M, Crotty S, Assarsson E, Greenbaum J, Kim Y, Kolla R, Tscharke D, Koelle D, Johnson RP, Blum J, Head S, Sidney J. Definition of epitopes and antigens recognized by vaccinia specific immune responses: their conservation in variola virus sequences, and use as a model system to study complex pathogens. Vaccine 2010; 27 Suppl 6:G21-6. [PMID: 20006135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, a wealth of information has become available relating to the targets of vaccinia virus (VACV)-specific CD4(+) T cell, CD8(+) T cell and antibody responses. Due to the large size of its genome, encoding more than 200 different proteins, VACV represents a useful model system to study immunity to complex pathogens. Our data demonstrate that both cellular and humoral responses target a large number of antigens and epitopes. This broad spectrum of targets is detected in both mice and humans. CD4(+) T cell responses target late and structural antigens, while CD8(+) T cells preferentially recognize early antigens. While both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses target different types of antigens, the antigens recognized by T(H) cells are highly correlated with those recognized by antibody responses. We further show that protein abundance and antibody recognition can be used to predict antigens recognized by CD4(+) T cell responses, while early expression at the mRNA level predicts antigens targeted by CD8(+) T cells. Finally, we find that the vast majority of VACV epitopes are conserved in variola virus (VARV), thus suggesting that the epitopes defined herein also have relevance for the efficacy of VACV as a smallpox vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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22
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Kotturi MF, Botten J, Sidney J, Bui HH, Giancola L, Maybeno M, Babin J, Oseroff C, Pasquetto V, Greenbaum JA, Peters B, Ting J, Do D, Vang L, Alexander J, Grey H, Buchmeier MJ, Sette A. A multivalent and cross-protective vaccine strategy against arenaviruses associated with human disease. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000695. [PMID: 20019801 PMCID: PMC2787016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses are the causative pathogens of severe hemorrhagic fever and aseptic meningitis in humans, for which no licensed vaccines are currently available. Pathogen heterogeneity within the Arenaviridae family poses a significant challenge for vaccine development. The main hypothesis we tested in the present study was whether it is possible to design a universal vaccine strategy capable of inducing simultaneous HLA-restricted CD8+ T cell responses against 7 pathogenic arenaviruses (including the lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Lassa, Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, Sabia, and Whitewater Arroyo viruses), either through the identification of widely conserved epitopes, or by the identification of a collection of epitopes derived from multiple arenavirus species. By inoculating HLA transgenic mice with a panel of recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVACVs) expressing the different arenavirus proteins, we identified 10 HLA-A02 and 10 HLA-A03-restricted epitopes that are naturally processed in human antigen-presenting cells. For some of these epitopes we were able to demonstrate cross-reactive CD8+ T cell responses, further increasing the coverage afforded by the epitope set against each different arenavirus species. Importantly, we showed that immunization of HLA transgenic mice with an epitope cocktail generated simultaneous CD8+ T cell responses against all 7 arenaviruses, and protected mice against challenge with rVACVs expressing either Old or New World arenavirus glycoproteins. In conclusion, the set of identified epitopes allows broad, non-ethnically biased coverage of all 7 viral species targeted by our studies. Arenaviruses cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and are also regarded as a potential bioterrorist threat. CD8+ T cells restricted by class I MHC molecules clearly play a protective role in murine models of arenavirus infection, yet little is known about the epitopes recognized in the context of human class I MHC (HLA). Here, we defined 20 CD8+ T cell epitopes restricted by HLA class I molecules, derived from 7 different species of arenaviruses associated with human disease. To accomplish this task, we utilized epitope predictions, in vitro HLA binding assays, and HLA transgenic mice inoculated with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVACV) expressing arenavirus antigens. Because our analysis targeted two of the most common HLA types worldwide, we project that the CD8+ T cell epitope set provides broad coverage against diverse ethnic groups within the human population. Furthermore, we show that immunization with a cocktail of these epitopes protects HLA transgenic mice from challenge with rVACV expressing antigens from different arenavirus species. Our findings suggest that a cell-mediated vaccine strategy might be able to protect against infection mediated by multiple arenavirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F. Kotturi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Botten
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Huynh-Hoa Bui
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lori Giancola
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matt Maybeno
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Josie Babin
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Carla Oseroff
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie Pasquetto
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Greenbaum
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joey Ting
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Danh Do
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Lo Vang
- Pharmexa-Epimmune, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Alexander
- Pharmexa-Epimmune, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Howard Grey
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Buchmeier
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Ishizuka J, Grebe K, Shenderov E, Peters B, Chen Q, Peng Y, Wang L, Dong T, Pasquetto V, Oseroff C, Sidney J, Hickman H, Cerundolo V, Sette A, Bennink JR, McMichael A, Yewdell JW. Quantitating T cell cross-reactivity for unrelated peptide antigens. J Immunol 2009; 183:4337-45. [PMID: 19734234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitating the frequency of T cell cross-reactivity to unrelated peptides is essential to understanding T cell responses in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Here we used 15 mouse or human CD8+ T cell clones (11 antiviral, 4 anti-self) in conjunction with a large library of defined synthetic peptides to examine nearly 30,000 TCR-peptide MHC class I interactions for cross-reactions. We identified a single cross-reaction consisting of an anti-self TCR recognizing a poxvirus peptide at relatively low sensitivity. We failed to identify any cross-reactions between the synthetic peptides in the panel and polyclonal CD8+ T cells raised to viral or alloantigens. These findings provide the best estimate to date of the frequency of T cell cross-reactivity to unrelated peptides ( approximately 1/30,000), explaining why cross-reactions between unrelated pathogens are infrequently encountered and providing a critical parameter for understanding the scope of self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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24
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Kotturi MF, Assarsson E, Peters B, Grey H, Oseroff C, Pasquetto V, Sette A. Of mice and humans: how good are HLA transgenic mice as a model of human immune responses? Immunome Res 2009; 5:3. [PMID: 19534819 PMCID: PMC2702351 DOI: 10.1186/1745-7580-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have defined vaccinia virus (VACV)-derived T cell epitopes in VACV-infected human leukocyte antigen-A*0201 (HLA-A2.1) transgenic (Tg) mice and A2.1-positive human Dryvax vaccinees. A total of 14 epitopes were detected in humans and 16 epitopes in A2.1 Tg mice; however, only two epitopes were independently reported in both systems. This limited overlap raised questions about the suitability of using HLA Tg mice as a model system to map human T cell responses to a complex viral pathogen. The present study was designed to investigate this issue in more detail. Results Re-screening the panel of 28 A2.1-restricted epitopes in additional human vaccinees and in A2.1 Tg mice revealed that out of the 28 identified epitopes, 13 were detectable in both systems, corresponding to a 46% concordance rate. Interestingly, the magnitude of responses in Tg mice against epitopes originally identified in humans is lower than for epitopes originally detected in mice. Likewise, responses in humans against epitopes originally detected in Tg mice are of lower magnitude. Conclusion These data suggest that differences in immunodominance patterns might explain the incomplete response overlap, and that with limitations; HLA Tg mice represent a relevant and suitable model system to study immune responses against complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F Kotturi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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25
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Assarsson E, Bui HH, Sidney J, Zhang Q, Glenn J, Oseroff C, Mbawuike IN, Alexander J, Newman MJ, Grey H, Sette A. Immunomic analysis of the repertoire of T-cell specificities for influenza A virus in humans. J Virol 2008; 82:12241-51. [PMID: 18842709 PMCID: PMC2593359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01563-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuing antigenic drift allows influenza viruses to escape antibody-mediated recognition, and as a consequence, the vaccine currently in use needs to be altered annually. Highly conserved epitopes recognized by effector T cells may represent an alternative approach for the generation of a more universal influenza virus vaccine. Relatively few highly conserved epitopes are currently known in humans, and relatively few epitopes have been identified from proteins other than hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein. This prompted us to perform a study aimed at identifying a set of human T-cell epitopes that would provide broad coverage against different virus strains and subtypes. To provide coverage across different ethnicities, seven different HLA supertypes were considered. More than 4,000 peptides were selected from a panel of 23 influenza A virus strains based on predicted high-affinity binding to HLA class I or class II and high conservancy levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 44 healthy human blood donors were tested for reactivity against HLA-matched peptides by using gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Interestingly, we found that PB1 was the major target for both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. The 54 nonredundant epitopes (38 class I and 16 class II) identified herein provided high coverage among different ethnicities, were conserved in the majority of the strains analyzed, and were consistently recognized in multiple individuals. These results enable further functional studies of T-cell responses during influenza virus infection and provide a potential base for the development of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Assarsson
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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26
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Oseroff C, Peters B, Pasquetto V, Moutaftsi M, Sidney J, Panchanathan V, Tscharke DC, Maillere B, Grey H, Sette A. Dissociation between epitope hierarchy and immunoprevalence in CD8 responses to vaccinia virus western reserve. J Immunol 2008; 180:7193-202. [PMID: 18490718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding immunity to vaccinia virus (VACV) is important for the development of safer vaccines for smallpox- and poxvirus-vectored recombinant vaccines. VACV is also emerging as an outstanding model for studying CD8(+) T cell immunodominance because of the large number of CD8(+) T cell epitopes known for this virus in both mice and humans. In this study, we characterize the CD8(+) T cell response in vaccinated BALB/c mice by a genome-wide mapping approach. Responses to each of 54 newly identified H-2(d)-restricted T cell epitopes could be detected after i.p. and dermal vaccination routes. Analysis of these new epitopes in the context of those already known for VACV in mice and humans revealed two important findings. First, CD8(+) T cell epitopes are not randomly distributed across the VACV proteome, with some proteins being poorly or nonimmunogenic, while others are immunoprevalent, being frequently recognized across diverse MHC haplotypes. Second, some proteins constituted the major targets of the immune response by a specific haplotype as they recruited the majority of the specific CD8(+) T cells but these proteins did not correspond to the immunoprevalent Ags. Thus, we found a dissociation between immunoprevalence and immunodominance, implying that different sets of rules govern these two phenomena. Together, these findings have clear implications for the design of CD8(+) T cell subunit vaccines and in particular raise the exciting prospect of being able to choose subunits without reference to MHC restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Oseroff
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Sidney J, Southwood S, Oseroff C, del Guercio MF, Sette A, Grey HM. Measurement of MHC/peptide interactions by gel filtration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 18:Unit 18.3. [PMID: 18432745 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1803s31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes a technique for the direct and quantitative measurement of the capacity of peptide ligands to bind Class I and Class II MHC molecules. The binding of a peptide of interest to MHC is assessed based on its ability to inhibit the binding of a radiolabeled probe peptide to MHC molecules. The establishment of an MHC/peptide binding assay, and its subsequent use in determining the MHC binding capacities of peptide ligands, requires sufficient stocks of purified MHC and both labeled and unlabeled peptides. Accordingly, this unit includes protocols for the purification of Class I and Class II MHC molecules by affinity chromatography, and for the radiolabeling of peptides using the chloramine T method. A support protocol describes alterations in the basic protocol that are necessary when performing direct binding assays, which are required for (1) selecting appropriate high-affinity, assay-specific, radiolabeled ligands and (2) determining the amount of MHC necessary to yield assays with the highest sensitivity. After a 2-day incubation, the bound and unbound radiolabeled species are separated, and their relative amounts are determined. Two methods for separation by size-exclusion gel-filtration chromatography are described, as is data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sidney
- Epimmune Incorporated, San Diego, California, USA
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28
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Assarsson E, Greenbaum JA, Sundstrom M, Schaffer L, Pasquetto V, Oseroff C, Tscharke D, Sidney J, Grey H, Head S, Peters B, Sette A. Kinetic Analysis of a Complete Poxvirus Transcriptome Reveals a Novel Class of Genes. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.855.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Assarsson
- Division of Vaccine DiscoveryLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologyLa JollaCA
| | - Jason A. Greenbaum
- Division of Vaccine DiscoveryLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologyLa JollaCA
| | | | - Lana Schaffer
- DNA array core facilityThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA
| | - Valerie Pasquetto
- Division of Vaccine DiscoveryLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologyLa JollaCA
| | - Carla Oseroff
- Division of Vaccine DiscoveryLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologyLa JollaCA
| | - David Tscharke
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine DiscoveryLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologyLa JollaCA
| | - Howard Grey
- Division of Vaccine DiscoveryLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologyLa JollaCA
| | - Steven Head
- DNA array core facilityThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine DiscoveryLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologyLa JollaCA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine DiscoveryLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologyLa JollaCA
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29
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Mothé BR, Stewart BS, Oseroff C, Bui HH, Stogiera S, Garcia Z, Dow C, Rodriguez-Carreno MP, Kotturi M, Pasquetto V, Botten J, Crotty S, Janssen E, Buchmeier MJ, Sette A. Chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection actively down-regulates CD4+ T cell responses directed against a broad range of epitopes. J Immunol 2007; 179:1058-67. [PMID: 17617598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of CD4(+) T cells helps establish and sustain CD8(+) T cell responses and is required for the effective clearance of acute infection. CD4-deficient mice are unable to control persistent infection and CD4(+) T cells are usually defective in chronic and persistent infections. We investigated the question of how persistent infection impacted pre-existing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific CD4(+) T cell responses. We identified class II-restricted epitopes from the entire set of open reading frames from LCMV Armstrong in BALB/c mice (H-2(d)) acutely infected with LCMV Armstrong. Of nine epitopes identified, six were restricted by I-A(d), one by I-E(d) and two were dually restricted by both I-A(d) and I-E(d) molecules. Additional experiments revealed that CD4(+) T cell responses specific for these epitopes were not generated following infection with the immunosuppressive clone 13 strain of LCMV. Most importantly, in peptide-immunized mice, established CD4(+) T cell responses to these LCMV CD4 epitopes as well as nonviral, OVA-specific responses were actively suppressed following infection with LCMV clone 13 and were undetectable within 12 days after infection, suggesting an active inhibition of established helper responses. To address this dysfunction, we performed transfer experiments using both the Smarta and OT-II systems. OT-II cells were not detected after clone 13 infection, indicating physical deletion, while Smarta cells proliferated but were unable to produce IFN-gamma, suggesting impairment of the production of this cytokine. Thus, multiple mechanisms may be involved in the impairment of helper responses in the setting of early persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R Mothé
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, California 92096, USA.
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30
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Assarsson E, Sidney J, Oseroff C, Pasquetto V, Bui HH, Frahm N, Brander C, Peters B, Grey H, Sette A. A quantitative analysis of the variables affecting the repertoire of T cell specificities recognized after vaccinia virus infection. J Immunol 2007; 178:7890-901. [PMID: 17548627 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many components contribute to immunodominance in the response to a complex virus, but their relative importance is unclear. This was addressed using vaccinia virus and HLA-A*0201 as the model system. A comprehensive analysis of 18 viral proteins recognized by CD8(+) T cell responses demonstrated that approximately one-fortieth of all possible 9- to 10-mer peptides were high-affinity HLA-A*0201 binders. Peptide immunization and T cell recognition data generated from 90 peptides indicated that about one-half of the binders were capable of eliciting T cell responses, and that one-seventh of immunogenic peptides are generated by natural processing. Based on these results, we estimate that vaccinia virus encodes approximately 150 dominant and subdominant epitopes restricted in by HLA-A*0201. However, of all these potential epitopes, only 15 are immunodominant and actually recognized in vivo during vaccinia virus infection of HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. Neither peptide-binding affinity, nor complex stability, nor TCR avidity, nor amount of processed epitope appeared to strictly correlate with immunodominance status. Additional experiments suggested that vaccinia infection impairs the development of responses directed against subdominant epitopes. This suggested that additional factors, including immunoregulatory mechanisms, restrict the repertoire of T cell specificities after vaccinia infection by a factor of at least 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Assarsson
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Moutaftsi M, Bui HH, Peters B, Sidney J, Salek-Ardakani S, Oseroff C, Pasquetto V, Crotty S, Croft M, Lefkowitz EJ, Grey H, Sette A. Vaccinia virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses target a set of antigens largely distinct from those targeted by CD8+ T cell responses. J Immunol 2007; 178:6814-20. [PMID: 17513729 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have defined vaccinia virus (VACV)-specific CD8(+) T cell epitopes in mice and humans. However, little is known about the epitope specificities of CD4(+) T cell responses. In this study, we identified 14 I-A(b)-restricted VACV-specific CD4(+) T cell epitopes by screening a large set of 2146 different 15-mer peptides in C57BL/6 mice. These epitopes account for approximately 20% of the total anti-VACV CD4(+) T cell response and are derived from 13 different viral proteins. Surprisingly, none of the CD4(+) T cell epitopes identified was derived from VACV virulence factors. Although early Ags were recognized, late Ags predominated as CD4(+) T cell targets. These results are in contrast to what was previously found in CD8(+) T cells responses, where early Ags, including virulence factors, were prominently recognized. Taken together, these results highlight fundamental differences in immunodominance of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to a complex pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Moutaftsi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Assarsson E, Sidney J, Oseroff C, Pasquetto V, Bui HH, Peters B, Grey H, Sette A. A quantitative analysis of the variables affecting the repertoire of T cell specificities recognized following VACV infection (43.56). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.43.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Many components contribute to immunodominance in the response to a complex virus, but their relative importance is unclear. This was addressed using vaccinia virus and HLA-A*0201 as the model system. A comprehensive analysis of 18 viral proteins recognized by CD8+ T cell responses demonstrated that about 1/40 of all possible 9–10 mer peptides were high-affinity A*0201 binders. Peptide immunization and T cell recognition data generated from 91 peptides indicated that about half of the binders were capable of eliciting T cell responses, and that 1/7 immunogenic peptides are generated by natural processing. Based on these results, we estimate that vaccinia virus encodes about 150 dominant and subdominant epitopes restricted in the context of HLA-A*0201. However, of all these potential epitopes, only 15 are immunodominant and actually recognized in vivo during vaccinia virus infection of HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. Neither peptide binding affinity, complex stability, TCR avidity nor amount of processed epitope appeared to strictly correlate with immunodominance status. Further experiments suggested that vaccinia infection impairs the development of responses directed against subdominant epitopes. This suggested that immunoregulatory factors restrict the repertoire of T cell specificities following vaccinia infection by at least a factor of ten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Assarsson
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Carla Oseroff
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Valerie Pasquetto
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Huynh-Hoa Bui
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Howard Grey
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037
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33
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Kotturi M, Peters B, Buendia-Laysa F, Sidney J, Oseroff C, Botten J, Grey H, Buchmeier M, Sette A. The L Antigen of the LCM Virus is a Target of Dominant CD8+ Responses (43.47). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.43.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ T cell responses control lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in H-2b mice. Although antigen-specific responses against LCMV infection are well studied, we found that up to one third of the CD8+CD44hi response to LCMV in H-2b mice was not accounted for by known epitopes. We screened peptides predicted to bind MHC Class I, and overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning the complete LCMV proteome for their capacity to induce interferon-γ (IFNγ) production from CD8+ T cells derived from LCMV-infected H-2b mice. We identified thirteen novel epitopes. These together with the 7 previously known epitopes account for the total CD8+CD44hi response, diminishing the possible role for bystander T cell activation. Strikingly, 9 out of the 13 new epitopes were derived from the viral L polymerase, which, until now, was not recognized as a target of the cellular response induced by LCMV infection. The L epitopes induced significant levels of in vivo cytotoxicity and conferred protection against LCMV challenge. Interestingly, protection from viral challenge was best correlated with the cytolytic potential of CD8+ T cells, whereas IFNγ production and peptide avidity appear to play a lesser role. Taken together, these findings illustrate that the LCMV-specific CD8+T cell response is more complex than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kotturi
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037,
| | - Bjoern Peters
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037,
| | - Fernando Buendia-Laysa
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037,
| | - John Sidney
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037,
| | - Carla Oseroff
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037,
| | - Jason Botten
- 2The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Howard Grey
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037,
| | - Michael Buchmeier
- 2The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037,
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Moutaftsi M, Bui HH, Peters B, Sidney J, Salek-Ardakani S, Oseroff C, Pasquetto V, Crotty S, Croft M, Grey H, Sette A. Vaccinia Virus-specific CD4+ T cell Responses Target a Set of Antigens Largely Distinct from those Targeted by CD8+ T cell Responses (43.34). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.43.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a potent and effective vaccine, inducing long-lasting protective cellular immune responses. Recent studies defined the antigens recognized in mice and humans by CD8+ T cell responses. However, little is known about the specificities of CD4+ T cell responses, which makes it problematic to study and monitor cellular immune responses to VACV infections.
Herein, we report for the first time the identification of VACV-specific CD4+ T cell epitopes. By screening a large set of 15-mer peptides (2146 in total) in C57BL/6 mice, we identified 14 IAb-restricted T cell epitopes. These epitopes account for about 30% of the total anti-VACV CD4+ T cell response and are derived from 13 different structural and viral genome regulation proteins. Surprisingly, no CD4+ T cell epitopes were identified that target virulence factors. While early antigens are recognized, late antigens predominate as CD4+ T cell targets. These results are in sharp contrast to what was previously found in CD8+ T cells responses, where early antigens including virulence factors are prominently recognized.
Taken together, these results highlight fundamental differences in immunodominance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to a complex pathogen and have potential implications for the development of subset vaccines.
Funded by the NIH: Contract # HHSN266200400024C and RO1 grant # RO1-AI-56268. Kirin Publication Number: 837
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- 2Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | | | | | | | - Michael Croft
- 2Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California, 92037
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Kotturi MF, Peters B, Buendia-Laysa F, Sidney J, Oseroff C, Botten J, Grey H, Buchmeier MJ, Sette A. The CD8+ T-cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus involves the L antigen: uncovering new tricks for an old virus. J Virol 2007; 81:4928-40. [PMID: 17329346 PMCID: PMC1900207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02632-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T-cell responses control lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in H-2(b) mice. Although antigen-specific responses against LCMV infection are well studied, we found that a significant fraction of the CD8(+) CD44(hi) T-cell response to LCMV in H-2(b) mice was not accounted for by known epitopes. We screened peptides predicted to bind major histocompatibility complex class I and overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning the complete LCMV proteome for gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) induction from CD8(+) T cells derived from LCMV-infected H-2(b) mice. We identified 19 novel epitopes. Together with the 9 previously known, these epitopes account for the total CD8(+) CD44(hi) response. Thus, bystander T-cell activation does not contribute appreciably to the CD8(+) CD44(hi) pool. Strikingly, 15 of the 19 new epitopes were derived from the viral L polymerase, which, until now, was not recognized as a target of the cellular response induced by LCMV infection. The L epitopes induced significant levels of in vivo cytotoxicity and conferred protection against LCMV challenge. Interestingly, protection from viral challenge was best correlated with the cytolytic potential of CD8(+) T cells, whereas IFN-gamma production and peptide avidity appear to play a lesser role. Taken together, these findings illustrate that the LCMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response is more complex than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F Kotturi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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36
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Pasquetto V, Bui HH, Giannino R, Banh C, Mirza F, Sidney J, Oseroff C, Tscharke DC, Irvine K, Bennink JR, Peters B, Southwood S, Cerundolo V, Grey H, Yewdell JW, Sette A. HLA-A*0201, HLA-A*1101, and HLA-B*0702 transgenic mice recognize numerous poxvirus determinants from a wide variety of viral gene products. J Immunol 2005; 175:5504-15. [PMID: 16210659 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In virus models explored in detail in mice, CTL typically focus on a few immunodominant determinants. In this study we use a multipronged approach to understand the diversity of CTL responses to vaccinia virus, a prototypic poxvirus with a genome approximately 20-fold larger than that of the model RNA viruses typically studied in mice. Based on predictive computational algorithms for peptide binding to HLA supertypes, we synthesized a panel of 2889 peptides to begin to create an immunomic map of human CTL responses to poxviruses. Using this panel in conjunction with CTLs from vaccinia virus-infected HLA transgenic mice, we identified 14 HLA-A*0201-, 4 HLA-A*1101-, and 3 HLA-B*0702-restricted CD8(+) T cell determinants distributed over 20 distinct proteins. These peptides were capable of binding one or multiple A2, A3, and B7 supertype molecules with affinities typical of viral determinants. Surprisingly, many of the viral proteins recognized are predicted to be late gene products, in addition to the early intermediate gene products expected. Nearly all of the determinants identified have identical counterparts encoded by modified vaccinia virus Ankara as well as variola virus, the agent of smallpox. These findings have implications for the design of new smallpox vaccines and the understanding of immune responses to large DNA viruses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Pasquetto
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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37
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Oseroff C, Kos F, Bui HH, Peters B, Pasquetto V, Glenn J, Palmore T, Sidney J, Tscharke DC, Bennink JR, Southwood S, Grey HM, Yewdell JW, Sette A. HLA class I-restricted responses to vaccinia recognize a broad array of proteins mainly involved in virulence and viral gene regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13980-5. [PMID: 16172378 PMCID: PMC1236582 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506768102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed by ex vivo ELISPOT the anti-vaccinia cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from humans vaccinated with Dryvax vaccine. More than 6,000 peptides from 258 putative vaccinia ORFs predicted to bind the common molecules of the HLA A1, A2, A3, A24, B7, and B44 supertypes were screened with peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 31 vaccinees. A total of 48 epitopes derived from 35 different vaccinia antigens were identified, some of which (B8R, D1R, D5R, C10L, C19L, C7L, F12, and O1L) were recognized by multiple donors and contain multiple epitopes recognized in the context of different HLA types. The antigens recognized tend to be >100 residues in length and are expressed predominantly in the early phases of infection, although some late antigens were also recognized. Viral genome regulation and virulence factor were recognized most frequently, whereas few structural proteins were immunogenic. Finally, most epitopes were highly conserved among vaccinia virus Western Reserve, variola major and modified vaccinia Ankara, supporting their potential use in vaccine and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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38
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Alexander J, Oseroff C, Sidney J, Sette A. Derivation of HLA-B*0702 transgenic mice: functional CTL repertoire and recognition of human B*0702-restricted CTL epitopes. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:211-23. [PMID: 12559623 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing chimeric human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*0702 and murine H-2K(b) class I molecules were evaluated as a model system to study the immunogenicity of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes. Immunization of these mice with six known HLA-B*0702-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant induced significant immune responses specific for all six epitopes. A comparison of the immune responses between HLA-B*0702/K(b) and HLA-A*0201/K(b) transgenic mice demonstrated that the HLA-B*0702/K(b) mice possess a T-cell receptor repertoire capable of recognizing human B*0702 epitopes. However, the magnitude of B*0702-specific responses induced in B*0702/K(b) mice were approximately tenfold lower than A*0201-specific responses induced in HLA-A*0201/K(b) transgenic mice. A panel of 24 B*0702 motif-bearing peptides was used to examine the relationship between immunogenicity and HLA-B*0702 binding capacity. All seven peptides with high binding affinities of 50% inhibitory concentration < or =50 NM (IC(50) 50 nM or less) were immunogenic. Similarly, 75% (9 of 12) of the intermediate binders (IC(50) nM of 50-500) were also immunogenic. Finally, only two of five peptides with binding capacity > 500 nM were found to have marginal immunogenicity, whereas the other three were completely negative. HLA-B*0702/K(b) transgenic mice were found to induce B*0702-specific responses after immunization with whole DNA genes or minigenes, suggesting that, at least to some degree, B*0702 epitopes were generated as a result of natural in vivo processing and presentation.
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39
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Alexander J, Oseroff C, Dahlberg C, Qin M, Ishioka G, Beebe M, Fikes J, Newman M, Chesnut RW, Morton PA, Fok K, Appella E, Sette A. A decaepitope polypeptide primes for multiple CD8+ IFN-gamma and Th lymphocyte responses: evaluation of multiepitope polypeptides as a mode for vaccine delivery. J Immunol 2002; 168:6189-98. [PMID: 12055232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are generally regarded as ineffective immunogens for CTL responses. We synthesized a 100-mer decaepitope polypeptide and tested its capacity to induce multiple CD8(+) IFN-gamma and Th lymphocyte (HTL) responses in HLA transgenic mice. Following a single immunization in the absence of adjuvant, significant IFN-gamma in vitro recall responses were detected for all epitopes included in the construct (six A2.1-, three A11-restricted CTL epitopes, and one universal HTL epitope). Immunization with truncated forms of the decaepitope polypeptide was used to demonstrate that optimal immunogenicity was associated with a size of at least 30-40 residues (3-4 epitopes). Solubility analyses of the truncated constructs were used to identify a correlation between immunogenicity for IFN-gamma responses and the propensity of these constructs to form particulate aggregates. Although the decaepitope polypeptide and a pool of epitopes emulsified in IFA elicited similar levels of CD8(+) responses using fresh splenocytes, we found that the decaepitope polypeptide more effectively primed for in vitro recall CD8(+) T cell responses. Finally, immunogenicity comparisons were also made between the decaepitope polypeptide and a corresponding gene encoding the same polypeptide delivered by naked DNA immunization. Although naked DNA immunization induced somewhat greater direct ex vivo and in vitro recall responses 2 wk after a single immunization, only the polypeptide induced significant in vitro recall responses 6 wk following the priming immunization. These studies support further evaluation of multiepitope polypeptide vaccines for induction of CD8(+) IFN-gamma and HTL responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Buffers
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- DNA/administration & dosage
- DNA/immunology
- Drug Contamination
- Emulsions
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Freund's Adjuvant/immunology
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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40
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Sette AD, Oseroff C, Sidney J, Alexander J, Chesnut RW, Kakimi K, Guidotti LG, Chisari FV. Overcoming T cell tolerance to the hepatitis B virus surface antigen in hepatitis B virus-transgenic mice. J Immunol 2001; 166:1389-97. [PMID: 11145724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) major envelope (Env) protein (ayw subtype) was scanned for the presence of H-2(d,b) motifs. Following binding and immunogenicity testing, two new H-2(d)-restricted epitopes (Env.362 and Env.364) were identified. These epitopes induced CTLs capable of recognizing naturally processed HBV-Env, but were apparently generated with lower efficiency than the previously defined dominant Env.28 epitope. Next, HBV-transgenic mice that express all of the HBV proteins and produce fully infectious particles were immunized with a mixture of lipopeptides encompassing the Env.28, Env.362, and Env.364 epitopes. Significant CTL responses were obtained, but they had no effect on viral replication in the liver, nor did they induce an inflammatory liver disease. However, in adoptive transfer experiments, CTL lines generated from the HBV-transgenic mice following immunization were able to inhibit viral replication in vivo without causing hepatitis. This is in contrast to CTL lines derived from nontransgenic mice that displayed both antiviral and cytopathic effects, presumably because they displayed higher avidity for the viral epitopes than the transgenic CTLs. These results suggest that T cell tolerance to HBV can be broken with appropriate immunization but the magnitude and characteristics of the resultant T cell response are significantly different from the response in HBV-naive individuals since their antiviral potential is stronger than their cytotoxic potential. This has obvious implications for immunotherapy of chronic HBV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Hepatitis B/genetics
- Hepatitis B/immunology
- Hepatitis B/pathology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/biosynthesis
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/metabolism
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Sette
- Epimmune, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121. Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Class I restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses are thought to be focused against few immunodominant epitopes. In humans, an often quoted example of such narrow focus is the influenza A (FLU) matrix 58-66 specific memory CTL activity, detectable in HLA-A2 individuals as a result of natural infection. Herein, we analyzed the repertoire of memory, FLU-specific CTLs in A2 and A11 positive individuals. Eighteen A2.1 binding peptides, derived from the FLU-Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) isolate, elicited CTL activity in A2. 1/Kb transgenic mice upon direct immunization. These peptides were also tested for their capacity to recall memory CTL responses from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of human A2.1 donors. Besides the known dominant M1.58 peptide, 5 new epitopes (PA.46, PA. 225, PB1.413, NA.75 and M1.59) were identified. Similarly, eleven, A11-binding, FLU-PR8 peptides, which were immunogenic in HLA-A11/Kb transgenic mice, were assayed for induction of recall CTL responses using peripheral blood lymphocytes from a cohort of A11-positive donors. Eight different peptides (NP.188, NP.342, HA.63(,) HA.149, HA.450, M1.13, M1.178, and M2.70) induced memory CTL activity. Several of these peptides were found to be highly conserved amongst different FLU isolates, and also capable of binding multiple A2 and A11 supertype molecules. Finally, 37 HLA-B7 binding peptides were also identified. In conclusion, a previously unappreciated breadth of FLU-specific, memory CTL responses in humans was revealed. The relevance of these findings to the design of multiepitope vaccines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gianfrani
- Department of Immunology, Epimmune Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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42
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Ishioka GY, Fikes J, Hermanson G, Livingston B, Crimi C, Qin M, France del Guercio M, Oseroff C, Dahlberg C, Alexander J, Chesnut RW, Sette A. Utilization of MHC Class I Transgenic Mice for Development of Minigene DNA Vaccines Encoding Multiple HLA-Restricted CTL Epitopes. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We engineered a multiepitope DNA minigene encoding nine dominant HLA-A2.1- and A11-restricted epitopes from the polymerase, envelope, and core proteins of hepatitis B virus and HIV, together with the PADRE (pan-DR epitope) universal Th cell epitope and an endoplasmic reticulum-translocating signal sequence. Immunization of HLA transgenic mice with this construct resulted in: 1) simultaneous CTL induction against all nine CTL epitopes despite their varying MHC binding affinities; 2) CTL responses that were equivalent in magnitude to those induced against a lipopeptide known be immunogenic in humans; 3) induction of memory CTLs up to 4 mo after a single DNA injection; 4) higher epitope-specific CTL responses than immunization with DNA encoding whole protein; and 5) a correlation between the immunogenicity of DNA-encoded epitopes in vivo and the in vitro responses of specific CTL lines against minigene DNA-transfected target cells. Examination of potential variables in minigene construct design revealed that removal of the PADRE Th cell epitope or the signal sequence, and changing the position of selected epitopes, affected the magnitude and frequency of CTL responses. Our results demonstrate the simultaneous induction of broad CTL responses in vivo against multiple dominant HLA-restricted epitopes using a minigene DNA vaccine and underline the utility of HLA transgenic mice in development and optimization of vaccine constructs for human use.
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43
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Ishioka GY, Fikes J, Hermanson G, Livingston B, Crimi C, Qin M, del Guercio MF, Oseroff C, Dahlberg C, Alexander J, Chesnut RW, Sette A. Utilization of MHC class I transgenic mice for development of minigene DNA vaccines encoding multiple HLA-restricted CTL epitopes. J Immunol 1999; 162:3915-25. [PMID: 10201910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
We engineered a multiepitope DNA minigene encoding nine dominant HLA-A2.1- and A11-restricted epitopes from the polymerase, envelope, and core proteins of hepatitis B virus and HIV, together with the PADRE (pan-DR epitope) universal Th cell epitope and an endoplasmic reticulum-translocating signal sequence. Immunization of HLA transgenic mice with this construct resulted in: 1) simultaneous CTL induction against all nine CTL epitopes despite their varying MHC binding affinities; 2) CTL responses that were equivalent in magnitude to those induced against a lipopeptide known be immunogenic in humans; 3) induction of memory CTLs up to 4 mo after a single DNA injection; 4) higher epitope-specific CTL responses than immunization with DNA encoding whole protein; and 5) a correlation between the immunogenicity of DNA-encoded epitopes in vivo and the in vitro responses of specific CTL lines against minigene DNA-transfected target cells. Examination of potential variables in minigene construct design revealed that removal of the PADRE Th cell epitope or the signal sequence, and changing the position of selected epitopes, affected the magnitude and frequency of CTL responses. Our results demonstrate the simultaneous induction of broad CTL responses in vivo against multiple dominant HLA-restricted epitopes using a minigene DNA vaccine and underline the utility of HLA transgenic mice in development and optimization of vaccine constructs for human use.
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44
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Livingston BD, Alexander J, Crimi C, Oseroff C, Celis E, Daly K, Guidotti LG, Chisari FV, Fikes J, Chesnut RW, Sette A. Altered helper T lymphocyte function associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and its role in response to therapeutic vaccination in humans. J Immunol 1999; 162:3088-95. [PMID: 10072562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Theradigm-hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an experimental lipopeptide vaccine designed to stimulate induction of HBV-specific CTL responses in HLA-A2 individuals. Previous studies had demonstrated high immunogenicity in healthy volunteers, but comparatively weak CTL responses in chronically infected HBV patients. Herein, we examined helper T lymphocyte (HTL) responses in chronically infected patients. Despite normal proliferation and IL-2 secretion, IL-12 and IFN-gamma secretion in vitro in response to the vaccine was reduced compared with healthy volunteers. A similar pattern of cytokine secretion was observed following mitogen stimulation, suggesting a general altered balance of Th1/Th2 responses. Further analysis indicated that HTL recall responses to whole tetanus toxoid protein were reduced in chronically infected subjects, and reduced responsiveness correlated with the outcome of Theradigm-HBV immunization. Finally, experiments in HBV transgenic mice indicated that the nonnatural Pan DR HTL epitope, PADRE, is capable of inducing high levels of IFN-gamma secretion and that its inclusion in a lipopeptide incorporating an immunodominant Ld-restricted CTL epitope resulted in breaking tolerance at the CTL level. Overall, our results demonstrate an alteration in the quality of HTL responses induced in chronically infected HBV patients and suggest that use of a potent HTL epitope may be important to overcome CTL tolerance against specific HBV Ags.
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45
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Livingston BD, Alexander J, Crimi C, Oseroff C, Celis E, Daly K, Guidotti LG, Chisari FV, Fikes J, Chesnut RW, Sette A. Altered Helper T Lymphocyte Function Associated with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and its Role in Response to Therapeutic Vaccination in Humans. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Theradigm-hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an experimental lipopeptide vaccine designed to stimulate induction of HBV-specific CTL responses in HLA-A2 individuals. Previous studies had demonstrated high immunogenicity in healthy volunteers, but comparatively weak CTL responses in chronically infected HBV patients. Herein, we examined helper T lymphocyte (HTL) responses in chronically infected patients. Despite normal proliferation and IL-2 secretion, IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion in vitro in response to the vaccine was reduced compared with healthy volunteers. A similar pattern of cytokine secretion was observed following mitogen stimulation, suggesting a general altered balance of Th1/Th2 responses. Further analysis indicated that HTL recall responses to whole tetanus toxoid protein were reduced in chronically infected subjects, and reduced responsiveness correlated with the outcome of Theradigm-HBV immunization. Finally, experiments in HBV transgenic mice indicated that the nonnatural Pan DR HTL epitope, PADRE, is capable of inducing high levels of IFN-γ secretion and that its inclusion in a lipopeptide incorporating an immunodominant Ld-restricted CTL epitope resulted in breaking tolerance at the CTL level. Overall, our results demonstrate an alteration in the quality of HTL responses induced in chronically infected HBV patients and suggest that use of a potent HTL epitope may be important to overcome CTL tolerance against specific HBV Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luca G. Guidotti
- †Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Francis V. Chisari
- †Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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46
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Tsunoda I, Sette A, Fujinami RS, Oseroff C, Ruppert J, Dahlberg C, Southwood S, Arrhenius T, Kuang LQ, Kubo RT, Chesnut RW, Ishioka GY. Lipopeptide particles as the immunologically active component of CTL inducing vaccines. Vaccine 1999; 17:675-85. [PMID: 10067673 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a bipalmitoylated lipopeptide consisting of an ovalbumin helper T-cell epitope covalently linked to an influenza virus cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope, we addressed possible factors that may be critical for CTL induction. Antigen processing of lipopeptide appears to be required for T-cell induction since there was virtually no in vitro binding of lipopeptide to purified MHC molecules. A major portion of lipopeptide immunogenicity was due to its particulate nature inasmuch as CTL induction in mice correlated with insoluble lipopeptide constructs, whereas more soluble analogs were significantly less immunogenic. Immunohistological analysis of tissue from immunized animals revealed that lipopeptide migration from the s.c. injection site to the spleen could be detected as early as 1 h after immunization and cell-associated lipopeptide was observed on macrophages and dendritic cells, implicating both cell populations in the processing and presentation of lipopeptide particles to CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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47
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Oseroff C, Sette A, Wentworth P, Celis E, Maewal A, Dahlberg C, Fikes J, Kubo RT, Chesnut RW, Grey HM, Alexander J. Pools of lipidated HTL-CTL constructs prime for multiple HBV and HCV CTL epitope responses. Vaccine 1998; 16:823-33. [PMID: 9627940 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various peptide-based approaches to simultaneous induction of multiple cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were evaluated as part of ongoing efforts to develop immunotherapeutic vaccines for use in humans. To this end, HLA (human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen)-A2-restricted epitopes from several specific viral proteins were tested in an HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model system, which mimics human CTL responses to these viral proteins. Multiple CTL responses were elicited by immunization with either peptides emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), or lipidated peptides administered in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In the case of lipidated peptides, induction of CTL responses was crucially dependent on the presence of helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, and most efficient in the case of lipidated covalently linked HTL-CTL epitope constructs. CTL could also be induced by immunization with lipidated HTL epitopes simply mixed with CTL epitopes and formulated in PBS. However, this approach was highly dependent on the particular lipidated HTL/CTL combination utilized, and was marginally effective for simultaneous priming of multiple CTL responses. By contrast, all HTL/CTL combinations were potent immunogens when delivered as lipidated, covalently linked molecules. This was the most effective of the approaches analysed in terms of multi-epitope priming, as demonstrated by the induction of simultaneous CTL responses to a pool of five different epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oseroff
- Epimmune, Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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48
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van der Most RG, Murali-Krishna K, Whitton JL, Oseroff C, Alexander J, Southwood S, Sidney J, Chesnut RW, Sette A, Ahmed R. Identification of Db- and Kb-restricted subdominant cytotoxic T-cell responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. Virology 1998; 240:158-67. [PMID: 9448700 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral cytotoxic T-cells are critical for control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice. In H-2b mice, the antiviral response is directed against three Db-restricted epitopes in the viral nucleoprotein (NP396-404) and glycoprotein (GP276-286 and GP33-41). Our present data revealed a clear hierarchy among these three epitopes, in which NP396-404 is immunodominant, followed by GP33-41 and GP276-286, respectively. In order to identify additional CTL epitopes in the LCMV nucleoprotein and glycoprotein, we used the motifs for Db2- and Kb-binding peptides, combined with MHC class I-binding assays. Out of 23 Db motif-fitting peptides, we identified 4 Db binders, one of which (GP92-101) turned out to be a new CTL epitope. Among 28 Kb motif-fitting peptides, 12 bound Kb, and one of these (NP205-212) was a CTL epitope. Both newly identified CTL peptides were recognized by LCMV-immune splenocytes after secondary in vitro stimulation. Both peptides bound their MHC class I molecules with intermediate affinity (470 and 170 nM for GP92-101 and NP205-212, respectively). Responses against these peptides were weaker than the responses against the three major epitopes. None of the high affinity binders were new epitopes, suggesting that high affinity binders are either immunodominant epitopes or no epitopes at all. Thus, analysis of 51 Kb and Db motif-fitting peptides yielded 2 new, subdominant epitopes. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with these peptides, or vaccinia virus recombinants expressing these epitopes as minigenes, protected against chronic LCMV infection, demonstrating that immunization with subdominant epitopes can confer protection against chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G van der Most
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90024, USA
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49
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Alexander J, Oseroff C, Sidney J, Wentworth P, Keogh E, Hermanson G, Chisari FV, Kubo RT, Grey HM, Sette A. Derivation of HLA-A11/Kb transgenic mice: functional CTL repertoire and recognition of human A11-restricted CTL epitopes. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.10.4753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing chimeric human (alpha1 and alpha2 HLA-A11 domains) and murine (alpha3, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic H-2Kb domains) class I molecules were derived. These mice were used as a model system to study the immunogenicity of human CTL epitopes and also to examine the aspects of Ag processing differences of mice vs man. Immunization of these mice with seven known HLA-A11-restricted CTL epitopes emulsified in IFA resulted in vigorous specific CTL responses. A larger panel of 45 A11-binding peptides was used to examine the relationship between immunogenicity in the HLA-A11/Kb transgenic mice and HLA-A11 binding capacity. Twenty-one of 28 (75%) peptides with high binding affinities (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), 2-50 nM) and 7 of 13 (54%) intermediate binding peptides (IC50, 50-500 nM range) were immunogenic. In parallel, 19 of these peptides were used for in vitro primary immunizations of PBMC derived from HLA-A11 healthy human donors. It was found that 8 of 8 peptides that were able to elicit CTL in primary human in vitro cultures were also immunogenic in HLA-A11/Kb mice. Finally, HLA-A11/Kb transgenic mice were found to generate an A11/Kb restricted CTL response following immunization with influenza virus A/PR/8/34, suggesting that, at least to some extent, A11 epitopes are generated by transgenic mice as a result of natural in vivo processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alexander
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - C Oseroff
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - J Sidney
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - P Wentworth
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - E Keogh
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - G Hermanson
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - F V Chisari
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - R T Kubo
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - H M Grey
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - A Sette
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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50
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Alexander J, Oseroff C, Sidney J, Wentworth P, Keogh E, Hermanson G, Chisari FV, Kubo RT, Grey HM, Sette A. Derivation of HLA-A11/Kb transgenic mice: functional CTL repertoire and recognition of human A11-restricted CTL epitopes. J Immunol 1997; 159:4753-61. [PMID: 9366399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing chimeric human (alpha1 and alpha2 HLA-A11 domains) and murine (alpha3, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic H-2Kb domains) class I molecules were derived. These mice were used as a model system to study the immunogenicity of human CTL epitopes and also to examine the aspects of Ag processing differences of mice vs man. Immunization of these mice with seven known HLA-A11-restricted CTL epitopes emulsified in IFA resulted in vigorous specific CTL responses. A larger panel of 45 A11-binding peptides was used to examine the relationship between immunogenicity in the HLA-A11/Kb transgenic mice and HLA-A11 binding capacity. Twenty-one of 28 (75%) peptides with high binding affinities (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), 2-50 nM) and 7 of 13 (54%) intermediate binding peptides (IC50, 50-500 nM range) were immunogenic. In parallel, 19 of these peptides were used for in vitro primary immunizations of PBMC derived from HLA-A11 healthy human donors. It was found that 8 of 8 peptides that were able to elicit CTL in primary human in vitro cultures were also immunogenic in HLA-A11/Kb mice. Finally, HLA-A11/Kb transgenic mice were found to generate an A11/Kb restricted CTL response following immunization with influenza virus A/PR/8/34, suggesting that, at least to some extent, A11 epitopes are generated by transgenic mice as a result of natural in vivo processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alexander
- Cytel Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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