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Khaled AA, Shabaan AM, Hammad SM, Hafez EE, Saleh AA. Exploring the impact of nano-Se and nano-clay feed supplements on interleukin genes, immunity and growth rate in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Sci Rep 2024; 14:2631. [PMID: 38302608 PMCID: PMC10834503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding Nano-Selenium (NSe) and Nano-clay (NC) as feed supplements on European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Two separate experiments were conducted, one with NC and the other with NSe. Each experiment consisted of four sub-groups with varying concentrations of NC or NSe. The expression levels of five immune-related genes (TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-12) were measured using Real-time Quantitative PCR (Rt-PCR) Assay. The results showed an increase in the expression of interleukins (IL-2, IL-6 and IL-12) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and TNF-β) after exposure to NC and NSe. TNF-α gene expression was significantly higher with both 1 mg and 10 mg concentrations of NC and NSe. TNF-β gene expression was highest with the 5 mg concentration of NC. The concentrations of 1 mg and 10 mg for NC, and 1 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg for NSe, led to the highest (p < 0.05) levels of IL-2 expression compared to the control. Similar trends were observed for IL-6 and IL-12 gene expression. Understanding the impact of these concentrations on gene expression, growth rate, biochemical indices, and antioxidant status can provide valuable insights into the potential applications of NC and NSe supplements on European Sea Bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A Khaled
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria City, 21531, Egypt
| | - Amany M Shabaan
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, El-Fayoum University, El-Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Saad M Hammad
- Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E Hafez
- Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Saleh
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Alshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria City, 11865, Egypt.
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Parmaksız S, Gül A, Erkunt Alak S, Karakavuk M, Can H, Gül C, Karakavuk T, López-Macías C, Puralı N, Döşkaya M, Şenel S. Development of multistage recombinant protein vaccine formulations against toxoplasmosis using a new chitosan and porin based adjuvant system. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122199. [PMID: 36115468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a global health problem affecting both human and animal populations. The lack of effective treatment makes the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis one of the main goals in the management of this disease. In our study, vaccine formulations containing the multistage recombinant antigens, rBAG1 + rGRA1 were developed with a combined adjuvant system consisting of chitosan and Salmonella Typhi porins in micro (MicroAS) and nanoparticulate (NanoAS) forms. BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with vaccine formulations two times at three-week intervals. Three weeks after the second vaccination, mice were challenged with 7-8 live tissue cysts of the virulent T. gondii PRU strain by oral gavage. Higher cellular uptake by macrophages and enhanced cellular (IFN-γ and I-4 in stimulated spleen cells) and humoral (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a) responses were obtained with the adjuvanted formulation, higher with microsystem when compared to that of nanosystem. Microsystem was found to stimulate Th1-polarized immune responses, whereasnon-adjuvanted antigens stimulated Th2-polarized immune response. The highest survival rate and reduction in cysts numbers and T. gondii DNA were obtained with the adjuvanted antigens.Our study showed that adjuvanted multistage recombinant vaccine systems increase theimmune response with strong protection againstT. gondii, more profoundly in microparticulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Parmaksız
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Aytül Gül
- Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey; Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Vocational School, Odemis, Izmir 35750, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Ceren Gül
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre ''Siglo XXI'', Mexican Institute for Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nuhan Puralı
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics,06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
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Hasan T, Nishikawa Y. Advances in vaccine development and the immune response against toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:951584. [PMID: 36090161 PMCID: PMC9453163 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.951584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic, parasitic infection caused by the intracellular, apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects all homeothermic animals including humans. The parasite has a major economic impact on the livestock industry. This is especially true for small ruminants (sheep, goats) as it is one of the most likely reasons for reproductive disorders in these animals. Primary infection in sheep and goats can result in a fetus that is mummified or macerated, fetal embryonic death, abortion, stillbirth, or the postnatal death of neonates, all of which threaten sheep and goat rearing globally. Humans can also become infected by ingesting bradyzoite-containing chevon or mutton, or the contaminated milk of sheep or goats, highlighting the zoonotic significance of this parasite. This article reviews the advances in vaccine development over recent decades and our current understanding of the immune response to toxoplasmosis in small ruminants (sheep, and goats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjila Hasan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshifumi Nishikawa
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Goodswen SJ, Kennedy PJ, Ellis JT. Compilation of parasitic immunogenic proteins from 30 years of published research using machine learning and natural language processing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10349. [PMID: 35725870 PMCID: PMC9208253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation reported in 2020 that six of the top 10 sources of death in low-income countries are parasites. Parasites are microorganisms in a relationship with a larger organism, the host. They acquire all benefits at the host’s expense. A disease develops if the parasitic infection disrupts normal functioning of the host. This disruption can range from mild to severe, including death. Humans and livestock continue to be challenged by established and emerging infectious disease threats. Vaccination is the most efficient tool for preventing current and future threats. Immunogenic proteins sourced from the disease-causing parasite are worthwhile vaccine components (subunits) due to reliable safety and manufacturing capacity. Publications with ‘subunit vaccine’ in their title have accumulated to thousands over the last three decades. However, there are possibly thousands more reporting immunogenicity results without mentioning ‘subunit’ and/or ‘vaccine’. The exact number is unclear given the non-standardised keywords in publications. The study aim is to identify parasite proteins that induce a protective response in an animal model as reported in the scientific literature within the last 30 years using machine learning and natural language processing. Source code to fulfil this aim and the vaccine candidate list obtained is made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Goodswen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Paul J Kennedy
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology and the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - John T Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Insights into the biochemical features and immunogenic epitopes of common bradyzoite markers of the ubiquitous Toxoplasma gondii. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105037. [PMID: 34390868 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The widespread distribution of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection and its harsh outcomes in pregnant women and immunocompromised patients lead researchers towards vaccination strategies. The present in silico investigation was done to reveal biophysical properties and immunogenic epitopes of six bradyzoite markers for rational vaccine design in future. For this purpose, different web servers were used to predict antigenicity, allergenicity, solubility, physicochemical properties, post-translational modification sites (PTMs), the presence of signal peptide and transmembrane domains. Moreover, the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins were revealed followed by refinement and validation. Finally, NetCTL server was used to predict cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, with subsequent immunogenicity analysis. Also, IEDB server was utilized to predict helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, followed by IFN-γ and IL-4 induction, antigenicity and population coverage analysis. As well, several linear antigenic B-cell epitopes were found, with good water solubility and without allergenicity. Totally, these proteins showed appropriate antigenicity, abundant PTMs as well as many CTL, HTL and B-cell epitopes, which could be directed for future vaccination studies in the context of multi-epitope vaccine design.
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Smith NC, Goulart C, Hayward JA, Kupz A, Miller CM, van Dooren GG. Control of human toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol 2020; 51:95-121. [PMID: 33347832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan parasite that is able to infect any nucleated cell in any warm-blooded animal. Toxoplasma gondii infects around 2 billion people and, whilst only a small percentage of infected people will suffer serious disease, the prevalence of the parasite makes it one of the most damaging zoonotic diseases in the world. Toxoplasmosis is a disease with multiple manifestations: it can cause a fatal encephalitis in immunosuppressed people; if first contracted during pregnancy, it can cause miscarriage or congenital defects in the neonate; and it can cause serious ocular disease, even in immunocompetent people. The disease has a complex epidemiology, being transmitted by ingestion of oocysts that are shed in the faeces of definitive feline hosts and contaminate water, soil and crops, or by consumption of intracellular cysts in undercooked meat from intermediate hosts. In this review we examine current and future approaches to control toxoplasmosis, which encompass a variety of measures that target different components of the life cycle of T. gondii. These include: education programs about the parasite and avoidance of contact with infectious stages; biosecurity and sanitation to ensure food and water safety; chemo- and immunotherapeutics to control active infections and disease; prophylactic options to prevent acquisition of infection by livestock and cyst formation in meat; and vaccines to prevent shedding of oocysts by definitive feline hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Cibelly Goulart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Catherine M Miller
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Giel G van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OCH, Su C. Economic and public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: 2009-2020. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109195. [PMID: 32979682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. The present review summarizes worldwide information on the prevalence of clinical and subclinical infections, epidemiology, diagnosis, control, and genetic diversity of T. gondii in sheep in the past decade. There is debate and uncertainty concerning repeat congenital infection as evidenced by finding T. gondii DNA in progeny of chronically infected sheep. However, there is no concrete evidence that T. gondii is the cause of repeated abortions in sheep. Recent data concerning pathogenesis of abortion in acutely infected sheep are reviewed. PCR-RFLP typing of T. gondii DNA derived from viable T. gondii isolates or tissues of infected sheep revealed low genetic diversity in sheep in Europe, Africa, Asia and North America but high diversity in South America. This review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - F H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - C K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - C Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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Dubey J, Murata F, Cerqueira-Cézar C, Kwok O, Su C. WITHDRAWN: Economic and public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: the last decade. Vet Parasitol X 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Döşkaya M, Liang L, Jain A, Can H, Gülçe İz S, Felgner PL, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Davies DH, Gürüz AY. Discovery of new Toxoplasma gondii antigenic proteins using a high throughput protein microarray approach screening sera of murine model infected orally with oocysts and tissue cysts. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:393. [PMID: 29973272 PMCID: PMC6033234 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes congenital toxoplasmosis, as well as other serious clinical presentations in immune compromised humans. The parasite has also been recently linked to behavioral diseases in humans and other mammalian hosts. New antigens are being evaluated to develop a diagnostic kit for the diagnosis of acute infection or a protective vaccine. METHODS In this study, we have focused on the discovery of new antigenic proteins from T. gondii genomic data using a high throughput protein microarray screening. To date, microarrays containing > 2870 candidate exon products of T. gondii have been probed with sera collected from patients with toxoplasmosis. Here, the protein microarrays are probed with well-characterized serum samples from animal models administered orally with oocysts or tissue cysts. The aim was to discover the antigens that overlap in the mouse profile with human antibody profiles published previously. For this, a reactive antigen list of 240 antigens recognized by murine IgG and IgM was identified using pooled sera from orally infected mice. RESULTS Analyses of screening data have identified plenty of antigens and showed strong immunogenicity in both mouse and human antibody profiles. Among them, ROP1, GRA2, GRA3, GRA4, GRA5, GRA6, GRA7, GRA8, GRA14, MIC1, MIC2 and MAG1 have shown strong immunogenicity and used as antigen in development of vaccines or serological diagnostic assays in previous studies. CONCLUSION In addition to the above findings, ROP6, MIC12, SRS29A and SRS13 have shown strong immunogenicity but have not been tested in development of a diagnostic assay or a vaccine model yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California USA
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ege University Faculty of Sciences, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sultan Gülçe İz
- Department of Bioengineering, Ege University Faculty of Engineering, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Philip Louis Felgner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California USA
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - David Huw Davies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California USA
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Department of Parasitology, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
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Gatkowska J, Wieczorek M, Dziadek B, Dzitko K, Dziadek J, Długońska H. Assessment of the antigenic and neuroprotective activity of the subunit anti-Toxoplasma vaccine in T. gondii experimentally infected mice. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:82-94. [PMID: 29657017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenic and immunoprotective activities and to determine the neuroprotective capacity of the tetravalent vaccine containing selected recombinant T. gondii antigens (ROP2 + ROP4 + SAG1 + MAG1) administered with safe adjuvants (MPL and alum) using male and female inbred mice. The tested antigenic combination provided partial protection against brain cyst formation, especially in males (reduction in cyst burden by 72%). The decrease in cyst burden was observed for the whole brain as well as for specified brain regions associated with natural defensive behaviors, emotion processing and integration of motor and sensory stimuli. The vaccine triggered a strong, specific immune response, regardless of sex, which was characterized by the antigen-specific in vitro synthesis of cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-10) and in vivo production of systemic IgG1 and IgG2a immunoglobulins. Immunization prior to the parasite challenge seemed to influence T. gondii - associated behavioral and neurochemical changes, although the impact of vaccination strongly depended on sex and time post-infection. Interestingly, in the vaccinated and T. gondii infected mice there was a significant delay in the parasite-induced loss of aversion toward cat smell (cats are the definitive hosts of the parasite). The regained attraction toward feline scent in vaccinated males, observed during chronic parasite invasion, correlated with the increase in the dopamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Gatkowska
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Banacha 12/16, Poland.
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, Poland.
| | - Bożena Dziadek
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Banacha 12/16, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Banacha 12/16, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Łódź, Lodowa 106, Poland.
| | - Henryka Długońska
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Banacha 12/16, Poland.
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Zhou J, Wang L. SAG4 DNA and Peptide Vaccination Provides Partial Protection against T. gondii Infection in BALB/c Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1733. [PMID: 28936207 PMCID: PMC5594090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can lead to congenital infections in human. Surface antigen protein 4 (SAG4) of T. gondii is a potential stimulator for humoral and cellular immune responses. In the present study, a DNA vaccine encoding SAG4 from T. gondii was constructed and used to immunize BALB/c mice with peptide to evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccine. The productions of IgG antibodies and cytokines (gamma interferon) from the vaccine (pSAG4/peptide) group were significantly higher than pSAG4 or peptide groups. After a lethal challenge by 1 × 104 tachyzoites from the I strain (RH), the survival time of mice immunized by pSAG4/peptide was longer than that of pSAG4 or peptide immunized mice or control mice. Moreover, after challenging by 20 cysts of the II strain (PRU) of T. gondii, the number of brain cysts from pSAG4/peptide vaccinated mice was only 31% of the number in PBS injected mice. The findings suggested the SAG4 DNA vaccine with peptide led significant immune responses and improved the protection against T. gondii challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Electroneurophysiology, Jinan Children's HospitalJinan, China
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12
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Lu G, Zhou J, Zhou A, Han Y, Guo J, Song P, Zhou H, Cong H, Hou M, Wang L, He S. SAG5B and SAG5C combined vaccine protects mice against Toxoplasma gondii infection. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:596-602. [PMID: 28602862 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which are common around the world, can lead to congenital infections in humans. T. gondii surface antigen protein 5B (SAG5B) and SAG5C are potential stimulators of humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, a multi-antigenic DNA vaccine constructed to express T. gondii SAG5B and SAG5C proteins simultaneously was used to immunize BALB/c mice to evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccine. IgG antibody and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) cytokine production in the pSAG5B/SAG5C DNA vaccine group were significantly higher (0.853±0.103 and 915.2±106.9, respectively) than in the single DNA vaccine groups (pSAG5B, 0.667±0.109 and 598.3±74.9, respectively; pSAG5C, 0.696±0.092 and 623.7±95.5, respectively). After a lethal challenge with 1×104 RH strain tachyzoites, the survival time of the mice (17days) immunized with pSAG5B/SAG5C was longer than that of the single-gene-immunized mice (12days) or the control mice (6days). Moreover, after intragastric infection with 20 T. gondii PRU (low virulence) strain cysts, the number of brain cysts in the pSAG5B/SAG5C-vaccinated mice was only 25% of the number for the PBS-injected mice. Our findings indicate that, in comparison with the other mouse groups, the multi-antigenic DNA vaccine (pSAG5B/SAG5C) significantly induced immune responses and improved the protection against challenge with T. gondii in the host animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aihua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University School of Medicine, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yali Han
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengxia Song
- Medical School, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaiyu Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Cong
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China; Department of Ji Nan Children's Hospital, 250022, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shenyi He
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Assolini JP, Concato VM, Gonçalves MD, Carloto ACM, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR, Melanda FN, Costa IN. Nanomedicine advances in toxoplasmosis: diagnostic, treatment, and vaccine applications. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1603-1615. [PMID: 28477099 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii that affects about one third of the world's population. The diagnosis of this disease is carried out by parasite isolation and host antibodies detection. However, the diagnosis presents problems in regard to test sensitivity and specificity. Currently, the most effective T. gondii treatment is a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, although both drugs are toxic to the host. In addition to the problems that compromise the effective diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis, there are no reports or indications of any vaccine capable of fully protecting against this infection. Nanomaterials, smaller than 1000 nm, are currently being investigated as an alternative tool in the management of T. gondii infection. This article reviews how recent nanotechnology advances indicate the utility of nanomaterials in toxoplasmosis diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Virginia Márcia Concato
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Francine Nesello Melanda
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ciências Patológicas - Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil.
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Wang L, Lu G, Zhou A, Han Y, Guo J, Zhou H, Cong H, He S. Evaluation of immune responses induced by rhoptry protein 5 and rhoptry protein 7 DNA vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:209-17. [PMID: 26802673 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is widespread, and the organism can cause congenital infections in humans. The horizontal transmission of Toxoplasma is even more common than congenital. An effective vaccine strategy brings the prospect of improving Toxoplasma disease control. Rhoptry protein 5 (ROP5) and ROP7 are potential stimulators of humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, we constructed a multi-antigenic DNA vaccine expressing ROP5 and ROP7 of T. gondii and compared the protective efficacy to single-gene vaccines and control groups. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly three times. The levels of IgG antibodies and cytokines in mice immunized with the multi-antigenic DNA vaccine (pROP5/ROP7) were significantly higher than those in the control mice. Mice vaccinated with pROP5/ROP7 showed a longer survival time (16 days) than single-gene-immunized mice (11 and 12 days, respectively) or control mice (8 days) after a challenge with 1 × 10(4) tachyzoites of RH strain of T. gondii. Furthermore, after intragastric infection with 20 cysts of PRU strain of T. gondii, the number of brain cysts in mice immunized with pROP5/ROP7 was only 25% of the number in control mice. Our results showed that a DNA vaccine encoding ROP5 and ROP7 significantly enhanced protection against T. gondii challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Ji Nan Children's Hospital, 250022, Jinan, Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China
| | - G Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - A Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y Han
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - J Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - H Cong
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - S He
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of mammal and bird species. Common infection leads to high economic (e.g., abortions in sheep) and human (e.g., congenital toxoplasmosis or neurotoxoplasmosis in humans) losses. With one exception (Toxovax for sheep), there are no vaccines to prevent human or animal toxoplasmosis. The paper presents the current state and challenges in the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis, designed for farm animals either bred for consumption or commonly kept on farms and involved in parasite transmission. So far, the trials have mostly revolved around conventional vaccines and, compared with the research using laboratory animals (mainly mice), they have not been very numerous. However, the results obtained are promising and could be a good starting point for developing an effective vaccine to prevent toxoplasmosis.
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Kumar P, Ayalew LE, Godson DL, Gaba A, Babiuk LA, Tikoo SK. Mucosal immunization of calves with recombinant bovine adenovirus-3 coexpressing truncated form of bovine herpesvirus-1 gD and bovine IL-6. Vaccine 2014; 32:3300-6. [PMID: 24731813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested an important role of the cytokine adjuvant IL-6 in the induction of mucosal immune responses in animals, including mice. Here, we report the in vivo ability of bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-3 expressing bovine (Bo) IL-6, to influence the systemic and mucosal immune responses against bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1 gDt in calves. To co-express both antigen and cytokine, we first constructed a recombinant BAdV-3 expressing chimeric gDt.BoIL-6 protein (BAV326). Secondly, we constructed another recombinant BAdV-3 simultaneously expressing gDt and BoIL-6 using IRES containing a bicistronic cassette gDt-IRES.IL-6, (BAV327). Recombinant proteins expressed by BAV326 and BAV327 retained antigenicity (gDt) and biological activity (BoIL-6). Intranasal immunization of calves with recombinant BAV326, BAV327 or BAV308 (gDt alone) resulted in demonstrable levels of gDt-specific IgG responses in sera and IgA response in nasal secretions, in all animals. In addition, all calves developed complement-independent neutralizing antibody responses against BHV-1. However, no significant difference could be observed in the induction of systemic or mucosal immune response in animals immunized with recombinant BAV326 or BAV327 co-expressing BoIL-6. Moreover, there was no difference in the protection against BHV-1 challenge particularly in the amount of virus excretion in the nasal cavity in calves immunized with BAV326, BAV327 or BAV308. These data suggest that the BoIL-6 had no modulating effect on the induction of gDt specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lisanework E Ayalew
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dale L Godson
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amit Gaba
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Zhang NZ, Chen J, Wang M, Petersen E, Zhu XQ. Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: new developments and perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1287-99. [PMID: 24093877 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.844652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is a major public health problem, infecting one-third of the world human beings, and leads to abortion in domestic animals. A vaccine strategy would be an ideal tool for improving disease control. Many efforts have been made to develop vaccines against T. gondii to reduce oocyst shedding in cats and tissue cyst formation in mammals over the last 20 years, but only a live-attenuated vaccine based on the S48 strain has been licensed for veterinary use. Here, the authors review the recent development of T. gondii vaccines in cats, food-producing animals and mice, and present its future perspectives. However, a single or only a few antigen candidates revealed by various experimental studies are limited by only eliciting partial protective immunity against T. gondii. Future studies of T. gondii vaccines should include as many CTL epitopes as the live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
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Evaluation of protective effect of multiantigenic DNA vaccine encoding MIC3 and ROP18 antigen segments of Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2593-9. [PMID: 23591483 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence and severe damage caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection clearly indicates the need for the development of a vaccine. In this study, we evaluated the immune responses and protection against toxoplasmosis by immunizing ICR mice with a multiantigenic DNA vaccine. To develop the multiantigenic vaccine, two T. gondii antigens, MIC3 and ROP18, selected on the basis of previous studies were chosen. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with PBS, empty pcDNA3.1 vector, pMIC3, pROP18, and pROP18-MIC3, respectively. The results of lymphocyte proliferation assay, cytokine, and antibody determinations showed that mice immunized with pROP18-MIC3 elicited stronger humoral and Th1-type cellular immune responses than those immunized with single-gene plasmids, empty plasmid, or phosphate-buffered saline. After a lethal challenge with the highly virulent T. gondii RH strain, a prolonged survival time in pROP18-MIC3-immunized mice was observed in comparison to control groups. Our study indicates that the introduction of multiantigenic DNA vaccine is more powerful and efficient than single-gene vaccine, and deserves further evaluation and development.
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