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Bulun H, Bridger PS, Schillinger S, Akineden Ö, Barth SA, Fischer M, Henrich M, Seeger T, Doll K, Bülte M, Bauerfeind R, Menge C. Interferon-gamma producing CD4 + T cells quantified by flow cytometry as early markers for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Vet Res 2024; 55:69. [PMID: 38822400 PMCID: PMC11143577 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic methods for Johne's disease in cattle allow reliable detection of infections with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) not before animals are 2 years of age. Applying a flow cytometry-based approach (FCA) to quantify a MAP-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response in T cell subsets, the present study sought to monitor the kinetics of the cell-mediated immune response in experimentally infected calves. Six MAP-negative calves and six calves, orally inoculated with MAP at 10 days of age, were sampled every 4 weeks for 52 weeks post-inoculation (wpi). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with either purified protein derivatives (PPD) or whole cell sonicates derived from MAP (WCSj), M. avium ssp. avium or M. phlei for 6 days followed by labeling of intracellular IFN-γ in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. No antigen-specific IFN-γ production was detectable in CD8+ cells throughout and the responses of CD4+ cells of MAP-infected and control calves were similar up to 12 wpi. However, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for the detection of IFN-γ in CD4+ cells after WCSj antigen stimulation allowed for a differentiation of animal groups from 16 wpi onwards. This approach had a superior sensitivity (87.8%) and specificity (86.8%) to detect infected animals from 16 wpi onwards, i.e., in an early infection stage, as compared to the IFN-γ release assay (IGRA). Quantification of specific IFN-γ production at the level of individual CD4+ cells may serve, therefore, as a valuable tool to identify MAP-infected juvenile cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Bulun
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philip S Bridger
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Schillinger
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ömer Akineden
- Institute for Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie A Barth
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Fischer
- Institute for Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Henrich
- Department for Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Seeger
- Clinic for Ruminants & Swine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Doll
- Clinic for Ruminants & Swine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Bülte
- Institute for Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany.
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Fernández M, Royo M, Arteche-Villasol N, Ferreras MC, Benavides J, Pérez V. Peripheral IFN-ɣ Production after Blood Stimulation with Different Mycobacterial Antigens in Goats Vaccinated against Paratuberculosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101709. [PMID: 36298574 PMCID: PMC9611356 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination can be an efficient method for the control of paratuberculosis in ruminants. However, the official tuberculosis control tests cross-interfere with the animals vaccinated against paratuberculosis. In order to test and compare new antigens that could solve this problem, the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in peripheral blood at different post-vaccination days in experimental kids and adult goats, in field conditions, using the avian and bovine purified protein derivative (PPD), the johnin, two peptide cocktails of Mycobacterium bovis (PC-EC and PC-HP) and the antigens VK 055 and VK 067 of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) has been analyzed in vitro. The non-specific production of IFN-γ was observed after blood stimulation with the PC-EC and PC-HP cocktail in any sample from vaccinated animals, whereas it was detected when bovine PPD was used. These results support the possible use of these new Mycobacterium bovis antigens in the in the differentiation of animals vaccinated against paratuberculosis or infected with tuberculosis by improving the specificity of bovine PPD. In contrast, the two Map antigens tested in this study did not improve the sensitivity of johnin or avian PPD in the detection of vaccinated or Map-infected goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-291-232
| | - Marcos Royo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
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Monreal-Escalante E, Sández-Robledo C, León-Gallo A, Roupie V, Huygen K, Hori-Oshima S, Arce-Montoya M, Rosales-Mendoza S, Angulo C. Alfalfa Plants (Medicago sativa L.) Expressing the 85B (MAP1609c) Antigen of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Elicit Long-Lasting Immunity in Mice. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:424-436. [PMID: 33649932 PMCID: PMC7920848 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Paratuberculosis, a contagious, untreatable, and chronic granulomatous enteritis that results in diarrhea, emaciation, and death in farmed ruminants (i.e., cattle, sheep, and goats). In this study, the Ag85B antigen from MAP was expressed in transgenic alfalfa as an attractive vaccine candidate. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation allowed the rescue of 56 putative transformed plants and transgenesis was confirmed in 19 lines by detection of the Ag85B gene (MAP1609c) by PCR. Line number 20 showed the highest Ag85B expression [840 ng Ag85B per gram of dry weight leaf tissue, 0.062% Total Soluble Protein (TSP)]. Antigenicity of the plant-made Ag85B was evidenced by its reactivity with a panel of sera from naturally MAP-infected animals, whereas immunogenicity was assessed in mice immunized by either oral or subcutaneous routes. The plant-made Ag85B antigen elicited humoral responses by the oral route when co-administered with cholera toxin as adjuvant; significant levels of anti-85B antibodies were induced in serum (IgG) and feces (IgA). Long-lasting immunity was evidenced at day 180 days post-first oral immunization. The obtained alfalfa lines expressing Ag85B constitute the first model of a plant-based vaccine targeting MAP. The initial immunogenicity assessment conducted in this study opens the path for a detailed characterization of the properties of this vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava Num. 6, Zona Universitaria., San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, 78210, Mexico
| | - Cristhian Sández-Robledo
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico
| | - Amalia León-Gallo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava Num. 6, Zona Universitaria., San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, 78210, Mexico
| | - Virginie Roupie
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Institute, VAR-CODA-CERVA, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Huygen
- Scientific Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health WIV-ISP (Site Ukkel), 642 Engelandstraat, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sawako Hori-Oshima
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera San Felipe Km. 3.5, Fraccionamiento Laguna Campestre, Mexicali, Baja California, 21387, Mexico
| | - Mario Arce-Montoya
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava Num. 6, Zona Universitaria., San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, 78210, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico.
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Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hughes V, Stevenson K, Bakker D, Willemsen P, Bay S, Ganneau C, Biet F, Vordermeier HM. Interferon-γ Response of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infected Goats to Recombinant and Synthetic Mycobacterial Antigens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645251. [PMID: 33842578 PMCID: PMC8034290 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its potential for early diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, the IFN-γ release assay is not used routinely, because of low specificity of the established crude antigen preparation Johnin (PPDj). Limited data are available assessing the potential of MAP-derived protein and lipopeptide antigens to replace PPDj in assays for goats, while cattle and sheep have been studied more extensively. Furthermore, MAP infection is claimed to interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis when other crude antigen preparations (PPDb, PPDa) are applied. In this study, the diagnostic potential of MAP-derived recombinant protein antigens, synthetic MAP lipopentapeptides and of Mycobacterium bovis-specific peptide cocktails was assessed compared to crude mycobacterial antigen preparations in experimentally infected goats. Goats were inoculated with MAP, or Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) as surrogate for environmental mycobacteria, non-exposed animals served as controls. Mycobacterium avium Complex-specific antibody and PPDj-induced IFN-γ responses were monitored in vivo. Infection status was assessed by pathomorphological findings and bacteriological tissue culture at necropsy 1 year after inoculation. The IFN-γ response to 13 recombinant protein antigens of MAP, two synthetic MAP lipopentapeptides and three recombinant peptide cocktails of Mycobacterium bovis was investigated at three defined time points after infection. At necropsy, MAP or MAH infection was confirmed in all inoculated goats, no signs of infection were found in the controls. Antibody formation was first detected 3-6 weeks post infection (wpi) in MAH-inoculated and 11-14 wpi in the MAP-inoculated goats. Maximum PPDj-induced IFN-γ levels in MAH and MAP exposed animals were recorded 3-6 and 23-26 wpi, respectively. Positive responses continued with large individual variation. Antigens Map 0210c, Map 1693c, Map 2020, Map 3651cT(it), and Map 3651c stimulated increased whole blood IFN-γ levels in several MAP-inoculated goats compared to MAH inoculated and control animals. These IFN-γ levels correlated with the intensity of the PPDj-induced responses. The two synthetic lipopentapeptides and the other MAP-derived protein antigens had no discriminatory potential. Stimulation with Mycobacterium bovis peptide cocktails ESAT6-CFP10, Rv3020c, and Rv3615c did not elicit IFN-γ production. Further work is required to investigate if test sensitivity will increase when mixtures of the MAP-derived protein antigens are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Köhler
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Valerie Hughes
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Peter Willemsen
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
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Luo L, De Buck J. Inducing cellular immune responses with a marked Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain in dairy calves. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108665. [PMID: 32402345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis with a high global prevalence in dairy cattle. This disease causes significant economic loss in the dairy industry and has been challenging to control, as current diagnostic assays are low in sensitivity and specificity, and previously developed vaccines do not prevent infection and face regulatory concerns due to interference with bovine tuberculosis diagnostics. To remediate this issue, positive and negative immune markers were created in a MAP strain as a step towards a vaccine capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). A gene coding for an immunogenic protein (MAP1693c) in the MAP genome was replaced with a library of epitope-tagged immunogenic genes (pepA) via a stable allelic exchange method. These markers were evaluated in a calf infection trial, where Holstein-Friesian dairy calves were inoculated at two weeks of age with either the marked strain or the parent strain, or remained uninfected controls. Cellular immune responses to the markers were measured using an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA). There were no MAP1693c marker-specific differences in cellular immune responses between infection groups. A scrambled version of the HA (human influenza hemagglutinin) epitope, but not the actual HA epitope, induced a significant IFN-γ response in marker-infected calves compared to WT-infected and uninfected groups at 4.5 months post-inoculation. This scrambled HA epitope thus holds potential as a diagnostic tool as part of a DIVA vaccine for Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Luo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Characteristics and Epidemiological Investigation of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Tai'an, China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3896754. [PMID: 32258119 PMCID: PMC7094201 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3896754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic and sometimes fatal disease of ruminants, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In this study, we examined paratuberculosis cases among 2-4-year-old dairy cows at farms in Shandong Province, China. Paratuberculosis cases were diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, pathological autopsy, and histopathological inspection. Characteristics of paratuberculosis in the affected dairy cattle included poor body condition, persistent diarrhea, subcutaneous edema, granulomatous ileitis (multibacillary), mesenteric lymphadenitis, and hepatitis. Acid-fast bacilli from fecal specimens and lymphocytes were putatively identified as MAP based on Ziehl-Neelsen staining, then confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-based testing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses. Overall, only one MAP strain was isolated from a herd with symptomatic diarrhea. However, analysis of 586 serum samples from nine herds in Tai'an City revealed that 66.7% of herds and 14.2% of animals were seropositive for MAP. Our findings suggest that paratuberculosis is widely prevalent and therefore a significant threat to the dairy industry in Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China.
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Criado M, Benavides J, Vallejo R, Arteche N, Gutiérrez D, Ferreras MC, Pérez V, Espinosa J. Local assessment of WC1 + γδ T lymphocyte subset in the different types of lesions associated with bovine paratuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101422. [PMID: 31982851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The local expression of WC1+ γδ T lymphocytes subset has been evaluated by immunohistochemical methods at the different types of lesions present in cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) and in non-infected control animals. Infected cattle were either in the latent/subclinical (focal lesions) or clinical (diffuse paucibacillary and multibacillary forms) stage of paratuberculosis. To assess the cell distribution, a differential cell count was carried out at the lamina propria, gut-associated lymphoid tissue and submucosa. A significant increase in the number of WC1+ γδ T cells was observed in all the infected animals, regardless of the type of lesion. Cows with focal lesions showed higher number of labeled cells than those with diffuse forms, where no differences were found between the two types. This increase in the number of positively immunolabelled lymphocytes in infected animals was seen in the lamina propria, with higher values in those with focal lesions. While in the lymphoid tissue no differences in the numbers were observed, in animals with focal lesions, WC1+ γδ T cells tended to be located at the periphery of the granulomas. These findings suggest a proinflammatory action of WC1+ γδ T lymphocytes in bovine paratuberculosis, which might play an important role in the containment of the Map-infection in the focal granulomas located in the lymphoid tissue, helping to prevent the progression toward diffuse forms responsible for the clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Criado
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Noive Arteche
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - M Carmen Ferreras
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
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An update on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens and their role in the diagnosis of Johne's disease. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:120. [PMID: 31332578 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is responsible for Johne's disease (JD) or paratuberculosis. Diagnosis of MAP infection by measuring host cell-mediated and humoral immune responses has been a major focus in MAP research. For this purpose, several MAP antigens such as secreted protein, cell envelope protein, cell-mediated immune and lipoprotein antigens have been identified and tested to measure their diagnostic utility with varying degree of success. Identifying the optimal antigen or antigen combinations for diagnosis of infected animals is hindered by the complex nature of the disease, prolonged subclinical infection, the differential expression of antigens and scarcity of well characterized MAP-specific epitopes making selection of a single MAP antigen very difficult. Thus, multiplexing of antigens with larger scale and longitudinal studies may lead to development of cost-effective next generation serodiagnostics. This mini review focuses on the role of different MAP antigens in the diagnosis of JD.
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Targeting the Mincle and TLR3 receptor using the dual agonist cationic adjuvant formulation 9 (CAF09) induces humoral and polyfunctional memory T cell responses in calves. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201253. [PMID: 30063728 PMCID: PMC6067743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for the rational design of safe and effective vaccines to protect against chronic bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a number of species. One of the main challenges for vaccine development is the lack of safe adjuvants that induce protective immune responses. Cationic Adjuvant Formulation 01 (CAF01)—an adjuvant based on trehalose dibehenate (TDB) and targeting the Mincle receptor—has entered human trials based on promising pre-clinical results in a number of species. However, in cattle CAF01 only induces weak systemic immune responses. In this study, we tested the ability of three pattern recognition receptors, either alone or in combination, to activate bovine monocytes and macrophages. We found that addition of the TLR3 agonist, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) to either one of the Mincle receptor agonists, TDB or monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG), enhanced monocyte activation, and calves vaccinated with CAF09 containing MMG and Poly(I:C) had increased cell-mediated and humoral immune response compared to CAF01 vaccinated animals. In contrast to the highly reactogenic Montanide ISA 61 VG, CAF09-primed T cells maintained a higher frequency of polyfunctional CD4+ T cells (IFN-γ+ TNF-α+ IL-2+). In conclusion, CAF09 supports the development of antibodies along with a high-quality cell-mediated immune response and is a promising alternative to oil-in-water adjuvant in cattle and other ruminants.
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Hughes V, McNair J, Strain S, Barry C, McLuckie J, Nath M, Caldow G, Stevenson K. Gamma interferon responses to proteome-determined specific recombinant proteins in cattle experimentally- and naturally-infected with paratuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:244-253. [PMID: 28521263 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), is a fatal enteritis of animals caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map). Diagnosis of subclinical JD is problematic as test sensitivity is limited. Th1 responses to Map are activated early, thus detection of a cell-mediated response, indicated by measuring interferon gamma (IFN-γ) stimulated by mycobacterial antigens, may give the first indication of sub-clinical infection. Crude extracts of Map (PPDJ) have been used to detect the cell-mediated response in infected cattle. More specific, quantifiable antigens may improve test specificity and reproducibility. Map-specific proteins, MAP_3651c and MAP_0268c, raised a cell-mediated immune response in sub-clinically infected sheep. Results presented in this manuscript demonstrate these proteins elicit a cell-mediated response in experimental and natural infections of cattle. Individual ranked IFN-γ responses of experimentally infected calves to PPDJ showed a high, statistically significant association with ranked responses of recombinant Map antigens. Responses of infected animals were higher than the control group. Threshold values determined using data from an experimental infection were applied to naturally infected animals. Some animals exhibited responses above these threshold values. Responses to MAP_3651c on a farm categorised as high-risk for JD showed strong evidence (P<0.001) that responses were significantly different to lower-risk farms. The IGRA test may prove to be an additional tool for the diagnosis of JD, and inclusion of specific antigens a refinement however, understanding and interpretation of IGRA results remain challenging and further investigation will be required to determine whether the IGRA test can detect exposure and hence predict clinical JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Hughes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jim McNair
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Strain
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Barry
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce McLuckie
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mintu Nath
- Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, The King's Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - George Caldow
- SRUC, Greycrook, St Boswells, Roxburghshire TD6 0EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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Chaubey KK, Gupta RD, Gupta S, Singh SV, Bhatia AK, Jayaraman S, Kumar N, Goel A, Rathore AS, Sahzad, Sohal JS, Stephen BJ, Singh M, Goyal M, Dhama K, Derakhshandeh A. Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2016; 36:203-227. [PMID: 27356470 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1196508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-à-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Sujata Jayaraman
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Anjana Goel
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Abhishek Singh Rathore
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Sahzad
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Bjorn John Stephen
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manish Goyal
- e Division of Parasitology , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- f Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- g Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
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Britton LE, Cassidy JP, O'Donovan J, Gordon SV, Markey B. Potential application of emerging diagnostic techniques to the diagnosis of bovine Johne's disease (paratuberculosis). Vet J 2015; 209:32-9. [PMID: 26831164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), a chronic wasting disease in cattle with important welfare, economic and potential public health implications. Current tests are unable to recognise all stages of the disease, which makes it difficult to diagnose and control. This review explores emerging diagnostic techniques that could complement and enhance the diagnosis of MAP infection, including bacteriophage analysis, new MAP-specific antigens, host protein expression in response to infection, transcriptomic studies, analysis of microRNAs and investigation of the gastrointestinal microbiome. It emphasises the inherent challenges of diagnosing bovine Johne's disease and investigates novel areas which may have the potential both to advance our understanding of the immunopathology of MAP infection and to augment current diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim O'Donovan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Model Farm Road, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Bryan Markey
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Holbert S, Branger M, Souriau A, Lamoureux B, Ganneau C, Richard G, Cochard T, Tholoniat C, Bay S, Winter N, Moyen JL, Biet F. Interferon gamma response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific lipopentapeptide antigen L5P in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:118-21. [PMID: 26412530 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
After Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection the cell-mediated immune (CMI) response indicative of early Th1 activation may be detected using interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Currently, the purified protein derivatives (PPDs), i.e., the total extract of mycobacteria antigens are used to recall CMI responses against Map. This study aimed to assess the ability of the chemically synthesized Map specific cell wall lipopentapeptide L5P to induce CMI response in cows infected by Map compared to PPD. L5P and PPD elicited an IFN-γ response in 12 and 35 animals from two Map infected herds respectively, but IFN-γ was not detected in the 13 cows recruited from a non-infected herd. Levels of IFN-γ detected were higher with PPD than with L5P. There was no correlation between the IFN-γ response and the humoral response to Map or faecal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Holbert
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Maxime Branger
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Armel Souriau
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Bérénice Lamoureux
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de la Région Centre (GDS Centre), 4 rue Robert Mallet Stevens BP 501, F-36018 Châteauroux, France.
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3523, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Gaëlle Richard
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Thierry Cochard
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Christophe Tholoniat
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de la Région Centre (GDS Centre), 4 rue Robert Mallet Stevens BP 501, F-36018 Châteauroux, France.
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3523, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Winter
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Jean Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de Dordogne, 161 av Winston Churchill, 24660 Coulounieix Chamiers, France.
| | - Franck Biet
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Biet F, Boschiroli ML. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of veterinary relevance. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S69-77. [PMID: 25256964 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria play an important role in human and animal health fields. We here examine the place of non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections in the veterinary context. Relevant aspects of a reference laboratory experience and a literature review are presented in this article. Importance is given both to productivity and to economic losses due to misdiagnosis with bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. The impact NTM may have is relative to geographical location, ecology, husbandry, extent of surveillance programs and bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis prevalence. The role of the most relevant NTM in animal disease is summarized with a special focus on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, given its role as causative agent of paratuberculosis, a disease with huge economic consequences for ruminant livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Biet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA Centre Val de Loire, Université de Tours, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Maria Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bovine tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 23, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Lymphoproliferative and gamma interferon responses to stress-regulated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis recombinant proteins. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:831-7. [PMID: 24695774 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00775-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease in ruminants is a chronic infection of the intestines caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. An important strategy to control disease is early detection, and a potentially efficient method for early detection is measurement of cell-mediated immune responses developed by the host in response to exposure or infection. One method is to measure lymphoproliferation and cytokine release from the host cells when exposed to the organism or parts of the organism. In this study, 10 recombinant M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins known to be upregulated under in vitro stress conditions were evaluated by examining their ability to evoke memory as a result of exposure by vaccination or oral challenge with live Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Out of 10 proteins, MAP2698c was found to induce higher cell-mediated immune responses in vaccinated and challenged sheep in comparison to healthy controls. The findings suggest that not all stress-regulated proteins have the diagnostic potential to detect cell-mediated immune responses in ovine paratuberculosis.
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Plattner BL, Huffman E, Jones DE, Hostetter JM. T lymphocyte responses during early enteric Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 157:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Appana G, Das D, Veerasami M, Senthilkumar RL, Durishetty M, Ramalakshmi B, Bahekar V, Mukherjee F, Chandran D, Kumar PU, Sesikeran B, Srinivasan VA. Antemortem and postmortem examinations of the cattle calf naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:241-51. [PMID: 24294493 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A male cattle calf was detected as subclinically and naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) by a series of antemortem and postmortem tests. The MAP infection was identified by strong antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) response by a commercial ELISA kit and an intradermal Johnin test, respectively, in the initial antemortem examination. The antemortem status of the calf was further confirmed by MAP-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ) response. For detection of IFN-γ response, MAP-specific IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs): (a) immuno capture ELISA (IC-ELISA) and (b) ELISPOT was employed. In addition, the presence of intracellular cytokine IFN-γ was detected by flow cytometry. For all cytokine assays, MAP-specific recombinant antigens HSP65 and 35 kDa were employed to overcome the poor sensitivity and specificity resulting from the use of Johnin, the crude protein purified derivative of MAP. Postmortem examination of the MAP-infected/suspected cattle calf did not reveal any pathognomonic gross lesions in the gastro-intestinal tract. Histopathological examination of multiple organs showed the presence of epithelioid cells/macrophages and edematous lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes suggestive of MAP; however, no granulomas were observed in the intestinal tract. The necropsy samples of rectum and mesenteric lymph nodes were positive for isolation of MAP by culture in the BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960 system, and acid fast bacilli were demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy confirming the infection. Due to differential and complex expression patterns of MAP antigens reported in literature, a combination of assays such as those based on IGRAs and antibody detection is essential. Therefore, the current experimental evidence confirms the efficacy of the approach adopted. However, further studies will be needed to understand the optimal combination MAP-specific antigens for use in IGRAs or antibody assays that can be used for detecting MAP infection in every stage of the disease.
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Hughes V, Denham S, Bannantine JP, Chianini F, Kerr K, May L, McLuckie J, Nath M, Stevenson K. Interferon gamma responses to proteome-determined specific recombinant proteins: Potential as diagnostic markers for ovine Johne's disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Thakur A, Riber U, Davis WC, Jungersen G. Increasing the ex vivo antigen-specific IFN-γ production in subpopulations of T cells and NKp46+ cells by anti-CD28, anti-CD49d and recombinant IL-12 costimulation in cattle vaccinated with recombinant proteins from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:276-83. [PMID: 24034934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cells, which encounter specific antigen (Ag), require additional signals to mount a functional immune response. Here, we demonstrate activation of signal 2, by anti-CD28 mAb (aCD28) and other costimulatory molecules (aCD49d, aCD5), and signal 3, by recombinant IL-12, enhance Ag-specific IFN-γ secretion by CD4, CD8, γδ T cells and NK cells. Age matched male jersey calves, experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), were vaccinated with a cocktail of recombinant MAP proteins or left unvaccinated. Vaccine induced ex vivo recall responses were measured through Ag-specific IFN-γ production by ELISA and flow cytometry. There was a significant increase in production of IFN-γ by T cell subsets or NKp46+ cells cultured in the presence of Ag and aCD28/aCD49d. The increase was accompanied by an increase in the integrated median fluorescence intensity (iMFI) of activated T cells. Addition of rIL-12 induced a significant additive effect leading to a maximum increase in responder frequency of Ag-specific T cell subsets or NKp46+ cells with a heavy bias toward IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells. We provide the first description of using aCD28/aCD49d costimulation to potentiate an Ag-specific increase in the production of IFN-γ in bovine immunology. The study also shows the degree of signaling in T cells is regulated by the costimulatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Thakur
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Disparate host immunity to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens in calves inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. avium, M. kansasii, and M. bovis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:848-57. [PMID: 23554467 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00051-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cross-reactivity of mycobacterial antigens in immune-based diagnostic assays has been a major concern and a criticism of the current tests that are used for the detection of paratuberculosis. In the present study, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis recombinant proteins were evaluated for antigenic specificity compared to a whole-cell sonicate preparation (MPS). Measures of cell-mediated immunity to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens were compared in calves inoculated with live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. avium (M. avium), Mycobacterium kansasii, or Mycobacterium bovis. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses to MPS were observed in all calves that were exposed to mycobacteria compared to control calves at 4 months postinfection. Pooled recombinant M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins also elicited nonspecific IFN-γ responses in inoculated calves, with the exception of calves infected with M. bovis. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins failed to elicit antigen-specific responses for the majority of immune measures; however, the expression of CD25 and CD26 was upregulated on CD4, CD8, gamma/delta (γδ) T, and B cells for the calves that were inoculated with either M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or M. avium after antigen stimulation of the cells. Stimulation with MPS also resulted in the increased expression of CD26 on CD45RO(+) CD25(+) T cells from calves inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium. Although recombinant proteins failed to elicit specific responses for the calves inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the differences in immune responses to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens were dependent upon mycobacterial exposure. The results demonstrated a close alignment in immune responses between calves inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and those inoculated with M. avium that were somewhat disparate from the responses in calves infected with M. bovis, suggesting that the biology of mycobacterial infection plays an important role in diagnosis.
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Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses after immunization of calves with a recombinant multiantigenic Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subunit vaccine at different ages. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:551-8. [PMID: 23389934 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05574-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neonates and juvenile ruminants are very susceptible to paratuberculosis infection. This is likely due to a high degree of exposure from their dams and an immature immune system. To test the influence of age on vaccine-induced responses, a cocktail of recombinant Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins (MAP0217, MAP1508, MAP3701c, MAP3783, and MAP1609c/Ag85B) was formulated in a cationic liposome adjuvant (CAF01) and used to vaccinate animals of different ages. Male jersey calves were divided into three groups that were vaccinated at 2, 8, or 16 weeks of age and boosted twice at weeks 4 and 12 relative to the first vaccination. Vaccine-induced immune responses, the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) cytokine secretion and antibody responses, were followed for 20 weeks. In general, the specific responses were significantly elevated in all three vaccination groups after the first booster vaccination with no or only a minor effect from the second booster. However, significant differences were observed in the immunogenicity levels of the different proteins, and it appears that the older age group produced a more consistent IFN-γ response. In contrast, the humoral immune response is seemingly independent of vaccination age as we found no difference in the IgG1 responses when we compared the three vaccination groups. Combined, our results suggest that an appropriate age of vaccination should be considered in vaccination protocols and that there is a possible interference of vaccine-induced immune responses with weaning (week 8).
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Mikkelsen H, Aagaard C, Nielsen SS, Jungersen G. Correlation of antigen-specific IFN-γ responses of fresh blood samples from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infected heifers with responses of day-old samples co-cultured with IL-12 or anti-IL-10 antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Accuracy assessment and screening of a dairy herd with paratuberculosis by three different ELISAs. Vet Microbiol 2012; 156:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Production and proteomic characterisation of purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:22. [PMID: 22443541 PMCID: PMC3337294 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective diagnosis of Johne's disease (JD), particularly at the stage of early subclinical infection, remains one of the greatest challenges for the control of JD worldwide. The IFN-γ test of cell mediated immunity is currently one of the most suitable diagnostics for subclinical infections, however a major limitation of this test is the lack of a standardised purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen (also referred to as Johnin PPD or PPDj). While attempting to replace PPDj with more specific individual antigens is an attractive proposition, bacterial culture derived PPDj remains the most effective antigen preparation for the diagnosis of subclinical JD. It may be possible to increase the reproducibility and specificity of PPDj preparations by further characterising and standardising the PPDj production. Results Using a standardised protocol, five in-house preparations of PPDj were prepared from cultures of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Compared to PPDs obtained from other institutes/laboratories, these preparations appeared to perform similarly well in the IFN-γ test. Although the broad proteomic composition of all PPDj preparations was remarkably similar, the absolute abundance of individual proteins varied markedly between preparations. All PPDj preparations contained common immunogenic proteins which were also observed in PPD preparations from Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (PPDa) and Mycobacterium bovis (PPDb). Temporal difference in protein secretion of in vitro cultured MAP was observed between 20 and 34 weeks suggesting that the age of MAP culture used for PPDj preparations may markedly influence PPDj composition. Conclusions This study describes a protocol for the production of PPDj and its subsequent proteomic characterisation. The broad proteomic composition of different preparations of PPDj was, for the most part, highly similar. Compositional differences between PPDj preparations were found to be a direct reflection of genetic differences between the MAP strain types used to produce these preparations and the age of MAP cultures they were derived from. A number of conserved immunogenic proteins, such as members of the cutinase-like protein family, were found to be more abundant in PPDj compared to PPDa and should be considered as possible diagnostic antigens for the future.
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Thomsen VT, Nielsen SS, Thakur A, Jungersen G. Characterization of the long-term immune response to vaccination against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Danish dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 145:316-22. [PMID: 22188784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) provides partial protection by delayed shedding of MAP and reduced numbers of clinically affected animals. The duration of vaccine induced immune response is not known. The primary objective of this study was therefore to characterize the long-term effect of whole-cell based vaccination against MAP on the immune response. A secondary objective was to evaluate whether immunodiagnosis of MAP and Mycobacterium bovis infections is affected by MAP vaccination. Two studies were performed: (1) A retrospective longitudinal study including 895 vaccinated and 2526 non-vaccinated dairy cows in 9 Danish dairy herds aiming at characterizing the long-term antibody-response to vaccination; and (2) a cross-sectional study of responses in the IFN-γ assay carried out in 140 vaccinated animals in two herds to evaluate the effect of vaccination on the cell-mediated immune response and to evaluate a possible interference with the diagnosis of M. bovis infections. The results showed that 37% of samples from vaccinated animals and 5% of samples from non-vaccinated animals, respectively, were test positive in the milk antibody ELISA. The prevalence of antibody responses of the vaccinated animals was relatively constant from 2 to 6 years of age, but decreased in older animals. Among the 140 vaccinated animals 88% tested positive with the IFN-γ test to johnin PPD and 50% responded to PPDb with IFN-γ production above a similar cut-off. Although Denmark is free of M. bovis, two of the vaccinated animals responded with higher IFN-γ levels when cultured with PPDb compared to PPDa. In conclusion, immunization with whole-cell MAP vaccines elicits both humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions, which may interfere with surveillance and diagnosis of both MAP and M. bovis infections using currently available tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Thulstrup Thomsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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