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Schulze-Luehrmann J, Liebler-Tenorio E, Felipe-López A, Lührmann A. Cell death induction facilitates egress of Coxiella burnetii from infected host cells at late stages of infection. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:513-528. [PMID: 38115201 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria have evolved mechanisms to invade host cells, establish an intracellular niche that allows survival and replication, produce progeny, and exit the host cell after completion of the replication cycle to infect new target cells. Bacteria exit their host cell by (i) initiation of apoptosis, (ii) lytic cell death, and (iii) exocytosis. While bacterial egress is essential for bacterial spreading and, thus, pathogenesis, we currently lack information about egress mechanisms for the obligate intracellular pathogen C. burnetii, the causative agent of the zoonosis Q fever. Here, we demonstrate that C. burnetii inhibits host cell apoptosis early during infection, but induces and/or increases apoptosis at later stages of infection. Only at later stages of infection did we observe C. burnetii egress, which depends on previously established large bacteria-filled vacuoles and a functional intrinsic apoptotic cascade. The released bacteria are not enclosed by a host cell membrane and can infect and replicate in new target cells. In summary, our data argue that C. burnetii egress in a non-synchronous way at late stages of infection. Apoptosis-induction is important for C. burnetii egress, but other pathways most likely contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Alfonso Felipe-López
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Unger N, Eiserloh S, Nowak F, Zuchantke S, Liebler-Tenorio E, Sobotta K, Schnee C, Berens C, Neugebauer U. Looking Inside Non-Destructively: Label-Free, Raman-Based Visualization of Intracellular Coxiella burnetii. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4988-4996. [PMID: 35302749 PMCID: PMC8974703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of intracellular pathogens is often complex and can include different morphoforms. Treatment of intracellular infections and unperturbed studying of the pathogen inside the host cell are frequently challenging. Here, we present a Raman-based, label-free, non-invasive, and non-destructive method to localize, visualize, and even quantify intracellular bacteria in 3D within intact host cells in a Coxiella burnetii infection model. C. burnetii is a zoonotic obligate intracellular pathogen that causes infections in ruminant livestock and humans with an acute disease known as Q fever. Using statistical data analysis, no isolation is necessary to gain detailed information on the intracellular pathogen's metabolic state. High-quality false color image stacks with diffraction-limited spatial resolution enable a 3D spatially resolved single host cell analysis that shows excellent agreement with results from transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative analysis at different time points post infection allows to follow the infection cycle with the transition from the large cell variant (LCV) to the small cell variant (SCV) at around day 6 and a gradual change in the lipid composition during vacuole maturation. Spectral characteristics of intracellular LCV and SCV reveal a higher lipid content of the metabolically active LCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Unger
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Simone Eiserloh
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Frauke Nowak
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut─Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Zuchantke
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut─Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut─Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Sobotta
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut─Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut─Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Liebler-Tenorio E, Wedlich N, Figl J, Köhler H, von Pückler K, Mamerow S, Rissmann M, Ulrich R, Grode L, Kaufmann S. Protection of Goats Challenged with Mycobacterium bovis by Recombinant BCG Vaccine Candidates. J Comp Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hughes V, Stevenson K, Bakker D, Willemsen P, Bay S, Ganneau C, Biet F, Vordermeier HM. Interferon-γ Response of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infected Goats to Recombinant and Synthetic Mycobacterial Antigens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645251. [PMID: 33842578 PMCID: PMC8034290 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its potential for early diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, the IFN-γ release assay is not used routinely, because of low specificity of the established crude antigen preparation Johnin (PPDj). Limited data are available assessing the potential of MAP-derived protein and lipopeptide antigens to replace PPDj in assays for goats, while cattle and sheep have been studied more extensively. Furthermore, MAP infection is claimed to interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis when other crude antigen preparations (PPDb, PPDa) are applied. In this study, the diagnostic potential of MAP-derived recombinant protein antigens, synthetic MAP lipopentapeptides and of Mycobacterium bovis-specific peptide cocktails was assessed compared to crude mycobacterial antigen preparations in experimentally infected goats. Goats were inoculated with MAP, or Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) as surrogate for environmental mycobacteria, non-exposed animals served as controls. Mycobacterium avium Complex-specific antibody and PPDj-induced IFN-γ responses were monitored in vivo. Infection status was assessed by pathomorphological findings and bacteriological tissue culture at necropsy 1 year after inoculation. The IFN-γ response to 13 recombinant protein antigens of MAP, two synthetic MAP lipopentapeptides and three recombinant peptide cocktails of Mycobacterium bovis was investigated at three defined time points after infection. At necropsy, MAP or MAH infection was confirmed in all inoculated goats, no signs of infection were found in the controls. Antibody formation was first detected 3-6 weeks post infection (wpi) in MAH-inoculated and 11-14 wpi in the MAP-inoculated goats. Maximum PPDj-induced IFN-γ levels in MAH and MAP exposed animals were recorded 3-6 and 23-26 wpi, respectively. Positive responses continued with large individual variation. Antigens Map 0210c, Map 1693c, Map 2020, Map 3651cT(it), and Map 3651c stimulated increased whole blood IFN-γ levels in several MAP-inoculated goats compared to MAH inoculated and control animals. These IFN-γ levels correlated with the intensity of the PPDj-induced responses. The two synthetic lipopentapeptides and the other MAP-derived protein antigens had no discriminatory potential. Stimulation with Mycobacterium bovis peptide cocktails ESAT6-CFP10, Rv3020c, and Rv3615c did not elicit IFN-γ production. Further work is required to investigate if test sensitivity will increase when mixtures of the MAP-derived protein antigens are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Köhler
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Valerie Hughes
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Peter Willemsen
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
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Sobotta K, Bonkowski K, Liebler-Tenorio E, Germon P, Rainard P, Hambruch N, Pfarrer C, Jacobsen ID, Menge C. Permissiveness of bovine epithelial cells from lung, intestine, placenta and udder for infection with Coxiella burnetii. Vet Res 2017; 48:23. [PMID: 28403908 PMCID: PMC5389005 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are the main source of human infections with the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella (C.) burnetii. Infected animals shed high numbers of C. burnetii by milk, feces, and birth products. In goats, shedding by the latter route coincides with C. burnetii replication in epithelial (trophoblast) cells of the placenta, which led us to hypothesize that epithelial cells are generally implicated in replication and shedding of C. burnetii. We therefore aimed at analyzing the interactions of C. burnetii with epithelial cells of the bovine host (1) at the entry site (lung epithelium) which govern host immune responses and (2) in epithelial cells of gut, udder and placenta decisive for the quantity of pathogen excretion. Epithelial cell lines [PS (udder), FKD-R 971 (small intestine), BCEC (maternal placenta), F3 (fetal placenta), BEL-26 (lung)] were inoculated with C. burnetii strains Nine Mile I (NMI) and NMII at different cultivation conditions. The cell lines exhibited different permissiveness for C. burnetii. While maintaining cell viability, udder cells allowed the highest replication rates with formation of large cell-filling Coxiella containing vacuoles. Intestinal cells showed an enhanced susceptibility to invasion but supported C. burnetii replication only at intermediate levels. Lung and placental cells also internalized the bacteria but in strikingly smaller numbers. In any of the epithelial cells, both Coxiella strains failed to trigger a substantial IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α response. Epithelial cells, with mammary epithelial cells in particular, may therefore serve as a niche for C. burnetii replication in vivo without alerting the host’s immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sobotta
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Bonkowski
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Pierre Germon
- ISP, INRA, Université Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Rainard
- ISP, INRA, Université Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nina Hambruch
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christiane Pfarrer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Möbius P, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hölzer M, Köhler H. Evaluation of associations between genotypes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculsis and presence of intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:188-194. [PMID: 28284609 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis affecting ruminants worldwide. Depending on the MAP-Type (MAP-C or MAP-S, cattle or sheep type), strains differ in virulence and host preference. There is not yet any strong evidence indicating that individual field strains of the same MAP-subgroup exhibit differences in virulence. The aim of this study was to evaluate a potential association between the genotype of individual field strains belonging to the MAP-C group and the presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis in the infected animals. 88 MAP-C isolates were sampled from clinically healthy cows at slaughter. Cows were grouped as A (n=46) with, and B (n=42) without macroscopic intestinal lesions. Sampled cows from both the A and B groups came from different farms and had a similar age distribution. MAP isolates were characterized by MIRU-VNTR and IS900-RFLP analysis. Resulting genotypes were examined for an association with the presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis. MAP isolates from groups A and B exhibited similar strain diversity: 20 and 18 combined genotypes, altogether 32 genotypes. Six of these genotypes were detected in both groups. Although no association was found between individual combined genotypes and presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions, IS900-RFLP-(BstEII)-Type-C1 (the most common type worldwide) was found more often in group A (p<0.01). The data give only weak indication for the existence of differences in virulence among MAP-cattle type isolates. Differences in the development and severity of lesions may rather depend on unknown host factors or inoculation dose. Virulence properties of IS900-RFLP-(BstEII)-Type-C1 isolates should be examined in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Möbius
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
| | - Martin Hölzer
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, 07743 Jena, Leutragraben 1, Germany.
| | - Heike Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
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7
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Hamm K, Barth SA, Stalb S, Geue L, Liebler-Tenorio E, Teifke JP, Lange E, Tauscher K, Kotterba G, Bielaszewska M, Karch H, Menge C. Experimental Infection of Calves with Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak strain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32812. [PMID: 27600997 PMCID: PMC5013450 DOI: 10.1038/srep32812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, a severe outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome was caused by an unusual, highly virulent enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O104:H4 strain, which possessed EHEC virulence traits in the genetic background of human-adapted enteroaggregative E. coli. To determine magnitude of fecal shedding and site of colonization of EHEC O104:H4 in a livestock host, 30 (ten/strain) weaned calves were inoculated with 1010 CFU of EHEC O104:H4, EHEC O157:H7 (positive control) or E. coli strain 123 (negative control) and necropsied (4 or 28 d.p.i.). E. coli O157:H7 was recovered until 28 d.p.i. and O104:H4 until 24 d.p.i. At 4 d.p.i., EHEC O104:H4 was isolated from intestinal content and detected associated with the intestinal mucosa. These results are the first evidence that cattle, the most important EHEC reservoir, can also carry unusual EHEC strains at least transiently, questioning our current understanding of the molecular basis of host adaptation of this important E. coli pathovar.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hamm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - S A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - S Stalb
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - L Geue
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - E Liebler-Tenorio
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J P Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - E Lange
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Tauscher
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - G Kotterba
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Bielaszewska
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Schulze-Luehrmann J, Eckart RA, Ölke M, Saftig P, Liebler-Tenorio E, Lührmann A. LAMP proteins account for the maturation delay during the establishment of the Coxiella burnetii-containing vacuole. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:181-94. [PMID: 26249821 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Coxiella burnetii replicates in a large phagolysosomal-like vacuole. Currently, both host and bacterial factors required for creating this replicative parasitophorous C. burnetii-containing vacuole (PV) are poorly defined. Here, we assessed the contributions of the most abundant proteins of the lysosomal membrane, LAMP-1 and LAMP-2, to the establishment and maintenance of the PV. Whereas these proteins were not critical for uptake of C. burnetii, they influenced the intracellular replication of C. burnetii. In LAMP-1/2 double-deficient fibroblasts as well as in LAMP-1/2 knock-down cells, C. burnetii establishes a significantly smaller, yet faster maturing vacuole, which harboured more bacteria. The accelerated maturation of PVs in LAMP double-deficient fibroblasts, which was partially or fully reversed by ectopic expression of LAMP-1 or LAMP-2, respectively, was characterized by an increased fusion rate with endosomes, lysosomes and bead-containing phagosomes, but not by different fusion kinetics with autophagy vesicles. These findings establish that LAMP proteins are critical for the maturation delay of PVs. Unexpectedly, neither the creation of the spacious vacuole nor the delay in maturation was found to be prerequisites for the intracellular replication of C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Rita A Eckart
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Martha Ölke
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Lohr M, Prohl A, Ostermann C, Liebler-Tenorio E, Schroedl W, Aeby S, Greub G, Reinhold P. A bovine model of a respiratory Parachlamydia acanthamoebae infection. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-14. [PMID: 24989139 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Parachlamydia (P.) acanthamoebae as a potential agent of lower respiratory tract disease in a bovine model of induced lung infection. Intrabronchial inoculation with P. acanthamoebae was performed in healthy calves aged 2-3 months using two challenge doses: 10(8) and 10(10) bacteria per animal. Controls received 10(8) heat-inactivated bacteria. Challenge with 10(8) viable Parachlamydia resulted in a mild degree of general indisposition, whereas 10(10) bacteria induced a more severe respiratory illness becoming apparent 1-2 days post inoculation (dpi), affecting 9/9 (100%) animals and lasting for 6 days. The extent of macroscopic pulmonary lesions was as high as 6.6 (6.0)% [median (range)] of lung tissue at 2-4 dpi and correlated with parachlamydial genomic copy numbers detected by PCR, and with bacterial load estimated by immunohistochemistry in lung tissue. Clinical outcome, acute phase reactants, pathological findings and bacterial load exhibited an initial dose-dependent effect on severity. Animals fully recovered from clinical signs of respiratory disease within 5 days. The bovine lung was shown to be moderately susceptible to P. acanthamoebae, exhibiting a transient pneumonic inflammation after intrabronchial challenge. Further studies are warranted to determine the precise pathophysiologic pathways of host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lohr
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Annette Prohl
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Carola Ostermann
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Wieland Schroedl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sébastien Aeby
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
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10
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Prohl A, Lohr M, Ostermann C, Liebler-Tenorio E, Berndt A, Schroedl W, Rothe M, Schubert E, Sachse K, Reinhold P. Evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in a bovine model of acute Chlamydia psittaci infection: tetracycline versus tetracycline plus rifampicin. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-12. [PMID: 25113145 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial treatment of chlamydial infections is known to be of limited efficacy. In this study, effects of doxycycline (D), usually the drug of choice, were compared with the combined therapy of doxycycline and rifampicin (R) in a bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection. After intrabronchial inoculation of the pathogen, 30 animals were assigned to five groups (n = 6 per group): untreated controls, monotherapy with D (5 mg kg(-1)day(-1) or 10 mg kg(-1)day(-1)), and combination therapy of D and R (600 mg day(-1)). Treatment continued until day 14 post inoculation (d.p.i.). Clinical signs, inflammatory markers, and pathological findings confirmed successful infection in all animals. Reisolation of the pathogen was possible in 4/6 untreated animals and in 4/12 animals treated with D alone until 4 d.p.i., but in none of the calves of the two D + R groups. Pathogen detection was possible in all animals without significant differences among groups. Severity of disease and time course of its resolution, assessed by clinical and pathological findings as well as inflammatory parameters, were not significantly different between untreated controls and calves receiving D alone or in combination with R. Regardless of the treatment regimen, all groups recovered clinically and cleared the infection within 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Prohl
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Lohr
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Carola Ostermann
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Berndt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Wieland Schroedl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Veterinary Faculty at The University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Evelyn Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany OIE Reference Laboratory for Chlamydiosis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Konrad Sachse
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany OIE Reference Laboratory for Chlamydiosis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
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11
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Knittler MR, Berndt A, Böcker S, Dutow P, Hänel F, Heuer D, Kägebein D, Klos A, Koch S, Liebler-Tenorio E, Ostermann C, Reinhold P, Saluz HP, Schöfl G, Sehnert P, Sachse K. Chlamydia psittaci: New insights into genomic diversity, clinical pathology, host–pathogen interaction and anti-bacterial immunity. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:877-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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12
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Prohl A, Lohr M, Ostermann C, Berndt A, Liebler-Tenorio E, Rothe M, Schubert E, Sachse K, Reinhold P. Die Behandlung einer experimentellen respiratorischen Chlamydia psittaci Infektion beim Kalb mit Enrofloxacin ± Rifampicin. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1376384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Prohl A, Ostermann C, Lohr M, Berndt A, Liebler-Tenorio E, Rothe M, Schubert E, Sachse K, Reinhold P. Der Einfluss einer Behandlung mit Doxyzyklin ± Rifampicin auf den Verlauf einer experimentellen Chlamydia psittaci Infektion beim Kalb. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1363135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Prohl A, Ostermann C, Lohr M, Berndt A, Liebler-Tenorio E, Rothe M, Sachse K, Reinhold P. Der Einfluss einer Behandlung mit Doxyzyklin auf den Verlauf einer experimentellen Chlamydia psittaci Infektion beim Kalb. Pneumologie 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1343975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Reinhold P, Ostermann C, Liebler-Tenorio E, Berndt A, Vogel A, Lambertz J, Rothe M, Rüttger A, Schubert E, Sachse K. A bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection: challenge dose titration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30125. [PMID: 22299031 PMCID: PMC3267716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish and evaluate a bovine respiratory model of experimentally induced acute C. psittaci infection. Calves are natural hosts and pathogenesis may resemble the situation in humans. Intrabronchial inoculation of C. psittaci strain DC15 was performed in calves aged 2–3 months via bronchoscope at four different challenge doses from 106 to 109 inclusion-forming units (ifu) per animal. Control groups received either UV-inactivated C. psittaci or cell culture medium. While 106 ifu/calf resulted in a mild respiratory infection only, the doses of 107 and 108 induced fever, tachypnea, dry cough, and tachycardia that became apparent 2–3 days post inoculation (dpi) and lasted for about one week. In calves exposed to 109 ifu C. psittaci, the respiratory disease was accompanied by severe systemic illness (apathy, tremor, markedly reduced appetite). At the time point of most pronounced clinical signs (3 dpi) the extent of lung lesions was below 10% of pulmonary tissue in calves inoculated with 106 and 107 ifu, about 15% in calves inoculated with 108 and more than 30% in calves inoculated with 109 ifu C. psittaci. Beside clinical signs and pathologic lesions, the bacterial load of lung tissue and markers of pulmonary inflammation (i.e., cell counts, concentration of proteins and eicosanoids in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid) were positively associated with ifu of viable C. psittaci. While any effect of endotoxin has been ruled out, all effects could be attributed to infection by the replicating bacteria. In conclusion, the calf represents a suitable model of respiratory chlamydial infection. Dose titration revealed that both clinically latent and clinically manifest infection can be reproduced experimentally by either 106 or 108 ifu/calf of C. psittaci DC15 while doses above 108 ifu C. psittaci cannot be recommended for further studies for ethical reasons. This defined model of different clinical expressions of chlamydial infection allows studying host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Purkhart R, Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio E, Meyer M, Becher G, Kikowatz A, Reinhold P. Chronic intestinal
Mycobacteria
infection: discrimination via VOC analysis in exhaled breath and headspace of feces using differential ion mobility spectrometry. J Breath Res 2011; 5:027103. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/2/027103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Reinhold P, Liebler-Tenorio E, Sattler S, Sachse K. Recurrence of Chlamydiasuis infection in pigs after short-term antimicrobial treatment. Vet J 2010; 187:405-7. [PMID: 20800518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of short-term antimicrobial treatment on natural excretion of Chlamydia suis in rectal swabs and C. suis and Chlamydophila psittaci in nasal swabs was investigated in 47 clinically normal piglets by quantitative real-time PCR. Pigs were treated IM with 4 mg/kg enrofloxacin for 5 days (n = 22) or 2.5mg/kg enrofloxacin for 3 days followed by 100mg/mL tiamulin (n = 25). Antimicrobial treatment reduced the number of pigs positive for chlamydiae and the quantity of chlamydial DNA in positive swabs for a few days, but chlamydial excretion recurred in both groups. Short-term antimicrobial treatment at dosages recommended for treatment of other bacterial infections in pig herds was not effective in eliminating naturally occurring subclinical chlamydial infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis in the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Str 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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18
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Wagner J, Kneucker A, Liebler-Tenorio E, Fachinger V, Glaser M, Pesch S, Murtaugh MP, Reinhold P. Respiratory function and pulmonary lesions in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet J 2010; 187:310-9. [PMID: 20089425 PMCID: PMC7128265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary dysfunction was evaluated in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV, isolate VR-2332) and compared to clinical and pathological findings. Infected pigs developed fever, reduced appetite, respiratory distress and dullness at 9 days post-inoculation (dpi). Non-invasive pulmonary function tests using impulse oscillometry and rebreathing of test gases (He, CO) revealed peripheral airway obstruction, reduced lung compliance and reduced lung CO-transfer factor. PRRSV-induced pulmonary dysfunction was most marked at 9-18 dpi and was accompanied by a significantly increased respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume. Expiration was affected more than inspiration. On histopathological examination, multifocal areas of interstitial pneumonia (more severe and extensive at 10 dpi than 21 dpi) were identified as a possible structural basis for reduced lung compliance and gas exchange disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis in the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Annette Kneucker
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis in the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis in the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vicky Fachinger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Corporate R&D, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Melanie Glaser
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis in the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Pesch
- Bioscreen EVDMC GmbH, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P. Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis in the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 3641 804269; fax: +49 3641 804228.
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19
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Makoschey B, Klee W, Martella V, Bridger J, Smiths DGE, Daugschies A, Millemann Y, Liebler-Tenorio E, Snodgrass D, Claerebout E, Bendali F, van de Ven J, Garcia A, Illek J, Kaske M, Cutler K, González-Martín JV, Carvalho LM, Crouch C, Thiry E. Neonatal health in calves--comprehensive solutions for complex enteric disorders. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2009; 122:398-408. [PMID: 19863013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Makoschey
- Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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20
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Reinhold P, Jäger J, Kirschvink N, Liebler-Tenorio E. Pulmonale Funktionsstörungen bei Kälbern mit persistierenden Chlamydien-Infektionen. Pneumologie 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1214032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Jaeger J, Liebler-Tenorio E, Kirschvink N, Sachse K, Reinhold P. A clinically silent respiratory infection withChlamydophilaspp. in calves is associated with airway obstruction and pulmonary inflammation. Vet Res 2007; 38:711-28. [PMID: 17621440 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating functional and inflammatory consequences of persistent chlamydial infections on the respiratory system in clinically inconspicuous calves aged 2-7 months. Thirteen calves persistently infected with Chlamydophila (C.) abortus and/or C. pecorum (Chl+) were compared to 12 calves without chlamydial infections (Chl-). In order to evaluate lung function, 36 non-invasive impulse oscillometry tests were performed per animal within 6 months. The group of chronically infected animals was distinguished by significantly higher peripheral airway resistance (indicating peripheral airway obstruction), significantly higher respiratory rates, and significantly higher minute volumes of ventilation. At the age of seven months, all calves were necropsied, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained ex vivo, and lungs were examined histologically. Significantly higher concentrations of total protein and 8-iso-prostane (8-IP), as well as higher activities of matrix metalloprotease 2 were measured in BALF samples of Chl+ calves. Histologically, markedly activated bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) causing partial obstruction of bronchiolar lumina was found in the apical pulmonary lobes of Chl+ calves. Chlamydial DNA was detected in the lung tissue of 7 out of 13 Chl+ calves by real-time PCR. In conclusion, respiratory chlamydial infection appeared to be associated with chronic inflammation of the lungs and airways. Despite the lack of clinical symptoms, pulmonary dysfunctions persisted in calves until the age of seven months. Data obtained in this study provide new insight illustrating the impact of nearly ubiquitous subclinical infections on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis in the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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22
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Reinhold P, Jaeger J, Liebler-Tenorio E, Berndt A, Bachmann R, Schubert E, Melzer F, Elschner M, Sachse K. Impact of latent infections with Chlamydophila species in young cattle. Vet J 2007; 175:202-11. [PMID: 17317243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To assess long-term effects of naturally occurring infection with Chlamydophila spp. on animal health, 25 calves were grouped according to their chlamydial carrier status and checked for health parameters from 2 to 7 months of age. Monthly PCR testing revealed persistent or frequently recurring infections with Chlamydophila pecorum and Chlamydophila abortus in Group 2 (Chl+, n=13), but not in Group 1 (Chl-, n=12). Despite the absence of any clinical illness, calves in Group 2 showed significantly higher body temperatures (subfebrile), lower bodyweights, reduced serum iron concentrations, lower total haemoglobin and haematocrit values. Counting and flow cytometric differentiation of peripheral white blood cells revealed a general decrease in leukocytes in Group 2. At necropsy, follicular bronchiolitis was found in 10/13 calves in Group 2 but in none of Group 1, and the weight of pharyngeal tonsils was significantly higher in Group 2. In conclusion, naturally occurring infections with Chlamydophila species in calves were found to be associated with chronic effects on animal health at a subclinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Naumburger Street 96 a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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23
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Goellner S, Schubert E, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hotzel H, Saluz HP, Sachse K. Transcriptional response patterns of Chlamydophila psittaci in different in vitro models of persistent infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4801-8. [PMID: 16861668 PMCID: PMC1539575 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01487-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligatory intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci is the causative agent of psittacosis in birds and humans. The capability of this zoonotic pathogen to develop a persistent phase is likely to play a role in chronicity of infections, as well as in failure of antibiotic therapy and immunoprophylaxis. To elucidate three different in vitro models for transition of C. psittaci to persistence (iron depletion, penicillin G treatment, and gamma interferon [IFN-gamma] exposure), a set of 27 genes was examined by mRNA expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR. While the phenotypical characteristics were the same as in other chlamydiae, i.e., aberrant morphology of reticulate bodies, loss of cultivability, and rescue of infectivity upon removal of inducers, the transcriptional response of C. psittaci to persistence-inducing factors included several new and distinctive features. Consistent downregulation of membrane proteins, chlamydial sigma factors, cell division protein, and reticulate body-elementary body differentiation proteins from 24 h postinfection onward proved to be a general feature of C. psittaci persistence. However, other genes displayed considerable variations in response patterns from one model to another, which suggests that there is no persistence model per se. In contrast to results for Chlamydia trachomatis, late shutdown of essential genes in C. psittaci was more comprehensive with IFN-gamma-induced persistence, which is probably due to the absence of a functional tryptophan synthesis operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Goellner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
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24
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Ridpath JF, Bendfeldt S, Neill JD, Liebler-Tenorio E. Lymphocytopathogenic activity in vitro correlates with high virulence in vivo for BVDV type 2 strains: Criteria for a third biotype of BVDV. Virus Res 2006; 118:62-9. [PMID: 16384618 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 11/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV), cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp), are recognized based on their activity in cultured epithelial cells. Biotype does not correlate to virulence in acute infections as BVDV strains associated with severe acute BVD outbreaks are all noncytopathic based on their growth characteristics in cultured epithelial cells. Previous studies have shown that acute infections with highly virulent BVDV result in depletion of cells in lymphoid tissues. In this study, flow cytometry demonstrated that infection with a highly virulent BVDV strain was associated with a pronounced reduction in circulating white blood cells (WBC) and increased numbers of apoptotic and necrotic circulating WBC in vivo. Infection with low virulence BVDV did not result in a significant increase in death of circulating WBC. Thus, there appeared to be a correlation between depletion of circulating WBC and virulence. To study the interaction of BVDV strains with lymphoid cells in the laboratory, we developed an in vitro model that used a bovine lymphoid cell line (BL-3 cells). Using this model, it was found that while BVDV strains are segregated into two biotypes based on their activity in cultured epithelial cells, they may be segregated into three biotypes based on their activity in cultured lymphoid cells. These three biotypes are noncytopathogenic (no obvious effects on the viability of either cultured epithelial or lymphoid cells), cytopathogenic (cytopathic effect and cell death in both cultured epithelial and lymphoid cells within 48 h of infection) and lymphocytopathogenic (no effect on cultured epithelial cells, however, cell death in cultured lymphoid cells is observed within 5 days of infection). The proposed lymphocytopathic biotype correlates with high virulence in acute infections in vivo. Cell death caused by the lymphocytopathogenic biotype was not associated with changes typically seen with cytopathic viruses grown in cultured epithelial cells (e.g. changes in processing of the NS2/3 protein observed within 24h post infection, crenation and breakdown of cell integrity within the first 48 h post infection). These data suggest that the cytopathic effect induced in cultured lymphoid cells by a ncp highly virulent BVDV strain may occur by a different mechanism than the cytopathic effect induced by cp BVDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Ridpath
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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25
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Bleich A, Mähler M, Most C, Leiter EH, Liebler-Tenorio E, Elson CO, Hedrich HJ, Schlegelberger B, Sundberg JP. Refined histopathologic scoring system improves power todetect colitis QTL in mice. Mamm Genome 2004; 15:865-71. [PMID: 15672590 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-004-2392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Induction of colitis in mice by a targeted mutation in the I110 gene is inbred strain dependent. C3H/ HeJBir (C3H) mice are colitis susceptible while C57BL/6J (B6) mice are resistant. Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) determining the differential strain responsiveness requires histopathologic scoring of multiple lesion subphenotypes in both cecum and colon. Here we show that ability to detect a major C3H-derived QTL on Chr 3 (cytokine deficiency-induced colitis susceptibility 1, Cdcs1) was critically dependent upon the degree of refinement of the histopathologic scoring system. QTL mapping was performed using a first-back-cross population of interleukin-10-deficient mice and applying two different grading systems to assess lesion subphenotypes. The same histological specimens were scored by two independent pathologists using either a very detailed scoring system for four subphenotypes developed at The Jackson Laboratory (TJL) or a simpler scoring system developed at the Hannover Medical School (MHH). The more detailed TJL subphenotyping protocol increased power to identify Cdcs1 (a maximum LOD score of 4.28 versus a LOD score of 1.77 when using the abbreviated MHH subphenotyping scoring system). This study shows that for QTL mapping in a mouse model of colitis, in which histology represents the gold standard for phenotyping, ability to detect linkage is critically dependent upon the degree of refinement adopted for separately scoring the multiple histopathologic lesions comprising this complex phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. In this report, protein localization studies were performed to assess the mechanism for the release of mature virus particles from infected cells. Since BVDV is an enveloped virus, budding from either intra- or extracellular membranes is feasible. A prerequisite for the latter mechanism is the integration of viral glycoproteins into the host cell membrane. Using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the viral envelope glycoproteins E2 and E(RNS), no specific signals were detected on the surface of BVDV-infected cells by indirect fluorescence, confocal microscopy or fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses. Furthermore, biotin-labelled cell surface proteins of virus-infected and non-infected cells were not detected by immunoprecipitation using MAbs directed against E(RNS) and E2 or the non-structural protein NS2-3. None of these proteins was detected on the cell surface. In addition, to analyse the intracellular localization of the two viral glycoproteins E(RNS) and E2 and the non-structural proteins NS2-3 and NS3, subcellular fractionation of virus-infected cells followed by radioimmunoprecipitation with the MAbs were performed. These results led to the conclusion that the BVDV envelope glycoproteins E(RNS) and E2 as well as the non-structural proteins NS2-3 and NS3 were almost quantitatively associated with intracellular membranes. These findings indicate that BVDV is released by budding into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and that there seems to be no correlation between the location and function of the analysed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grummer
- Institutes of Virology1 and Pathology3, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Beer
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Boddenblick 5a, 17498 Insel Riems, Germany2
| | - E Liebler-Tenorio
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Boddenblick 5a, 17498 Insel Riems, Germany2
| | - I Greiser-Wilke
- Institutes of Virology1 and Pathology3, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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27
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Görke B, Liebler-Tenorio E. [Probiotics: Is there a scientific basis for their effects?]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2001; 108:249-51. [PMID: 11449910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic microorganisms have been used with increasing frequency in nutrition and for therapeutic purposes during the last years. Their application is generally based upon empirical experiences, since their mode of action has been the topic of investigations only recently. It became apparent that probiotics exert a wide spectrum of different effects ranging from direct antagonism against pathogens to influence upon intestinal epithelium and immune system of the host's organism. In this review, the current knowledge is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Görke
- Institut für Pathologie der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover.
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