1
|
Zarea AAK, Tempesta M, Fouad EA, Ndiana LA, Mahmoud MS, Mrenoshki D, Martella V, Decaro N, Chomel B, Greco G. Prevalence of Bartonella spp., haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. and others vector-borne pathogens in private-owned dogs and cats, Egypt. Acta Trop 2023; 240:106857. [PMID: 36775003 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens have been increasingly investigated for their impact on dog and cat health and their zoonotic potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence estimates of selected vector-borne pathogens in client-owned pets from the Giza and Cairo governorates, Egypt. Out of 200 dogs and 100 cats, 94 (47%) and 23 (23%) were positive for at least one of the tested pathogens (P<0.0001). In particular, 84 (42%) dogs and 3 (3%) cats tested PCR-positive for Bartonella spp. (P<0.0001). A significantly higher prevalence of Bartonella spp. was detected in dogs from the rural areas of the Giza governorate (60/77, 79.2%, P<0.0001) compared to those from Cairo governorate. Bartonella henselae was the dominant species infecting dogs (81/200, 40.5%) followed by Candidatus Bartonella merieuxii (3/200, 1.5%), while B. henselae (2/100, 2%) and B. clarridgeiae were rare in cats. Haemoplasma DNA was detected in 17% (34/200) of dogs and 20% (20/100) of cats with increased risk in dogs from Giza rural areas (21/77, 27.27%, P=0.002) and from both dogs (16/63, 25.40%, P=0.03) and cats (7/14, 50%, P<0.002) with anemia. Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum (30/200, 15%) and Mycoplasma haemocanis (4/200, 2%) in dogs and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (18/100, 18%) and M. haemofelis (2/100, 2%) in cats were detected. Additionally, 2 dogs were positive for C. burnetii DNA. Coinfections were detected in dogs, with the majority (23/200, 11.5%) including B. henselae and C.M. haematoparvum, followed by Mycoplasma haemocanis and C.M. haematoparvum (2/200, 1%) and B. henselae, CMhp and C. burnetii (2/200, 1%). Haemoplasma infection was high in Egyptian dogs and cats with a high prevalence for zoonotic Bartonella spp. in dogs with anemia, highlighting the need to investigate these agents in the diagnostic algorithm of anemia and to adopt preventive measures to protect both animal and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A K Zarea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - E A Fouad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - L A Ndiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - M S Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - D Mrenoshki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - G Greco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferramosca E, Napoli M, Martella V, Barbarini S, Lefons M, Ria P, Zito A, Raggi P. Intravascular lithotripsy: A new way to treat calcified radial arteries in non-functioning peripheral fistulas for dialysis. Atherosclerosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
3
|
Patterson EI, Elia G, Grassi A, Giordano A, Desario C, Medardo M, Smith SL, Anderson ER, Prince T, Patterson GT, Lorusso E, Lucente MS, Lanave G, Lauzi S, Bonfanti U, Stranieri A, Martella V, Solari Basano F, Barrs VR, Radford AD, Agrimi U, Hughes GL, Paltrinieri S, Decaro N. Evidence of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs from households in Italy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6231. [PMID: 33277505 PMCID: PMC7718263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emerged from animals and is now easily transmitted between people. Sporadic detection of natural cases in animals alongside successful experimental infections of pets, such as cats, ferrets and dogs, raises questions about the susceptibility of animals under natural conditions of pet ownership. Here, we report a large-scale study to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection in 919 companion animals living in northern Italy, sampled at a time of frequent human infection. No animals tested PCR positive. However, 3.3% of dogs and 5.8% of cats had measurable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers, with dogs from COVID-19 positive households being significantly more likely to test positive than those from COVID-19 negative households. Understanding risk factors associated with this and their potential to infect other species requires urgent investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E I Patterson
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - G Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - A Grassi
- I-VET srl, Laboratorio di Analisi Veterinarie, Via Ettore Majorana, 10 - 25020, Flero, BS, Italy
| | - A Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - C Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - M Medardo
- La Vallonèa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, via G. Sirtori 9, 20017, Passirana di Rho, MI, Italy
| | - S L Smith
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - E R Anderson
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - T Prince
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - G T Patterson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - E Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - M S Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - G Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - S Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - U Bonfanti
- La Vallonèa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, via G. Sirtori 9, 20017, Passirana di Rho, MI, Italy
| | - A Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - F Solari Basano
- Arcoblu s.r.l., via Alessandro Milesi 5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - V R Barrs
- City University's Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, 5/F, Block 1A, To Yuen Building, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - A D Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - U Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - G L Hughes
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - S Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patterson EI, Elia G, Grassi A, Giordano A, Desario C, Medardo M, Smith SL, Anderson ER, Prince T, Patterson GT, Lorusso E, Lucente MS, Lanave G, Lauzi S, Bonfanti U, Stranieri A, Martella V, Basano FS, Barrs VR, Radford AD, Agrimi U, Hughes GL, Paltrinieri S, Decaro N. Evidence of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs from households in Italy. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32743588 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.21.214346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 originated in animals and is now easily transmitted between people. Sporadic detection of natural cases in animals alongside successful experimental infections of pets, such as cats, ferrets and dogs, raises questions about the susceptibility of animals under natural conditions of pet ownership. Here we report a large-scale study to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection in 817 companion animals living in northern Italy, sampled at a time of frequent human infection. No animals tested PCR positive. However, 3.4% of dogs and 3.9% of cats had measurable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers, with dogs from COVID-19 positive households being significantly more likely to test positive than those from COVID-19 negative households. Understanding risk factors associated with this and their potential to infect other species requires urgent investigation. One Sentence Summary SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pets from Italy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Camero M, Lanave G, Lucente MS, Losurdo M, Di Paola G, Lorusso E, Martella V, Buonavoglia C, Tempesta M. Bubaline alphaherpesvirus 1 induces a latent/reactivable infection in goats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:54-57. [PMID: 30711046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Latent infection is a common mechanism used by several alphaherpesviruses to persist in their host but it is not clear whether this mechanism is also triggered in heterologous infections. Cross-species infections have been documented repeatedly for alphaherpesviruses of ruminants, a group of closely related viruses. Herewith we report latent infection with bubaline alphaherpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1) in experimentally infected goats and subsequent virus reactivation after treatment with dexamethasone (DMS) at 10 months after infection. After DMS treatment, the virus was isolated in one such animal in the nasal swabs from day 3 to 9 post treatment and in the ocular swabs at day 6. The goat was euthanized 48 days after DMS treatment and viral DNA was detected by PCR in the trigeminal ganglia and in two cervical ganglia. Additionally, BuHV-1 DNA was detected by PCR in the trigeminal ganglia of the other 3 goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - G Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - M S Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - M Losurdo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - G Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - E Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - C Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - M Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Sp. Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
La Rosa G, Della Libera S, Iaconelli M, Proroga YTR, De Medici D, Martella V, Suffredini E. Detection of Norovirus GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 in Shellfish, Marine Water and Underwater Sewage Discharges in Italy. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:326-333. [PMID: 28258477 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and the variants of genotype GII.4 are currently the predominant human strains. Recently, a novel variant of NoV GII.17 (GII.P17_GII.17 NoV), termed Kawasaki 2014, has been reported as the cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in Asia, replacing the pandemic strain GII.4 Sydney 2012. The GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 variant has also been reported sporadically in patients with gastroenteritis outside of Asia, including Italy. In this study, 384 shellfish samples were subjected to screening for human NoVs using real-time PCR and 259 (67.4%) tested positive for Genogroup II (GII) NoV. Of these, 52 samples, selected as representative of different areas and sampling dates, were further amplified by conventional PCR targeting the capsid gene, using broad-range primers. Forty shellfish samples were characterized by amplicon sequencing as GII.4 (n = 29), GII.2 (n = 4), GII.6 (n = 2), GII.12 (n = 2), and GII.17 (n = 3). Sixty-eight water samples (39 seawater samples from the corresponding shellfish production areas and 29 water samples from nearby underwater sewage discharge points) were also tested using the above broad-range assay: eight NoV-positive samples were characterized as GII.1 (n = 3), GII.2 (n = 1), GII.4 (n = 2), and GII.6 (n = 2). Based on full genome sequences available in public databases, a novel RT-PCR nested assay specific for GII.17 NoVs was designed and used to re-test the characterized shellfish (40) and water (8) samples. In this second screening, the RNA of GII.17 NoV was identified in 17 additional shellfish samples and in one water sample. Upon phylogenetic analysis, these GII.17 NoV isolates were closely related to the novel GII.17 Kawasaki 2014. Interestingly, our findings chronologically matched the emergence of the Kawasaki 2014 variant in the Italian population (early 2015), as reported by hospital-based NoV surveillance. These results, showing GII.17 NoV strains to be widespread in shellfish samples collected in 2015 in Italy, provide indirect evidence that this strain has started circulating in the Italian population. Notably, using a specific assay, we were able to detect many more samples positive for GII.17 NoV, indicating that, in food and water matrices, broad-range assays for NoV may grossly underestimate the prevalence of some, less common, NoVs. The detection of the GII.17 strain Kawasaki 2014 in clinical, water and food samples in Italy highlights the need for more systematic surveillance for future disease control and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Y T R Proroga
- Department of Food Inspection, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via della Salute 2, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - D De Medici
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elia G, Lanave G, Lorusso E, Parisi A, Trotta A, Buono R, Martella V, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Equine hepacivirus persistent infection in a horse with chronic wasting. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1354-1358. [PMID: 28707785 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine hepacivirus is the closest homologue of hepatitis C virus. Limited data on the clinical features of this infection are available. We report the identification of a horse with high-titre viremia by equine hepacivirus. Over a 15-month follow-up, the clinical signs and the viremic status persisted, suggesting a chronic evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - G Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - E Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - A Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Sezione di Putignano, Putignano, Bari, Italy
| | - A Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - R Buono
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - C Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
La Bella G, Martella V, Basanisi MG, Nobili G, Terio V, La Salandra G. Food-Borne Viruses in Shellfish: Investigation on Norovirus and HAV Presence in Apulia (SE Italy). Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:179-186. [PMID: 27943110 PMCID: PMC5429374 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish are an important vehicle for transmission of food-borne pathogens including norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). The risks related with consumption of shellfish are greater if these products are eaten raw or slightly cooked. As molluscs are filter-feeding organisms, they are able to concentrate pathogens dispersed in the water. Data on shellfish viral contamination are therefore useful to obtain a background information on the presence of contamination in the environment, chiefly in shellfish production areas and to generate a picture of the epidemiology of viral pathogens in local populations. From January 2013 to July 2015, 253 samples of bivalve molluscs collected in harvesting areas from a large coastal tract (860 km) of Southern Italy were screened for HAV and NoV of genogroups GI and GII, using real-time reverse transcription qualitative PCR. The RNA of HAV was not detected in any of the analyzed samples. In contrast, the RNA of NoV was identified in 14.2% of the samples with a higher prevalence of NoVs of genogroup GII (12.2%) than genogroup GI (1.6%). Upon sequence analysis of a short diagnostic region located in capsid region, the NoV strains were characterized as GII.2, GII.4 Sydney 2012, GII.6, GII.13, GI.4, and GI.6, all which were circulating in local populations in the same time span. These data confirm that consumption of mussels can expose consumers to relevant risks of infection. Also, matching between the NoV genotypes circulating in local population and detected in molluscs confirms the diffusion in the environment of NoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G La Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - M G Basanisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - G Nobili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - V Terio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - G La Salandra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Terio V, Bottaro M, Pavoni E, Losio MN, Serraino A, Giacometti F, Martella V, Mottola A, Di Pinto A, Tantillo G. Occurrence of hepatitis A and E and norovirus GI and GII in ready-to-eat vegetables in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 249:61-65. [PMID: 28319799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fresh vegetables and their ready-to-eat (RTE) salads have become increasingly recognized as potential vehicles for foodborne diseases. The EU Reg. 1441/2007 establishes microbiological criteria for bacterial pathogens for products placed on the market during their shelf-life (i.e. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes) for pre-cut fruits and vegetables (RTE) whilst it does not address the problem of contamination by enteric viruses. In this study we investigated the contamination by hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and norovirus (NoV) in 911 ready-to-eat vegetable samples taken from products at retail in Apulia and in Lombardia. The vegetable samples were tested using validated real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assays, ISO standardized virological methods and ISO culturing methods for bacteriological analysis. The total prevalence of HAV and HEV was 1.9% (18/911) and 0.6% (6/911), respectively. None of the samples analysed in this study was positive for NoV, Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes. The detection of HAV and HEV in RTE salads highlights a risk to consumers and the need to improve production hygiene. Appropriate implementation of hygiene procedures is required at all the steps of the RTE vegetable production chain and this should include monitoring of emerging viral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - M Bottaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - E Pavoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi no. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M N Losio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi no. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - F Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - A Mottola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - A Di Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - G Tantillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Splenitis is uncommonly reported in dogs. Herein, the authors describe its prevalence, clinical findings and outcomes, histologic patterns, and causes. Splenic samples of dogs diagnosed with splenitis between 2005 and 2013 were collected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Gram, green-Gram, Giemsa, periodic acid–Schiff, and Ziehl-Neelsen. Samples were processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect bacteria, fungi, and protozoa ( Leishmania infantum, Hepatozoon canis). Thirty-three of 660 splenic samples (5%) had splenitis. Clinical findings and outcomes were available in 19 dogs (58%); 49% had weakness, 33% had fever, and 84% survived. The most frequent inflammatory patterns included purulent splenitis (27%), pyogranulomatous splenitis (24%), and neutrophilic perisplenitis (15%). One dog had a putative diagnosis of primary splenitis; in 8 dogs, microorganisms were identified histologically or by PCR in the spleen without obvious comorbidities. Twenty-four dogs (73%) had concurrent diseases; a permissive role in the development of splenitis was suspected in 21 of these cases. Histologic examination identified the cause of splenitis in 10 dogs. Bacteria were identified by PCR in 23 cases, but the bacteria were confirmed histologically in only 6 of these. Leishmania was detected with PCR in 6 dogs. Leishmania was identified in 1 dog and H. canis in another histologically, but both were PCR negative. Fungi were identified in 8 spleens by PCR and in 1 by histology. This study suggests that splenitis is uncommon in dogs and is frequently associated with systemic diseases. Prognosis is favorable in most cases. Identification of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the spleens of affected dogs with PCR should be interpreted cautiously, because the findings are not confirmed histologically in many cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ferri
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - E. Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. Auriemma
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - M. Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Sciences, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - L. M. Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - A. Peano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - V. Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - N. Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - P. Kuhnert
- Institute Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S. Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Sciences, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Terio V, Bottaro M, Di Pinto A, Catella C, Chironna M, Bozzo G, Kingsley DH, Bonerba E, Morea A, Martella V. Outbreak of Hepatitis A in Italy Associated with Frozen Redcurrants Imported from Poland: A Case Study. Food Environ Virol 2015; 7:305-308. [PMID: 26001535 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was detected in a batch of imported non-packaged frozen redcurrants purchased in a Bari grocery. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed the HAV strain clustered tightly with the HAV strain from the 2013 Italian epidemic, providing additional evidence that frozen redcurrants were the main vehicle of the HAV outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", S.p. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Graaf M, van Beek J, Vennema H, Podkolzin AT, Hewitt J, Bucardo F, Templeton K, Mans J, Nordgren J, Reuter G, Lynch M, Rasmussen LD, Iritani N, Chan MC, Martella V, Ambert-Balay K, Vinjé J, White PA, Koopmans MP. Emergence of a novel GII.17 norovirus – End of the GII.4 era? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26159308 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.26.21178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the winter of 2014/15 a novel GII.P17-GII.17 norovirus strain (GII.17 Kawasaki 2014) emerged, as a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in China and Japan. Since their emergence these novel GII.P17-GII.17 viruses have replaced the previously dominant GII.4 genotype Sydney 2012 variant in some areas in Asia but were only detected in a limited number of cases on other continents. This perspective provides an overview of the available information on GII.17 viruses in order to gain insight in the viral and host characteristics of this norovirus genotype. We further discuss the emergence of this novel GII.P17-GII.17 norovirus in context of current knowledge on the epidemiology of noroviruses. It remains to be seen if the currently dominant norovirus strain GII.4 Sydney 2012 will be replaced in other parts of the world. Nevertheless, the public health community and surveillance systems need to be prepared in case of a potential increase of norovirus activity in the next seasons caused by this novel GII.P17-GII.17 norovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M de Graaf
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elia G, Camero M, Decaro N, Lovero A, Martella V, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C, Crescenzo G. In vitro inhibition of caprine herpesvirus 1 by acyclovir and mizoribine. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99:208-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
14
|
Papp H, Mihalov-Kovács E, Dóró R, Marton S, Farkas SL, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S, Martella V, Bányai K. Full-genome sequencing of a Hungarian canine G3P[3] Rotavirus A strain reveals high genetic relatedness with a historic Italian human strain. Virus Genes 2015; 50:310-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Giammanco GM, De Grazia S, Terio V, Lanave G, Catella C, Bonura F, Saporito L, Medici MC, Tummolo F, Calderaro A, Bányai K, Hansman G, Martella V. Analysis of early strains of the norovirus pandemic variant GII.4 Sydney 2012 identifies mutations in adaptive sites of the capsid protein. Virology 2014; 450-451:355-8. [PMID: 24503099 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Global surveillance for norovirus identified in 2012 the emergence of a novel pandemic GII.4 variant, termed Sydney 2012. In Italy, the novel pandemic variant was identified as early as November 2011 but became predominant only in the winter season 2012-2013. Upon sequencing and comparison with strains of global origin, the early Sydney 2012 strains were found to differ from those spreading in 2012-2013 in the capsid (ORF2) putative epitopes B, C and D, segregating into a distinct phylogenetic clade. At least three residues (333, 340 and 393, in epitopes B, C and D, respectively) of the VP1 varied among Sydney 2012 strains of different clades. These findings suggest that the spread of the pandemic variant in Italy during the winter season 2012-2013 was due to the introduction of strains distinct from those circulating at low frequency in the former winter season and that similar strains were also circulating elsewhere worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italia.
| | - S De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italia
| | - V Terio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italia
| | - G Lanave
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italia
| | - C Catella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italia
| | - F Bonura
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italia
| | - L Saporito
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italia
| | - M C Medici
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Unità di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italia
| | - F Tummolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Unità di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italia
| | - A Calderaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Unità di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italia
| | - K Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Unità di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Muscillo M, Fratini M, Graffeo R, Sanguinetti M, Martella V, Green KY, Della Libera S, La Rosa G. GIV Noroviruses in Wastewaters and in Stool Specimens from Hospitalized Patients. Food Environ Virol 2013; 5:10.1007/s12560-013-9121-5. [PMID: 23943065 PMCID: PMC5570654 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are important human pathogens associated with foodborne and waterborne gastroenteritis. These viruses are genetically highly heterogeneous, with more than forty genotypes within three genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) identified in humans. However, the vast majority of human infections are associated with variants of a unique genotype, GII.4. Aside from these NoV strains of epidemiological relevance, NoV strains of genogroup GIV (Alphatron-like) are reported in a sporadic fashion and their overall prevalence in the community is unknown and this likely reflects the lack of specific diagnostic tools. We analyzed raw sewages collected from 32 wastewater treatment plants distributed throughout Italy (307 samples) and stool specimens collected from hospitalized patients with clinical signs of diarrhea of unknown etiology (285 samples). By using specific qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR assays, 21.8 % of the sewage samples and 3.2 % of the stool specimens tested positive for GIV NoVs. The number of genome copies in fecal samples ranged from 5.08 × 104 to 1.73× 106/g of feces. Sequence analysis showed limited genetic variability in human GIV viruses. The presence of GIV NoV both in sewage and in clinical samples confirms that not only GI and GII NoVs but also GIV strains are circulating in humans. Monitoring of GIV NoV is recommended in order to understand the dynamics of circulation in human populations, environmental contamination, and potential health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Muscillo
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martella V, Potgieter AC, Lorusso E, De Grazia S, Giammanco GM, Matthijnssens J, Bányai K, Ciarlet M, Lavazza A, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. A feline rotavirus G3P[9] carries traces of multiple reassortment events and resembles rare human G3P[9] rotaviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1214-1221. [PMID: 21228122 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The full-length genome sequence of a feline G3P[9] rotavirus (RV) strain, BA222, identified from the intestinal content of an adult cat, was determined. Strain BA222 possessed a G3-P[9]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N1-T3-E2-H3 genomic constellation, differing substantially from other feline RVs. Phylogenetic analyses of each genome segment revealed common origins with selected animal and zoonotic human RVs, notably with rare multi-reassortant human G3P[9] RVs (Ita/PAI58/96 and Ita/PAH136/96). Altogether, the findings suggest that feline RVs are genetically diverse and that human RVs may occasionally originate either directly or indirectly (via reassortment) from feline RVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - E Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - S De Grazia
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Italy
| | - G M Giammanco
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Italy
| | | | - K Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Ciarlet
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines - Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratory, North Wales, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - C Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Grazia S, Platia M, Rotolo V, Colomba C, Martella V, Giammanco G. Surveillance of human astrovirus circulation in Italy 2002-2005: emergence of lineage 2c strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:97-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
19
|
Ntafis V, Fragkiadaki E, Xylouri E, Omirou A, Lavazza A, Martella V. Rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in foals in Greece. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:461-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Collins PJ, Martella V, Sleator RD, Fanning S, O'Shea H. Detection and characterisation of group A rotavirus in asymptomatic piglets in southern Ireland. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1247-59. [PMID: 20526785 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcine group A rotaviruses (GARV) are causative agents of enteritis in piglets and are a large reservoir of genetic material for the diversification of human GARVs. Accumulation of information on the genetic heterogeneity of porcine viruses is pivotal for readily characterising unusual human strains. Screening of 292 fecal samples, collected from 4-5- to 8-9-week-old asymptomatic pigs from four herds in Ireland between 2005 and 2007 resulted in 19 (6.5%) samples testing positive by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for GARV. The strains were molecularly characterized to collate data on the VP7 and partial VP4 outer capsid genes. By sequence analysis of the VP7 gene, the Irish strains were identified as G2, G4, G5, G9 and G11 viruses. The G11 strains were closely related to other human and porcine G11 strains, while the G2 strains resembled porcine G2 viruses detected recently in Europe and southern Asia. The G4 strains were distantly related to other G4 human and animal strains, constituting a separate G4 VP7 lineage. Analysis of the G5 strains revealed that they were similar to a selection of G5 human and porcine strains, while the G9 strains resembled other porcine G9 viruses. By sequence analysis of the VP8* fragment of the VP4, the Irish viruses were characterised as P[6], P[7], P[13], P[13]/[22], P[26] and P[32].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Di Pinto P, Terio V, Martella V, Tantillo G. DISTRIBUTION OF A NEW VARIANT GII.b/HILVERSUM OF NOROVIRUS IN RETAIL MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS. Ital J Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2009.5.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
22
|
Makoschey B, Klee W, Martella V, Bridger J, Smiths DGE, Daugschies A, Millemann Y, Liebler-Tenorio E, Snodgrass D, Claerebout E, Bendali F, van de Ven J, Garcia A, Illek J, Kaske M, Cutler K, González-Martín JV, Carvalho LM, Crouch C, Thiry E. Neonatal health in calves--comprehensive solutions for complex enteric disorders. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2009; 122:398-408. [PMID: 19863013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Makoschey
- Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Martella V, Bányai K, Matthijnssens J, Buonavoglia C, Ciarlet M. Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2009; 140:246-55. [PMID: 19781872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are important enteric pathogens of humans and animals. Group A rotaviruses (GARVs) account for up to 1 million children deaths each year, chiefly in developing countries and human vaccines are now available in many countries. Rotavirus-associated enteritis is a major problem in livestock animals, notably in young calves and piglets. Early in the epidemiological GARV studies in humans, either sporadic cases or epidemics by atypical, animal-like GARV strains were described. Complete genome sequencing of human and animal GARV strains has revealed a striking genetic heterogeneity in the 11 double stranded RNA segments across different rotavirus strains and has provided evidence for frequent intersections between the evolution of human and animal rotaviruses, as a result of multiple, repeated events of interspecies transmission and subsequent adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Terio V, Martella V, Moschidou P, Di Pinto P, Tantillo G, Buonavoglia C. Norovirus in retail shellfish. Food Microbiol 2009; 27:29-32. [PMID: 19913688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with consumption of raw shellfish. The majority of norovirus infections worldwide are due to genogroup II noroviruses. Bivalve molluscs (mussels, clams and oysters) at the end of the commercial chain, the points of purchase, were sampled between 2005 and 2008 in several retail points in Apulia, Italy, and screened by a semi-nested RT-PCR specific for genogroup II noroviruses. Noroviral RNA was detected in 12.1% of the samples, with lower frequency being observed in samples obtained from hypermarkets (8.1%) rather than in samples from open-air markets and fish shops (17.6% and 16.2%, respectively). By sequence analysis, the strains were characterized as norovirus variants GII.4/2004 and GII.b/Hilversum, which were both circulating in Italy in the same time-span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Terio
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Decaro N, Cirone F, Desario C, Elia G, Lorusso E, Colaianni ML, Martella V, Buonavoglia C. Severe parvovirus in a 12-year-old dog that had been repeatedly vaccinated. Vet Rec 2009; 164:593-5. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.19.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Decaro
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari; Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - F. Cirone
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari; Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - C. Desario
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari; Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - G. Elia
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari; Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - E. Lorusso
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari; Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - M. L. Colaianni
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari; Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - V. Martella
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari; Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - C. Buonavoglia
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari; Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bányai K, Kisfali P, Bogdán A, Martella V, Melegh B, Erdman D, Szucs G. Adenovirus gastroenteritis in Hungary, 2003-2006. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:997-9. [PMID: 19259710 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and type distribution of enteric human adenoviruses (HAds) among diarrheic children in south-western Hungary was investigated from 2003 through 2006. Laboratory studies were conducted using commercial antigen detection tests (latex agglutination or immunochromatography), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, single-strand conformation polymorphism, and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a conservative region of the HAd hexon gene. The overall rate of HAd infection in childhood gastroenteritis cases during the 4-year study was 8.1%, with a gradual decrease in detection rates from 11.7% in 2003 to 5.7% in 2006. Molecular studies of a subset of HAd-positive samples found that enteric HAd type 40 strains were identified only in 2003 and 2004, while HAd type 41 strains were identified throughout the 4-year study. Higher detection rates of non-enteric HAds was documented during the first half of the study period when latex agglutination was used in our laboratory for detection. Our study suggests that the choice of diagnostic method may profoundly influence the epidemiologic picture and disease burden attributed to enteric HAd infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21., Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bozzo G, Ceci E, Pinto P, Bonerba E, Martella V, Terio E, Tantillo G. Ochratoxin A in avicultural meat production: chemical and histological effects. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that may contaminate various foods and beverages. Ochratoxins may undergo bio-concentration in some animal tissues/organs and reach concentrations in meat products that are not acceptable for human consumption. The intake of ochratoxins by humans may result in typical syndromes (nephrotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and immunotoxicity) and has been associated with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. In this study we evaluated the effects and the dynamics of accumulation of ochratoxin A in the organs and tissues after prolonged exposure (40 days) in broilers through their productive cycle. Cytological and histological examinations revealed severe alterations in the hepatic and renal tissues only in animals fed with high dosages (200 µg/kg) of ochratoxin A. But the toxin was detected at levels of 0.78-2.15 µg/kg at day 10 in the tissues of animals that were given feed containing 100 µg/kg, a dosage of ochratoxin A admitted by the current EU recommendation and Italian legislation, and that did not display gross or histo-pathological lesions. Consumption of ochratoxin A-contaminated avian meat, containing such ochratoxin concentrations, could pose a health risk for some human categories. Intensification of surveillance for fungal toxins in animal feeds is advisable in order to understand and prevent this risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Bozzo
- Dipartimento di Sanità e Benessere degli Animali, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - E. Ceci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - P. Pinto
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - E. Bonerba
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - V. Martella
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - E. Terio
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - G. Tantillo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Decaro N, Desario C, Miccolupo A, Campolo M, Parisi A, Martella V, Amorisco F, Lucente MS, Lavazza A, Buonavoglia C. Genetic analysis of feline panleukopenia viruses from cats with gastroenteritis. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2290-2298. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-nine parvovirus strains contained in faecal samples collected in Italy (n=34) and UK (n=5) from cats with feline panleukopenia were characterized at the molecular level. All viruses were proven to be true feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) strains by a minor groove binder probe assay, which is able to discriminate between FPLV and the closely related canine parvovirus type 2. By using sequence analysis of the VP2 gene, it was found that the FPLV strains detected in Italy and UK were highly related to each other, with a nucleotide identity of 99.1–100 and 99.4–99.8 % among Italian and British strains, respectively, whereas the similarities between all the sequences analysed were 98.6–100 %. Eighty-eight variable positions were detected in the VP2 gene of the field and reference FPLV strains, most of which were singletons. Synonymous substitutions (n=57) predominated over non-synonymous substitutions (n=31), and the ratio between synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) was 0.10, thus confirming that evolution of FPLV is driven by random genetic drift rather than by positive selection pressure. Some amino acid mutations in the VP2 protein affected sites that are thought to be responsible for antigenic and biological properties of the virus, but no clear patterns of segregation and genetic markers, were identified, confirming that FPLV is in evolutionary stasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Decaro
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - C. Desario
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - A. Miccolupo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - M. Campolo
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - A. Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - V. Martella
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - F. Amorisco
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - M. S. Lucente
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - A. Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - C. Buonavoglia
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ceci L, Decaro N, Lorusso E, Paradies P, Elia G, Martella V, Buonavoglia C, Carelli G. First report of bovine anaplasmosis by Anaplasma centrale in Europe, molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32 Suppl 1:S263-6. [PMID: 18696245 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Ceci
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Greco G, Corrente M, Buonavoglia D, Campanile G, Di Palo R, Martella V, Bellacicco A, D’Abramo M, Buonavoglia C. Epizootic abortion related to infections by Chlamydophila abortus and Chlamydophila pecorum in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology 2008; 69:1061-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
31
|
Bányai K, Martella V, Bogdán Á, Forgách P, Jakab F, Meleg E, Bíró H, Melegh B, Szűcs G. Genogroup I picobirnaviruses in pigs: evidence for genetic diversity and relatedness to human strains. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:534-539. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small, non-enveloped viruses with a bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome. Their pathogenic potential, ecology, and evolutionary features are largely unexplored. Here, we describe the molecular analysis of porcine PBVs identified in the intestinal content of dead pigs. Six of 13 positive samples were cloned and then subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and nucleotide sequencing. All clones belonged to genogroup I PBVs and almost all clones clustered on separate branches from human strains. A single strain shared a notably close genetic relationship with a Hungarian human PBV strain (89.9 nt and 96.4 % aa identity). Genetic diversity was also observed among strains identified in mixed infections. Single point mutations and deleterious mutations within highly related strains suggested that PBVs exist as quasispecies in the swine alimentary tract. Clones with complete sequence identities originating from different animals suggested effective animal-to-animal transmission of the virus. Our findings indicate that infection with genogroup I PBVs is common in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Bányai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, Baranya County Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - V. Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, University of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, I-70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Á. Bogdán
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, Baranya County Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - P. Forgách
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - F. Jakab
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, Baranya County Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - E. Meleg
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, Baranya County Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - H. Bíró
- AKA-HYB Ltd, Tompa M. u. 15, H-7700 Mohács, Hungary
| | - B. Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - G. Szűcs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, Baranya County Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Martella V, Bányai K, Lorusso E, Bellacicco AL, Decaro N, Mari V, Saif L, Costantini V, De Grazia S, Pezzotti G, Lavazza A, Buonavoglia C. Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets. Virus Genes 2008; 36:365-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
33
|
Damiani AM, Scicluna MT, Ciabatti I, Cardeti G, Sala M, Vulcano G, Cordioli P, Martella V, Amaddeo D, Autorino GL. Genetic characterization of equine influenza viruses isolated in Italy between 1999 and 2005. Virus Res 2008; 131:100-5. [PMID: 17889395 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During local respiratory disease outbreaks, occurring in 2003 and 2004 in horse training stables within race-tracks in Rome, and on a stud horse farm in Bari in 2005, four strains of equine influenza (EI) virus were isolated. All outbreaks occurred in flu-vaccinated horses. Here, we are reporting the results of the genetic characterization of these isolates, together with that of another EI virus strain isolated in 1999 from a dead foal presenting pulmonary lesions. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses were carried out using the haemagglutinin amino acid sequences. The Rome and Bari isolates were identified as members of the American lineage, closely related to other recent strains isolated in America as well as in Europe, including the latest recommended American lineage vaccine prototype A/eq/SouthAfrica/4/2003. In contrast, the Italian 1999 isolate was clustered within the European lineage. In Italy, the most recent outbreaks of EI have been caused by the currently circulating American-like strains, even in vaccinated populations, confirming that vaccines should contain an updated representative strain of this lineage. Presently, companies are still in the process of registering updated vaccines but no product is yet available on the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Damiani
- National Reference Centre for Equine Diseases-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tempesta M, Camero M, Bellacicco A, Tarsitano E, Lorusso A, Martella V, Decaro N, Del Giudice G, Cassone A, Quaranta A, Buonavoglia C. Caprine herpesvirus 1 vaccine with the LTK63 mutant as a mucosal adjuvant induces strong protection against genital infection in goats. Vaccine 2007; 25:7927-30. [PMID: 17920733 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
35
|
Corrente M, Normanno G, Martella V, Bellacicco AL, Quaglia NC, Dambrosio A, Buonavoglia D, D'Abramo M, Buonavoglia C. Comparison of methods for the detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food products. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:535-9. [PMID: 17916133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare several methods for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food. METHODS AND RESULTS Two hundred S. aureus isolates from food of animal origin were screened for methicillin resistance by a PCR assay specific for the mecA gene, an oxacillin agar screen test and a cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Six out of 200 strains (3%) were found to be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by PCR. The oxacillin agar screen test detected only one of the MRSA isolates (sensitivity of 16.7%) and mischaracterized three additional strains as MRSA (specificity of 98.45%). None of the MRSA strains was detected by the cefoxitin test (sensitivity of 0%), while 15 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains were misclassified as resistant (specificity of 92.3%). Fifteen MSSA strains displayed a beta-lactamase hyperproducer-like phenotype. The six MRSA (mecA-positive) strains resembled the characteristics of heteroresistant strains. CONCLUSIONS As MRSA of animal origin may display atypical phenotypes, PCR appears to be more reliable for detection of methicillin resistance in animal strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study stresses the need for implementing the methods of screening S. aureus from food of animal origin for methicillin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Corrente
- Department of Health and Animal Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov per Casamassima, km. 3, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
De Grazia S, Giammanco G, Ramirez S, Cascio A, Martella V, Arista S. P1443 Isolation of a canine-like human rotavirus strain G3P [3] from a child with acute gastroenteritis hospitalised in Palermo, Italy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(07)71282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
De Grazia S, Ramirez S, Giammanco GM, Colomba C, Martella V, Lo Biundo C, Mazzola R, Arista S. Diversity of human rotaviruses detected in Sicily, Italy, over a 5-year period (2001-2005). Arch Virol 2006; 152:833-7. [PMID: 17160368 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection was detected in 39.9% of 1030 children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in Palermo, Italy, in the period 2001-2005. Rotavirus strains belonging to G1, G4 and G9 types were continually detected, with G1 being the most common type in 2001, 2002 and 2004. A G4 epidemic occurred in 2003, while G9 was predominant in 2005. G2 strains displayed a low prevalence, except in 2003. G3 rotaviruses accounted for 2.7-17% of the gastroenteritis episodes in 2002-2005. The P-type of a subset of 166 strains confirmed the circulation of the usual G/P combinations, but single G1P[6], G9P[9] and G6P[9] strains were also found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S De Grazia
- Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Decaro N, Martella V, Desario C, Bellacicco AL, Camero M, Manna L, d'Aloja D, Buonavoglia C. First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with haemorrhagic enteritis in Spain. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2006; 53:468-72. [PMID: 17123424 PMCID: PMC7165763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), the aetiological agent of haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs, includes three antigenic variants, types 2a, 2b and 2c. CPV-2c has been detected initially in Italy and subsequently in Vietnam. We report the first identification of this novel antigenic variant in Spain, where it caused an outbreak of fatal enteritis in basset hound pups in association with canine coronavirus type I and type II. We suggest that this new antigenic variant of CPV-2 could spread throughout Europe and that there is a subsequent need to update current CPV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Decaro
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bányai K, Jiang B, Bogdán A, Horváth B, Jakab F, Meleg E, Martella V, Magyari L, Melegh B, Szucs G. Prevalence and molecular characterization of human group C rotaviruses in Hungary. J Clin Virol 2006; 37:317-22. [PMID: 16996791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group C rotaviruses are recognized enteric pathogens of humans and animals. Human group C rotaviruses have been associated with sporadic episodes and large outbreaks of gastroenteritis in children and adults but their epidemiology and ecology are still unexplored. OBJECTIVES To collect epidemiological data on group C rotavirus infections among children with gastroenteritis in Hungary and perform molecular characterization on the identified strains. STUDY DESIGN Fecal samples were collected during the 2003 surveillance in Baranya County, Hungary. The presence of group C rotavirus RNA was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for the VP6 gene. The identified strains were further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the VP7, VP6, VP4, and NSP4 genes. RESULTS Three of 472 samples (0.6%) tested positive for group C rotavirus. Two samples were selected for molecular analysis. Strains BaC 6104/03 and BaC 11549/03 displayed an overall identity of >99.8% and 99.3% at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. The VP7 of the strain BaC 6104/03 was most closely related (99.5% aa) to the Nigerian strain Jajeri, while the VP4s of strains BaC 6104/03 and BaC 11549/03 were more similar (98.1% aa) to strains Belem and 208, detected in Brazil and China, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on this 1-year study, we conclude that group C rotaviruses are not of epidemiological relevance in the etiology of childhood acute gastroenteritis in Hungary. The low sequence divergence between the Hungarian strains suggested that a single group C rotavirus strain circulated in this period in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bányai
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, Baranya County Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Martella V, Ciarlet M, Bányai K, Lorusso E, Arista S, Lavazza A, Pezzotti G, Decaro N, Cavalli A, Lucente MS, Corrente M, Elia G, Camero M, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Identification of group A porcine rotavirus strains bearing a novel VP4 (P) Genotype in Italian swine herds. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 45:577-80. [PMID: 17122003 PMCID: PMC1829060 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02262-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The VP4 gene of a G5 Italian porcine rotavirus strain, 344/04-1, was nontypeable by PCR genotyping. The amino acid sequence of the full-length VP4 protein had low identity (<or=76.6%) with the homologous sequences of representative strains of the remaining P genotypes, providing evidence for a novel P genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martella V, Cirone F, Elia G, Lorusso E, Decaro N, Campolo M, Desario C, Lucente MS, Bellacicco AL, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Carmichael LE, Buonavoglia C. Heterogeneity within the hemagglutinin genes of canine distemper virus (CDV) strains detected in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2006; 116:301-9. [PMID: 16730927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen causing lethal disease in dogs and other mammalians. A high degree of genetic variation is found between recent CDV strains and the old CDV isolates used in the vaccines and such genetic variation is regarded as a possible cause of the increasing number of CDV-related diseases in dogs. The H gene shows the greatest extent of genetic variation that allows for distinction of various lineages, according to a geographical pattern of distribution and irrespective of the species of identification. In the present study, hemagglutinin (H) genes obtained from field strains detected from clinical specimens of Italian dogs were analyzed genetically. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a homogeneous group of CDV strains is widespread in Italian dogs, all which are included into the European lineage. Unexpectedly, strains 179/04 and 48/05 clustered along with CDVs of the Arctic lineage, the highest identity being to strain GR88 (98.0 and 98.4%aa, respectively). The full-length sequence of a red fox CDV strain, 207/00 was also determined and analyzed. The H protein of the fox CDV strain was unrelated to strains within the major European lineage. These results suggest that at least three different CDV lineages are present in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Martella V, Ciarlet M, Bányai K, Lorusso E, Cavalli A, Corrente M, Elia G, Arista S, Camero M, Desario C, Decaro N, Lavazza A, Buonavoglia C. Identification of a novel VP4 genotype carried by a serotype G5 porcine rotavirus strain. Virology 2005; 346:301-11. [PMID: 16364388 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 08/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus genome segment 4, encoding the spike outer capsid VP4 protein, of a porcine rotavirus (PoRV) strain, 134/04-15, identified in Italy was sequenced, and the predicted amino acid (aa) sequence was compared to those of all known VP4 (P) genotypes. The aa sequence of the full-length VP4 protein of the PoRV strain 134/04-15 showed aa identity values ranging from 59.7% (bovine strain KK3, P8[11]) to 86.09% (porcine strain A46, P[13]) with those of the remaining 25 P genotypes. Moreover, aa sequence analysis of the corresponding VP8* trypsin cleavage fragment revealed that the PoRV strain 134/04-15 shared low identity, ranging from 37.52% (bovine strain 993/83, P[17]) to 73.6% (porcine strain MDR-13, P[13]), with those of the remaining 25 P genotypes. Phylogenetic relationships showed that the VP4 of the PoRV strain 134/04-15 shares a common evolutionary origin with porcine P[13] and lapine P[22] rotavirus strains. Additional sequence analyses of the VP7, VP6, and NSP4 genes of the PoRV strain 134/04-15 revealed the highest VP7 aa identity (95.9%) to G5 porcine strains, a porcine-like VP6 within VP6 genogroup I, and a Wa-like (genotype B) NSP4, respectively. Altogether, these results indicate that the PoRV strain 134/04-15 should be considered as prototype of a new VP4 genotype, P[26], and provide further evidence for the vast genetic and antigenic diversity of group A rotaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Martella V, Ciarlet M, Lavazza A, Camarda A, Lorusso E, Terio V, Ricci D, Cariola F, Gentile M, Cavalli A, Camero M, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Lapine rotaviruses of the genotype P[22] are widespread in Italian rabbitries. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:117-24. [PMID: 16257498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological survey was carried out to investigate the distribution of the VP7 and VP4 specificities of lapine rotaviruses (LRVs) in rabbitries from different geographical regions of Italy. Almost all the strains were characterized as P[22],G3, confirming the presence of the newly-recognized rotavirus P[22] VP4 allele in Italian rabbits. Only one P[14],G3 LRV strain was identified and two samples contained a mixed (P[14] + [22],G3) rotavirus infection. All the LRV strains analyzed exhibited a genogroup I VP6 specificity and a long dsRNA electropherotype. However, one of the P[14],G3 strains possessed a super-short pattern. Altogether, these data highlight the epidemiological relevance of the P[22] LRVs in Italian rabbitries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Recent identification of unusual canine parvovirus (CPV) mutants in cats and dogs suggests that CPV type 2 (CPV-2), which emerged suddenly in the late 1970s, is undergoing continual genetic and antigenic variations. A peculiarity of parvoviruses is that single-nucleotide substitutions may determine drastic phenotypic changes. The effects of either natural or artificial mutations on CPV phenotypic properties have been largely investigated, and this sets up CPV as an interesting model to study virus evolution. By monitoring the evolution of CPV-2 in Italy, we observed the onset and quick spread of a Glu-426 mutant, antigenically different from the pre-existing variants that were partially displaced within a few years of the initial identification of the new mutant. The identification of CPV-2 variants raises several questions concerning their impact on the efficacy of the current CPV-2 vaccines, based on the original CPV-2 strain that no longer exists in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Martella V, Ciarlet M, Baselga R, Arista S, Elia G, Lorusso E, Bányai K, Terio V, Madio A, Ruggeri FM, Falcone E, Camero M, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Sequence analysis of the VP7 and VP4 genes identifies a novel VP7 gene allele of porcine rotaviruses, sharing a common evolutionary origin with human G2 rotaviruses. Virology 2005; 337:111-23. [PMID: 15914225 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During an epidemiological survey encompassing several porcine herds in Saragoza, Spain, the VP7 and VP4 of a rotavirus-positive sample, 34461-4, could not be predicted by using multiple sets of G- and P-type-specific primers. Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene revealed a low amino acid (aa) identity with those of well-established G serotypes, ranging between 58.33% and 88.88%, with the highest identity being to human G2 rotaviruses. Analysis of the VP4 gene revealed a P[23] VP4 specificity, as its VP8* aa sequence was 95.9% identical to that of the P14[23],G5 porcine strain A34, while analysis of the VP6 indicated a genogroup I, that is predictive of subgroup I specificity. Analysis of the 10th and 11th RNA segments revealed close identity to strains of porcine and human origin, respectively. The relatively low overall aa sequence conservation (<89% aa) to G2 human rotaviruses, the lack of N-glycosylation sites that are usually highly conserved in G2 rotaviruses, and the presence of several amino acid substitutions in the major antigenic hypervariable regions hampered an unambiguous classification of the porcine strain 34461-4 as G2 serotype on the basis of sequence analysis alone. The identification of a borderline, G2-like, VP7 gene allele in pigs, while reinforcing the hypotheses of a tight relationship in the evolution of human and animal rotaviruses, provides additional evidence for the wide genetic/antigenic diversity of group A rotaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Dipartimento di Sanità e Benessere Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
A total of 254 serotype GH rotavirus strains were detected in Palermo, Italy, from 1985 to 2003. Out of 38 serotype G4 strains selected for genetic analysis, 14 were recognized by genotyping as type G9. Strains confirmed to belong to the G4 type showed temporal patterns of genetic evolution in their VP7 and VP4 gene sequences, and the latest Italian G4 strains were distantly related to the reference vaccinal ST3 strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Arista
- Dipartimento di Igiene e Microbiologia, Università di Palermo, via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Decaro N, Desario C, Campolo M, Cavalli A, Ricci D, Martella V, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Evaluation of lactogenic immunity to canine parvovirus in pups. New Microbiol 2004; 27:375-9. [PMID: 15646052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) transferred to pups through colostrum and milk are known as lactogenic immunity. In this report, we describe the kinetics of transfer of lactogenic immunity to canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) from two bitches (A and B) to their offspring. At day 7 before parturition, bitches A and B had high serum antibody titers, which decreased rapidly within a few hours after parturition, in concomitance with the appearance of high HI titers in colostrum. Subsequently, the serum antibodies of the two dogs increased again, reaching approximately the initial titers. CPV-specific antibodies were observed in milk, with decreasing values, throughout the lactation period. The kinetics of MDA observed in the pups was consistent with the patterns of absorption and decline previously described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Decaro
- Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bari University, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Arista S, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S, Migliore MC, Martella V, Cascio A. Molecular characterization of the genotype G9 human rotavirus strains recovered in Palermo, Italy, during the winter of 1999-2000. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132:343-9. [PMID: 15061510 PMCID: PMC2870111 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268803001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the known human rotavirus serotypes, types G1-G4 are ubiquitous and account for >80% of global human rotavirus strains. Since 1994 an increase in reports of G9 serotype isolates has been observed in both developed and developing countries. In the winter season of 1999-2000 we detected the appearance of G9 rotavirus in Palermo, Italy, accounting for 19% of all rotaviruses circulating in our geographical area. Some of these Italian G9 isolates have been submitted to partial sequencing of their VP7 gene. All of them showed complete nucleotide identity suggesting a clonal origin. The Italian VP7 sequences were found to be very closely related to that of other G9 strains recently isolated in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. Our results confirm that G9 strains circulating worldwide since 1994 are closely related genetically in their VP7 genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Arista
- Dipartimento di Igiene e Microbiologia, Università di Palermo, via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pratelli A, Tinelli A, Decaro N, Martella V, Camero M, Tempesta M, Martini M, Carmichael LE, Buonavoglia C. Safety and efficacy of a modified-live canine coronavirus vaccine in dogs. Vet Microbiol 2004; 99:43-9. [PMID: 15019110 PMCID: PMC7117189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2003] [Revised: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The safety and the efficacy of a modified-live (ML) canine coronavirus (CCoV) vaccine strain 257/98-3c was evaluated in 14 dogs seronegative and virus negative for CCoV. For the safety test, four dogs were inoculated, two by intramuscular and two by oronasal route, with 10 times the vaccinal dose. During the observation period (28 days) all dogs did not display any local or systemic reaction. For the efficacy test, eight dogs were vaccinated by intramuscular (four dogs-group A) or by oronasal route (four dogs-group B). Two dogs were maintained as non-vaccinated controls. In the dogs of group A, vaccinal virus was not detected in faecal samples by virus isolation (VI) and by PCR assay, while in the dogs of group B, the virus was revealed for six median days only by PCR. Twenty-eight days later, the vaccinated and control dogs were challenged with a field CCoV strain. After the challenge, the vaccinated dogs did not display clinical signs and the dogs of group A shed virus for 5.5 median days, evaluated by VI, and for 10 median days evaluated by PCR. Virus shedding was not observed, both by VI and PCR assay, in the dogs of group B. The two control dogs displayed moderate clinical signs and the virus was detected by VI for 14.5 median days starting from day 3 post-challenge (dpc 3) and by PCR assay for 23 median days starting from dpc 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pratelli
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Martella V, Ciarlet M, Pratelli A, Arista S, Terio V, Elia G, Cavalli A, Gentile M, Decaro N, Greco G, Cafiero MA, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Molecular analysis of the VP7, VP4, VP6, NSP4, and NSP5/6 genes of a buffalo rotavirus strain: identification of the rare P[3] rhesus rotavirus-like VP4 gene allele. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 41:5665-75. [PMID: 14662959 PMCID: PMC309001 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.12.5665-5675.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the detection and molecular characterization of a rotavirus strain, 10733, isolated from the feces of a buffalo calf affected with diarrhea in Italy. Strain 10733 was classified as a P[3] rotavirus, as the VP8* trypsin cleavage product of the VP4 protein revealed a high amino acid identity (96.2%) with that of rhesus rotavirus strain RRV (P5B[3]), used as the recipient virus in the human-simian reassortant vaccine. Analysis of the VP7 gene product revealed that strain 10733 possessed G6 serotype specificity, a type common in ruminants, with an amino acid identity to G6 rotavirus strains ranging from 88 to 98%, to Venezuelan bovine strain BRV033, and Hungarian human strain Hun4. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP7 gene of G6 rotaviruses identified at least four lineages and an apparent linkage between each lineage and the VP4 specificity, suggesting the occurrence of repeated interspecies transmissions and genetic reassortment events between ruminant and human rotaviruses. Moreover, strain 10733 displayed a bovine-like NSP4 and NSP5/6 and a subgroup I VP6 specificity, as well as a long electropherotype pattern. The detection of the rare P[3] genotype in ruminants provides additional evidence for the wide genetic and antigenic diversity of group A rotaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|