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Curone G, Filipe J, Inglesi A, Bronzo V, Pollera C, Comazzi S, Draghi S, Piccinini R, Ferlazzo G, Quattrone A, Vigo D, Amadori M, Riva F. Different Immune Control of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Mammary Infections in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2024; 11:166. [PMID: 38668433 PMCID: PMC11054201 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In the dairy industry, bovine mastitis represents a major concern due to substantial production losses and costs related to therapies and early culling. The mechanisms of susceptibility and effective response to intra-mammary infections are still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated innate immunity in acellular bovine skim milk through cytofluorimetric analyses of bacterial killing activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Freshly cultured E. coli and S. aureus strains were incubated with colostrum and milk samples at different lactation time points from two groups of cows, purportedly representing mastitis-resistant and mastitis-susceptible breeds; bacterial cells were analyzed for vitality by flow cytometry following incorporation of vital dyes. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity was also investigated in milk and colostrum samples. Our findings revealed that colostrum and milk bacterial killing activity was greater against S. aureus compared to E. coli., with this activity correlated with milk NAGase levels. Furthermore, both killing of S. aureus and NAGase activity were negatively correlated to the elapsed time of lactation. Interestingly, samples from the allegedly mastitis-resistant breed displayed higher bacterial killing and NAGase activities. Our study suggests that diverse control mechanisms are exerted against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens in the mammary glands of cows, probably beyond those already described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Curone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Joel Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Alessia Inglesi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive Degli Animali—MiLab, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Gianluca Ferlazzo
- Pellegrina Extention Service, Veronesi Holding, 37142 Verona, Italy;
| | - Alda Quattrone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Rete Nazionale di Immunologia Veterinaria, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
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Uemoto Y, Katsura T, Endo Y, Tanaka K, Zhuang T, Urakawa M, Baba T, Yoshida G, Wang H, Kitazawa H, Shirakawa H, Nakamura T, Nochi T, Aso H. Genetic aspects of immunoglobulins and cyclophilin A in milk as potential indicators of mastitis resistance in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1577-1591. [PMID: 37806629 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most frequent and costly diseases affecting dairy cattle. Natural antibodies (immunoglobulins) and cyclophilin A (CyPA), the most abundant member of the family of peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases, in milk may serve as indicators of mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. However, genetic information for CyPA is not available, and knowledge on the genetic and nongenetic relationships between these immune-related traits and somatic cell score (SCS) and milk yield in dairy cattle is sparse. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate whether immune-related traits consisting of 5 Ig classes (IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM) and CyPA in the test-day milk of Holstein cows can be used as genetic indicators of mastitis resistance by evaluating the genetic and nongenetic relationships with SCS in milk. The nongenetic factors affecting immune-related traits and the effects of these traits on SCS were evaluated. Furthermore, the genetic parameters of immune-related traits according to health status and genetic relationships under different SCS environments were estimated. All immune-related traits were significantly associated with SCS and directly proportional. Additionally, evaluation using a classification tree revealed that IgA, IgG2, and IgG were associated with SCS levels. Genetic factor analyses indicated that heritability estimates were low for CyPA (0.08) but moderate for IgG (0.37), IgA (0.44), and IgM (0.44), with positive genetic correlations among Ig (0.25-0.96). We also evaluated the differences in milk yield and SCS of cows between the low and high groups according to their sires' estimated breeding value for immune-related traits. In the high group, IgA had a significantly lower SCS in milk at 7 to 30 d compared with that in the low group. Furthermore, the Ig in milk had high positive genetic correlations between healthy and infected conditions (0.82-0.99), suggesting that Ig in milk under healthy conditions could interact with those under infected conditions, owing to the genetic ability based on the level of Ig in milk. Thus, Ig in milk are potential indicators for the genetic selection of mastitis resistance. However, because only the relationship between immune-related traits and SCS was investigated in this study, further study on the relationship between clinical mastitis and Ig in milk is needed before Ig can be used as an indicator of mastitis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Uemoto
- Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Teppei Katsura
- Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yuma Endo
- Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Koutaro Tanaka
- Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Megumi Urakawa
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Toshimi Baba
- Holstein Cattle Association of Japan, Hokkaido Branch, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-8555, Japan
| | - Gaku Yoshida
- Shihoro Agricultural Cooperative, Kato District, Hokkaido 080-1219, Japan
| | - Haifei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan; Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan; Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan; The Cattle Museum, Oshu, Iwate 029-4205, Japan.
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Ohno R, Suzuki N, Tsugami Y, Nii T, Kobayashi K, Isobe N. Menthol application on healthy and inflamed goat udders changes antimicrobial components in milk. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13832. [PMID: 36991576 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammary glands with mastitis are usually treated with antibiotics in combination with anti-inflammatory drug application on the udder skin. Menthol is an anti-inflammatory drug. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of surface application of menthol on goat udders on the production of antimicrobial components in milk. Goats (5 Shiba and 11 Tokara goats) were subjected to menthol application to the udder under both healthy and inflammatory conditions. An intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharides was carried out to induce inflammatory conditions in the udder. Milk samples were collected to determine somatic cell count (SCC) and sodium ion (Na+ ), antimicrobial component and cytokine concentrations. In healthy udders, menthol application increased the concentration of antimicrobial components (S100A7 and S100A8), but not in the control. In the inflamed udder, antimicrobial component (lactoferrin, S100A7, and S100A8) and inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) concentrations were higher in the menthol group than in the control group. These results suggest that menthol application on udders augments the antimicrobial component concentration in the mammary gland under both healthy and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Ohno
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nii
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Cordero-Solorzano J, de Koning DJ, Tråvén M, de Haan T, Jouffroy M, Larsson A, Myrthe A, Arts JAJ, Parmentier HK, Bovenhuis H, Wensman JJ. Genetic parameters of colostrum and calf serum antibodies in Swedish dairy cattle. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:68. [PMID: 36273117 PMCID: PMC9588213 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A sufficient IgG content in the colostrum is essential for the newborn calf, as it provides passive immunity which substantially affects the probability of survival during rearing. Failure of passive transfer (FPT) occurs when a calf does not absorb enough antibodies from the colostrum and is defined by an IgG concentration in calf serum lower than 10 g/L. Apart from delayed access to colostrum, FPT can be due to a low production of IgG in the mother or poor IgG absorption by the calf. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic background of antibody levels and indicator traits for antibodies in the colostrum and calf serum, and their correlation with milk production. Results Colostrum data were available for 1340 dairy cows with at least one calving and calf serum data were available for 886 calves from these cows. Indicator traits for antibody concentrations were estimated using refractometry (a digital Brix refractometer for colostrum and an optical refractometer for serum), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to determine the levels of total IgG and natural antibodies (NAb) of various antibody isotypes in the colostrum and calf serum. Colostrum traits had heritabilities ranging from 0.16 to 0.31 with repeatabilities ranging from 0.21 to 0.55. Brix percentages had positive genetic correlations with all colostrum antibody traits including total IgG (0.68). Calf serum antibody concentrations had heritabilities ranging from 0.25 to 0.59, with a significant maternal effect accounting for 17 to 27% of the variance. When later in life calves produced their first lactation, the lactation average somatic cell score was found to be negatively correlated with NAb levels in calf serum. Conclusions Our results suggest that antibody levels in the colostrum and calf serum can be increased by means of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cordero-Solorzano
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Animal Health Service of Costa Rica (SENASA), P.O. Box 3-3006, 40104, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Dirk-Jan de Koning
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Madeleine Tråvén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Therese de Haan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathilde Jouffroy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,AgroSup Dijon - National Superior Institute of Agronomic Sciences Food and the Environment, 26 Boulevard Dr Petitjean, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Andrea Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aline Myrthe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Superior School of Agricultures (ESA), 55 Rue Rabelais, 49007, Angers, France
| | - Joop A J Arts
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk K Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Bovenhuis
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hägglund S, Näslund K, Svensson A, Lefverman C, Enül H, Pascal L, Siltenius J, Holzhauer M, Delabouglise A, Österberg J, Alvåsen K, Olsson U, Eléouët JF, Riffault S, Taylor G, Rodriguez MJ, Garcia Duran M, Valarcher JF. Longitudinal study of the immune response and memory following natural bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections in cattle of different age. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274332. [PMID: 36112582 PMCID: PMC9481050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV and BRSV) are closely genetically related and cause respiratory disease in their respective host. Whereas HRSV vaccines are still under development, a multitude of BRSV vaccines are used to reduce clinical signs. To enable the design of vaccination protocols to entirely stop virus circulation, we aimed to investigate the duration, character and efficacy of the immune responses induced by natural infections. The systemic humoral immunity was monitored every two months during two years in 33 dairy cattle in different age cohorts following a natural BRSV outbreak, and again in selected individuals before and after a second outbreak, four years later. Local humoral and systemic cellular responses were also monitored, although less extensively. Based on clinical observations and economic losses linked to decreased milk production, the outbreaks were classified as moderate. Following the first outbreak, most but not all animals developed neutralising antibody responses, BRSV-specific IgG1, IgG2 and HRSV F- and HRSV N-reactive responses that lasted at least two years, and in some cases at least four years. In contrast, no systemic T cell responses were detected and only weak IgA responses were detected in some animals. Seronegative sentinels remained negative, inferring that no new infections occurred between the outbreaks. During the second outbreak, reinfections with clinical signs and virus shedding occurred, but the signs were milder, and the virus shedding was significantly lower than in naïve animals. Whereas the primary infection induced similar antibody titres against the prefusion and the post fusion form of the BRSV F protein, memory responses were significantly stronger against prefusion F. In conclusion, even if natural infections induce a long-lasting immunity, it would probably be necessary to boost memory responses between outbreaks, to stop the circulation of the virus and limit the potential role of previously infected adult cattle in the chain of BRSV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hägglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lefverman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hakan Enül
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leonore Pascal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jari Siltenius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Menno Holzhauer
- Ruminant Health Department Royal GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Delabouglise
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France and UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Julia Österberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Alvåsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jean François Valarcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zerna G, Cameron TC, Toet H, Spithill TW, Beddoe T. Bovine Natural Antibody Relationships to Specific Antibodies and Fasciola hepatica Burdens after Experimental Infection and Vaccination with Glutathione S-Transferase. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020058. [PMID: 35202313 PMCID: PMC8876122 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, a significant parasitic disease occurring worldwide. Despite ongoing efforts, there is still no vaccine to control liver fluke infections in livestock. Recently, it has been suggested that natural antibodies (NAbs) can amplify specific antibodies (SpAb) and have a direct killing effect, but it is unknown if this phenomenon occurs during parasitic helminth infection or targeted vaccination. NAbs are antibodies produced by the innate immune system, capable of binding antigens without prior exposure. This study explores the role of bovine NAbs, using the exogenous glycoprotein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), in response to F. hepatica infection and SpAb production after infection and vaccination. The cattle’s NAbs were differently influenced by parasite infection and vaccination, with an increase in KLH-binding IgG and IgM levels after infection and reduced KLH-binding IgM levels following vaccination. Underlying NAbs reacting to KLH showed no correlations to the final fluke burdens after experimental infection or vaccination. However, NAbs reacting to whole-worm extract (WWE) prior to infection were positively correlated to increased fluke burdens within the infected bovine host. Furthermore, after infection, the specific IgG reacting to WWE was positively reflected by the underlying NAb IgG response. Following subcutaneous vaccination with F. hepatica native glutathione S-transferase (GST), there was a non-significant 33% reduction in fluke burden. Vaccinated animals with higher underlying NAbs had a higher induction of vaccine-induced SpAbs, with trends observed between KLH-binding IgM and anti-GST IgG and IgM. Our findings provide a platform to allow further investigation to determine if NAb levels could mirror fluke-SpAb production for exploitation in a combined selective breeding and vaccination program. Additionally, this work suggests that liver fluke could possibly evade the host’s immune system by utilising surface-bound IgM NAbs.
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Shinozuka Y, Suzuki N, Kaneko S, Kawai K, Kurumisawa T, Shimizu Y, Imanishi T, Ohno A, Takahashi M, Isobe N. Regression tree analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of antimicrobial components and the microbiota of normal milk from dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:310-318. [PMID: 35046240 PMCID: PMC8983300 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of antimicrobial components (immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and S100A7) in normal milk and their relation to host factors (Age, somatic cell count (SCC), days in milk, richness, and alpha diversity of the milk microbiota) in dairy cows using multivariate regression tree analyses, and to clarify how the milk microbiota is related to the obtained results. Thirty normal milk samples were collected from a commercial dairy farm in June 2020. The thresholds that predicted the concentration of each antimicrobial component in milk were obtained by regression tree analysis, and the beta-diversity of the milk microbiota composition between groups divided according to each threshold was compared by an analysis of similarities test. The IgA and LF concentrations were mainly predicted by the SCC (177,500 and 70,000 cells/ml, respectively), and the LAP and S100A7 concentrations were predicted by Age (29.667 and 40.3 months, respectively). No relationship was observed between the concentration of IgA, LAP, or S100A7 and the milk microbiota composition between the groups divided by the threshold for prediction, but the milk microbiota composition was significantly different between the groups divided by the threshold for predicting the LF concentration. Our results indicated that the LF concentration in normal milk may be associated with the milk microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Shinozuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Kazuhiro Kawai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center
| | - Tomomi Kurumisawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center
| | | | - Tadashi Imanishi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Mano Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
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8
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Altvater-Hughes TE, Hodgins DC, Wagter-Lesperance L, Beard SC, Cartwright SL, Mallard BA. Concentration and heritability of immunoglobulin G and natural antibody immunoglobulin M in dairy and beef colostrum along with serum total protein in their calves. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6503653. [PMID: 35022742 PMCID: PMC8867588 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and natural antibody (NAb) IgM are passively transferred to the neonatal calf through bovine colostrum. Maternal IgG provides pathogen- or vaccine-specific protection and comprises about 85 percent of colostral Ig. Natural antibody IgM is less abundant but provides broad and non-specific reactivity, potentially contributing to protection against the dissemination of pathogens in the blood (septicemia) in a calf's first days of life. In the dairy and beef industries, failure of passive transfer (FPT) of colostral Ig (serum total protein (STP) <5.2 g/dL) is still a common concern. The objectives of this study were to, i) compare colostral IgG concentrations and NAb-IgM titers between dairy and beef cows; ii) assess the effect of beef breed on colostral IgG; iii) compare passive transfer of colostral Ig in dairy and beef calves; and iv) estimate the heritability of colostral IgG and NAb-IgM. Colostrum was collected from Holstein dairy (n=282) and crossbred beef (n=168) cows at the University of Guelph dairy and beef research centres. Colostral IgG was quantified by radial immunodiffusion and NAb-IgM was quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In dairy (n=308) and beef (n=169) calves, STP was estimated by digital refractometry. Beef cows had significantly greater colostral IgG (146.5 ± 9.5 SEM g/L) than dairy cows (92.4 ± 5.2 g/L, p <0.01). Beef cows with a higher proportion of Angus ancestry had significantly lower colostral IgG (125.5 ± 5.8 g/L) than cows grouped as "Other" (142.5 ± 4.9 g/L, p= 0.02). Using the FPT cut-off, 13% of dairy and 16% of beef calves had FPT; still, beef calves had a significantly larger proportion with excellent passive transfer (STP ≥6.2 g/dL, p <0.01). The heritability of colostral IgG was 0.04 (± 0.14) in dairy and 0.14 (± 0.32) in beef. Colostral NAb-IgM titers in dairy (12.12 ± 0.22, log2 (reciprocal of titer)) and beef cows (12.03 ± 0.19) did not differ significantly (p=0.71). The range of NAb-IgM titers was 9.18 to 14.60, equivalent to a 42-fold range in antibody concentration. The heritability of colostral NAb was 0.24 (± 0.16) in dairy and 0.11 (± 0.19) in beef cows. This study is the first to compare colostral NAb-IgM between dairy and beef cows. Based on the range in NAb-IgM titers and the heritability, selective breeding may improve colostrum quality and protection for neonatal calves in the early days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess E Altvater-Hughes
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shannon C Beard
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon L Cartwright
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
| | - Bonnie A Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
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9
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Suzuki N, Purba FY, Nii T, Isobe N. Effect of 6‐n‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil or dexamethasone administration on the responses of antimicrobial components in goat milk to intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13773. [PMID: 36274645 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress impacts the immune system of dairy animals by altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and thyroid function, leading to conditions such as hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism on the response of mammary innate immune function to inflammation caused by Escherichia coli in dairy goats. To induce hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism, we administered 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU; for 21 days) and dexamethasone (DEX; for 5 days), respectively, to six goats each; six goats without treatment were used as the control group. After treatment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli O111 was infused into the mammary gland. Somatic cell counts (SCC) and levels of lactoferrin (LF), S100A7, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in milk until 7 days after LPS infusion were measured. An increase in SCC after LPS infusion was inhibited in both PTU and DEX groups, and an increase in LF after LPS infusion was inhibited in PTU group, compared with that in the control group. The results of the present study suggest that the recruitment of neutrophils and LF production decreased under hypothyroidism or hypercortisolism, which may be one of the causes underlying increased incidence of mastitis in dairy animals under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Suzuki
- Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University, Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
| | - Fika Yuliza Purba
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University Makassar Indonesia
| | - Takahiro Nii
- Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University, Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University, Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
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10
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643206. [PMID: 34267745 PMCID: PMC8276037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world's most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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11
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Kaçar C, Kaya S, Kuru M, Erkılıç EE, Öğün M, Oral H, Demir MC. Determination of natural antibodies, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and non-esterified fatty acid levels in the serum of peripartum Tuj and Hemşin sheep. Vet World 2021; 14:1002-1006. [PMID: 34083952 PMCID: PMC8167533 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1002-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Many metabolic and immunological changes occur during the transition period. Innate immunity plays an important role against to infections and natural antibodies (NAb) are important in immunity. This study aims to determine a connection between serum NAb titers, beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations in Tuj and Hemşin sheep during the peripartum period. Materials and Methods: Serum NAb, BHBA, and NEFA levels were determined from the blood samples collected from Tuj and Hemşin sheep on days 30 and 15 before birth, on the day of birth (day 0), and on days 15 and 30 after birth. Results: NAb titers were found to be higher in Tuj than in Hemşin sheep (p<0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in serum BHBA concentrations of both breeds on all sampling days (p>0.05). The serum NEFA level was lower in Tuj sheep in the last 15 days of pregnancy compared to Hemşin sheep (p<0.05), while no difference was found in samples collected at the other time points. Conclusion: This study indicated that serum NAb titers significantly changed in Tuj and Hemşin sheep during the transition period. Serum BHBA and NEFA concentrations increased during the last stages of pregnancy and decreased after birth. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the immunological status could vary by the breed of sheep or various factors that affect the sheep’s metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Kaçar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Semra Kaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Mushap Kuru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Ekin Emre Erkılıç
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Metin Öğün
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Hasan Oral
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Murat Can Demir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
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12
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Chen Y, Tibbs Cortes LE, Ashley C, Putz AM, Lim KS, Dyck MK, Fortin F, Plastow GS, Dekkers JCM, Harding JCS. The genetic basis of natural antibody titers of young healthy pigs and relationships with disease resilience. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:648. [PMID: 32962629 PMCID: PMC7510148 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease resilience is the ability to maintain performance under pathogen exposure but is difficult to select for because breeding populations are raised under high health. Selection for resilience requires a trait that is heritable, easy to measure on healthy animals, and genetically correlated with resilience. Natural antibodies (NAb) are important parts of the innate immune system and are found to be heritable and associated with disease susceptibility in dairy cattle and poultry. Our objective was to investigate NAb and total IgG in blood of healthy, young pigs as potential indicator traits for disease resilience. Results Data were from Yorkshire x Landrace pigs, with IgG and IgM NAb (four antigens) and total IgG measured by ELISA in blood plasma collected ~ 1 week after weaning, prior to their exposure to a natural polymicrobial challenge. Heritability estimates were lower for IgG NAb (0.12 to 0.24, + 0.05) and for total IgG (0.19 + 0.05) than for IgM NAb (0.33 to 0.53, + 0.07) but maternal effects were larger for IgG NAb (0.41 to 0.52, + 0.03) and for total IgG (0.19 + 0.05) than for IgM NAb (0.00 to 0.10, + 0.04). Phenotypically, IgM NAb titers were moderately correlated with each other (average 0.60), as were IgG NAb titers (average 0.42), but correlations between IgM and IgG NAb titers were weak (average 0.09). Phenotypic correlations of total IgG were moderate with NAb IgG (average 0.46) but weak with NAb IgM (average 0.01). Estimates of genetic correlations among NAb showed similar patterns but with small SE, with estimates averaging 0.76 among IgG NAb, 0.63 among IgM NAb, 0.17 between IgG and IgM NAb, 0.64 between total IgG and IgG NAb, and 0.13 between total IgG and IgM NAb. Phenotypically, pigs that survived had slightly higher levels of NAb and total IgG than pigs that died. Genetically, higher levels of NAb tended to be associated with greater disease resilience based on lower mortality and fewer parenteral antibiotic treatments. Genome-wide association analyses for NAb titers identified several genomic regions, with several candidate genes for immune response. Conclusions Levels of NAb in blood of healthy young piglets are heritable and potential genetic indicators of resilience to polymicrobial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Ashley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Austin M Putz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael K Dyck
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Frederic Fortin
- Centre de développement du porc du Québec inc. (CDPQ), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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13
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Suzuki N, Yuliza Purba F, Hayashi Y, Nii T, Yoshimura Y, Isobe N. Seasonal variations in the concentration of antimicrobial components in milk of dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13427. [PMID: 32696553 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of bovine mastitis and the bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) are influenced by season, which may be associated with innate immune functions, including antimicrobial components in mammary glands. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the effect of season on antimicrobial components in milk. Rectal temperature and plasma cortisol, thyroxine, and derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) were measured as stress parameters. Concentrations of lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), psoriasin (S100A7), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in milk were measured as indicators of innate immune function. LF and LAP concentrations were significantly lower in summer than in winter and spring, respectively, whereas the concentration of S100A7 was significantly lower in winter than in spring and autumn. The rectal temperature was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons, whereas plasma cortisol, thyroxine, and d-ROMs did not exhibit any seasonal variation. In conclusion, even though stress parameters were not changed, the concentration of antimicrobial components, such as LF and LAP, decreased in summer, which may explain the frequent occurrence of mastitis during this season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Suzuki
- Hiroshima Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fika Yuliza Purba
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Takahiro Nii
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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Cordero-Solorzano J, Parmentier HK, Arts JAJ, van der Poel J, de Koning DJ, Bovenhuis H. Genome-wide association study identifies loci influencing natural antibody titers in milk of Dutch Holstein-Friesian cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11092-11103. [PMID: 31548067 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAb) are produced without any antigenic stimulation as a part of the innate immune system and provide a first line of defense against pathogens. Hence, they may be a useful trait when estimating an animal's potential immune competence and in selection for disease resistance. The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with different NAb traits in milk and potentially describe candidate genes. Milk samples from 1,695 first-lactation Holstein Friesian cows with titer measurements for keyhole limpet hemocyanin, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, and peptidoglycan-binding total NAb and isotypes IgG1, IgM, and IgA were used. Genome-wide association study analyses were performed using imputed 777K SNP genotypes, accounting for relationships using pedigree information. Functional enrichment analysis was performed on the significantly associated genomic regions to look for candidate genes. For IgM NAb, significant associations (false discovery rate <0.05) were found on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 17, 18, and 21 with candidate genes related to immunoglobulin structure and early B cell development. For IgG1, associations were found on BTA3, and we confirmed a quantitative trait loci on BTA21 previously reported for IgG NAb in serum. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of milk NAb that will help unravel the complex relationship between milk immunoglobulins and disease resistance in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cordero-Solorzano
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Box 7023,750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Wageningen University and Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk K Parmentier
- Wageningen University and Research, Adaptation Physiology Group, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop A J Arts
- Wageningen University and Research, Adaptation Physiology Group, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Poel
- Wageningen University and Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan de Koning
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Box 7023,750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henk Bovenhuis
- Wageningen University and Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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15
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Cecchini S, Rufrano D, Caputo AR. Natural antibodies and their relationship with total immunoglobulins and acquired antibody response in goat kid (Capra hircus, L. 1758) serum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 211:38-43. [PMID: 31084892 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAb) are antibodies that can bind to a particular antigen without any apparent antigenic stimulation. In this paper, a careful analysis has been carried out on NAb levels in goat kid serum; possible correlations with the total immunoglobulin (tot-Ig) levels and specific antibody (SpAb) response were considered. Twenty randomly chosen kids were submitted to a first blood sampling (day 0). After 60 and 100 days, new blood samplings were carried out in the same animals. On day 0, after blood collection, all animals were immunized with a commercial vaccine; the immunization was repeated 30 days apart. Some exogenous antigens were tested to verify their immunoreactivity to NAb. Among them, the synthetic hapten 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugated with bovine serum albumin, resulted as the antigen with the higher immunoreactivity to NAb. Tot-Ig levels increased over time (p < 0.001). On the contrary, NAb levels, both IgG- and IgM-isotypes, significantly decreased during the experimental period (p < 0.001 and <0.05, respectively). Linear regression analyses showed a high correlation between IgM-NAb and tot-IgM levels (p < 0.001) at all the evaluated sampling times. However, a significant correlation between IgG-NAb and IgM-NAb was found only at the 1st (p < 0.01) and at the 2nd sampling (p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found between SpAb response and the other assessed humoral immune parameters. The obtained results are discussed in the light of the possible use of NAb assessment for the evaluation of the immune system activity in goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cecchini
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - D Rufrano
- Veterinarian Consultant, 84020 Petina SA, Italy
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16
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de Klerk B, Emam M, Thompson-Crispi KA, Sargolzaei M, van der Poel JJ, Mallard BA. A genome-wide association study for natural antibodies measured in blood of Canadian Holstein cows. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:694. [PMID: 30241501 PMCID: PMC6150957 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural antibodies (NAb) are an important component of the innate immune system, and fight infections as a part of the first line defence. NAb are poly-reactive and can respond non-specifically to antigens. Therefore, NAb may be a key trait when evaluating an animal's potential natural disease resistance. Variation in NAb is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. In this study genetic parameters of NAb were estimated and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to gain further understanding on the genes that are responsible for the observed genetic variation of NAb in Canadian Holsteins. RESULTS In total, blood samples of 1327 cows from 64 farms were studied. NAb binding to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were determined via indirect ELISA. Immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, IgG and IgM, were evaluated. From the sample population, 925 cows were genotyped for 45,187 markers and each individual marker was tested to detect genetic variation in NAb levels. The relationships among animals was accounted for with genomic relationship. Results show heritabilities of 0.27 ± 0.064 (IgG) and 0.31 ± 0.065 (IgM). In total, 23 SNPs were found to be associated with IgG, but no SNPs were associated with IgM (FDR p-value < 0.05). The significant SNPs were located on autosomal chromosomes 1, 20 and 21 of the cow genome. Functional annotation analysis of the positional candidate genes revealed two sets of genes with biologically relevant functions related to NAb. In one set, seven genes with crucial roles in the production of antibody in B cells were associated with the trafficking of vesicles inside the cells between organelles. In the second set, two genes among positional candidate genes were associated with isotype class-switching and somatic hypermutation of B cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the possibility of increasing NAb through selective breeding. In addition, the effects of two candidate pathways are proposed for further investigation of NAb production in Holsteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt de Klerk
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Emam
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Genetic improvement of livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Semex Alliance, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Johan J van der Poel
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bonnie A Mallard
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Genetic improvement of livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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17
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Denholm SJ, McNeilly TN, Banos G, Coffey MP, Russell GC, Bagnall A, Mitchell MC, Wall E. Immune-associated traits measured in milk of Holstein-Friesian cows as proxies for blood serum measurements. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10248-10258. [PMID: 30172405 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has highlighted that immune-associated (IA) traits measurable in blood are associated with health, productivity, and reproduction in dairy cows. The aim of the present study was to determine relationships between IA traits measured in blood serum and those simultaneously measured in milk as well as their association with disease phenotypes. All animals were Holstein-Friesian cows from the Langhill research herd (n = 546) housed at the SRUC Dairy Research Centre in Scotland. Milk and serum samples were collected on 20 separate occasions between July 2010 and March 2015 and analyzed by ELISA for haptoglobin (Hp), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and natural antibodies binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (NAbKLH) and lipopolysaccharide (NAbLPS). Data were analyzed using mixed linear models that included pedigree information. Analyses revealed positive phenotypic correlations between milk and serum NAb (0.59 ≤ r ≤ 0.77), Hp (r = 0.37), and TNF-α (r = 0.12). Milk and serum NAb were also found to have a strong genetic correlation (0.81 ≤ r ≤ 0.94) and were genetically correlated with cow lameness (0.66 and 0.79 for milk NAbKLH and serum NAbLPS, respectively). Clinical mastitis was found to be phenotypically correlated with both milk and serum Hp (0.09 ≤ r ≤ 0.23). Serum Hp was also strongly genetically correlated with other cellular IA traits such as percent NKp46+ (a natural killer cell marker; 0.35) and percent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; -0.90). Similarly, genetic correlations were found to exist between serum TNF-α and percent NKp46+ (0.22), percent PBMC (0.41), and percent lymphocytes (0.47). Excluding serum Hp, all milk and serum IA traits were repeatable, ranging from 0.11 (milk Hp) to 0.43 (serum NAbLPS). Between-animal variation was highest in milk and serum NAb (0.34-0.43) and significant estimates of heritability were also observed in milk and serum NAb (0.17-0.37). Our findings show that certain IA traits, such as NAbKLH and NAbLPS, found in milk and serum are strongly correlated and highlight the potential of using routinely collected milk samples as a less invasive and cost-effective source of informative data for predictive modeling of animal IA traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Denholm
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom.
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Banos
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Mike P Coffey
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - George C Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ainsley Bagnall
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi C Mitchell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Wall
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
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Lima M, Blagitz M, Souza F, Sanchez E, Batista C, Bertagnon H, Diniz S, Silva M, Libera AD. Perfil de imunoglobulinas, cura clínica e bacteriológica após diferentes tratamentos para a mastite clínica bovina. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o perfil das Ig durante os diferentes tratamentos de vacas com mastite clínica. Para isso, 30 vacas com mastite clínica em um quarto mamário foram utilizadas e divididas em três grupos. O primeiro grupo foi composto por 10 animais submetidos ao tratamento combinado com infusão intramamária de 8,5mg de sulfato de cefquinoma após cada ordenha, totalizando três aplicações e administração intramuscular de 2,5mg/kg de enrofloxacina por três dias. O segundo grupo foi composto por 10 animais submetidos ao tratamento intramamário, com infusão intramamária de 8,5mg de sulfato de cefquinoma, após cada ordenha, totalizando três aplicações. O terceiro grupo foi composto por 10 animais submetidos ao tratamento sistêmico, com 2,5mg/kg de enrofloxacina, durante três dias. As amostras de leite foram coletadas de todos os animais antes dos tratamentos (momento 0), no segundo (momento 1), no quinto (momento 2) e no 12º dia (momento 3) após o término dos tratamentos. Estas foram submetidas à contagem de células somáticas, ao California Mastitis Test (CMT), ao exame bacteriológico e à quantificação das IgG1, IgG2, IgA e IgM. O tratamento combinado foi mais eficaz e precoce na taxa de cura clínica, na redução dos escores de CMT e da contagem de células somáticas. Além disso, os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que as concentrações lácteas das diferentes classes de Ig, apesar de sua importância biológica, não estão relacionadas ao prognóstico da mastite clínica bovina, ou seja, não podem ser consideradas marcadores robustos associados à cura clínica e/ou bacteriológica da infecção intramamária.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - H.G. Bertagnon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Centro Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
| | - S.A. Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M.X. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sala JM, Trotta MV, Mansilla FC, Pérez-Filgueira M, Caspe SG, Capozzo AV. Alternatives for the serological assessment of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine immunity in buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1335641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Sala
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria de Mercedes, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Myrian Vanesa Trotta
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Mariano Pérez-Filgueira
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Gastón Caspe
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria de Mercedes, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Greives TJ, Dochtermann NA, Stewart EC. Estimating heritable genetic contributions to innate immune and endocrine phenotypic correlations: A need to explore repeatability. Horm Behav 2017; 88:106-111. [PMID: 27913139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in enhancing an individual's ability to survive in a world inhabited by pathogens and parasites. The innate immune system is regulated by processes encoded in an individual's genome, providing an avenue for selection to act on this system, as well as the phenotypic relationships generated between this system and other traits of interest. While relationships between innate immunity and endocrine traits (e.g. testosterone) have been reported often in the literature, these relationships are complex and may differ under varying environmental conditions. To better understand the relative contribution of innate immunity (or an endocrine or behavioral trait) to a phenotypic correlation with another trait, an estimation of the underlying heritable genetic variation of the trait of interest is needed. An upper level estimate of the heritability of such traits can be obtained from calculating its repeatability. We conducted a literature review to determine how often repeated samples of measures of innate immune function were conducted and repeatability estimates obtained. This review revealed a very limited number of repeatability estimates, with a large range (0.0-0.9); estimates were exclusively from livestock that have undergone strong artificial selection. This observation of the present literature suggests more work is needed in non-domesticated and free-living animals to begin to understand the underlying genetic contribution of innate immune function to phenotypic correlations of interest (e.g. testosterone and immunity) to behavioral ecologists, evolutionary physiologists and ecoimmunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Greives
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
| | - Ned A Dochtermann
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Emily C Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Natural autoantibodies in Bos taurus calves during the first twelve weeks of life. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 178:70-8. [PMID: 27496745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Natural autoantibodies (NAAb) have a role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and prevention of infections, and have been found in mammalian species tested so far. Albeit NAAb levels rise with age, little is known about the origin, function, regulation and initiation of NAAb in young animals. The present study addressed the presence of IgM and IgG NAAb binding glutamate dehydrogenase (GD), carbonic anhydrase (CA), myosin (MYO) and transferrin (TRANS) from before drinking colostrum until the first 12 weeks of life in plasma of female calves. In addition, NAAb to these four self-antigens were also measured in colostrum and in plasma of their mothers during three weeks before calving. Titers of NAAb binding GD, CA, MYO and TRANS were detected in plasma of cows before calving, in colostrum, and in plasma of calves before and after drinking of colostrum. Levels of NAAb in colostrum were positively related with levels of NAAb in plasma of cows. Before colostrum intake, levels of NAAb in plasma of calves were not related with levels of NAAb in plasma of their mother but were influenced by parity of their mother. After colostrum intake, levels of NAAb in plasma of calves in the first week of life were positively related with levels of NAAb in colostrum. Low NAAb levels in colostrum were related with low NAAb in plasma of calves in the first week of life, but after two weeks of life the relation between colostrum and plasma of calves was absent. In conclusion, NAAb are already present in the unborn calf, and levels of neonatal NAAb during the early weeks of life are affected by levels of maternal NAAb obtained via colostrum.
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Bovine natural antibodies in antibody-dependent bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium and risk of mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 171:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Two types of adaptive immune strategies are known to have evolved in vertebrates: the VLR-based system, which is present in jawless organisms and is mediated by VLRA and VLRB lymphocytes, and the BCR/TCR-based system, which is present in jawed species and is provided by B and T cell receptors expressed on B and T cells, respectively. Here we summarize features of B cells and their predecessors in the different animal phyla, focusing the review on B cells from jawed vertebrates. We point out the critical role of nonclassical species and comparative immunology studies in the understanding of B cell immunity. Because nonclassical models include species relevant to veterinary medicine, basic science research performed in these animals contributes to the knowledge required for the development of more efficacious vaccines against emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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de Klerk B, Ducro B, Heuven H, den Uyl I, van Arendonk J, Parmentier H, van der Poel J. Phenotypic and genetic relationships of bovine natural antibodies binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin in plasma and milk. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2746-52. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Mayasari N, de Vries Reilingh G, Nieuwland MGB, Remmelink GJ, Parmentier HK, Kemp B, van Knegsel ATM. Effect of maternal dry period length on colostrum immunoglobulin content and on natural and specific antibody titers in calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3969-79. [PMID: 25828658 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study the effect of dry period length in dairy cows on immunoglobulin content and natural antibodies (NAb) titers in colostrum, growth, and plasma natural and specific antibody titers in plasma of calves. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n=167) were randomly assigned to 3 dry period lengths (0, 30, or 60 d). Colostrum production, concentration of colostrum IgG and IgM, and titers of NAb (isotypes IgG and IgM) binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and human serum albumin (HuSA) in colostrum were measured. Female calves were immunized with both KLH and HuSA at wk 6 and 10 of life. Titers of NAb and specific antibody (SpAb) for isotypes IgG, IgM, and total immunoglobulin (IgT) binding KLH or HuSA were determined in plasma of female calves. Primary and secondary antibody responses to KLH or HuSA from wk 6 and 10 were expressed as the increase in antibody titers to wk 10 and 11 of life after primary and secondary challenges, respectively. Pregnancy length for cows with a 0-d dry period was 3d shorter compared with cows with a 30- or 60-d dry period. Birth weight of calves from cows with a 0-d dry period was lower compared with calves from cows with a 30-d dry period. Growth of calves until 12 wk of life was not affected by dry period length. Colostrum production and IgG and IgM concentration in colostrum were lower for cows with a 0-d dry period than a 60-d dry period. Natural IgG and IgM titers binding KLH or HuSA were lower in colostrum from cows with a 0-d dry period compared with cows with a 60-d dry period. Natural antibody titers (IgG, IgM, and IgT) binding KLH or HuSA in plasma were lower during the first 2 wk of life for calves from cows with a 0-d dry period compared with calves from cows with a 30- or 60-d dry period. After primary and secondary immunization of calves with KLH and HuSA, SpAb titers of calves were not affected by dry period length. After secondary immunization, the response of IgG and IgT binding KLH was higher in plasma of calves from cows with a 0-d dry period. The results of this study demonstrate that, although omission of the dry period of dairy cows leads to lower plasma NAb titers in calves during the first 2 wk of life, SpAb titers in calves were not affected and even the secondary antibody responses were enhanced compared with calves from cows with a 30- or 60-d dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mayasari
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, 3636, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - G de Vries Reilingh
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M G B Nieuwland
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G J Remmelink
- Livestock Research, Wageningen Un iversity and Research Centre, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H K Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Thompson-Crispi K, Miglior F, Mallard B. Genetic parameters for natural antibodies and associations with specific antibody and mastitis in Canadian Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3965-72. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wijga S, Bovenhuis H, Bastiaansen JWM, van Arendonk JAM, Ploegaert TCW, Tijhaar E, van der Poel JJ. Genetic parameters for natural antibody isotype titers in milk of Dutch Holstein-Friesians. Anim Genet 2013; 44:485-92. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wijga
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University; PO Box 338, 6700 AH; Wageningen; the Netherlands
| | - H. Bovenhuis
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University; PO Box 338, 6700 AH; Wageningen; the Netherlands
| | - J. W. M. Bastiaansen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University; PO Box 338, 6700 AH; Wageningen; the Netherlands
| | - J. A. M. van Arendonk
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University; PO Box 338, 6700 AH; Wageningen; the Netherlands
| | - T. C. W. Ploegaert
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group; Wageningen University; PO Box 338, 6700 AH; Wageningen; the Netherlands
| | - E. Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group; Wageningen University; PO Box 338, 6700 AH; Wageningen; the Netherlands
| | - J. J. van der Poel
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University; PO Box 338, 6700 AH; Wageningen; the Netherlands
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