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Curone G, Filipe J, Inglesi A, Bronzo V, Pollera C, Comazzi S, Draghi S, Piccinini R, Ferlazzo G, Quattrone A, Vigo D, Amadori M, Riva F. Different Immune Control of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Mammary Infections in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2024; 11:166. [PMID: 38668433 PMCID: PMC11054201 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In the dairy industry, bovine mastitis represents a major concern due to substantial production losses and costs related to therapies and early culling. The mechanisms of susceptibility and effective response to intra-mammary infections are still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated innate immunity in acellular bovine skim milk through cytofluorimetric analyses of bacterial killing activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Freshly cultured E. coli and S. aureus strains were incubated with colostrum and milk samples at different lactation time points from two groups of cows, purportedly representing mastitis-resistant and mastitis-susceptible breeds; bacterial cells were analyzed for vitality by flow cytometry following incorporation of vital dyes. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity was also investigated in milk and colostrum samples. Our findings revealed that colostrum and milk bacterial killing activity was greater against S. aureus compared to E. coli., with this activity correlated with milk NAGase levels. Furthermore, both killing of S. aureus and NAGase activity were negatively correlated to the elapsed time of lactation. Interestingly, samples from the allegedly mastitis-resistant breed displayed higher bacterial killing and NAGase activities. Our study suggests that diverse control mechanisms are exerted against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens in the mammary glands of cows, probably beyond those already described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Curone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Joel Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Alessia Inglesi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive Degli Animali—MiLab, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Gianluca Ferlazzo
- Pellegrina Extention Service, Veronesi Holding, 37142 Verona, Italy;
| | - Alda Quattrone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Rete Nazionale di Immunologia Veterinaria, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
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Riva F, Draghi S, Inglesi A, Filipe J, Cremonesi P, Lavazza A, Cavadini P, Vigo D, Agradi S, Menchetti L, Di Giancamillo A, Aidos L, Modina SC, Fehri NE, Pastorelli G, Serra V, Balzaretti CM, Castrica M, Severgnini M, Brecchia G, Curone G. Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Rabbit Diet Modulates Gene Expression of Cytokines, Gut-Vascular Barrier, and Red-Ox-Related Molecules in the Gut Wall. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:800. [PMID: 38473185 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabbits, pivotal in the EU as livestock, pets, and experimental animals, face bacterial infection challenges, prompting a quest for alternatives to curb antibiotic resistance. Bovine colostrum (BC), rich in immunoregulatory compounds, antimicrobial peptides, and growth factors, is explored for disease treatment and prevention. This study assesses BC diet supplementation effects on rabbit intestines, examining gene expression. Thirty female New Zealand White rabbits at weaning (35 days) were divided into three experimental groups: control (commercial feed), 2.5% BC, and 5% BC. The diets were administered until slaughtering (81 days). BC-upregulated genes in the jejunum included IL-8, TGF-β, and CTNN-β1 at 5% BC, while PLVAP at 2.5% BC. Antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, GSR) were downregulated in the cecum and colon with 2.5% BC. BC 5% promoted IL-8 in the jejunum, fostering inflammation and immune cell migration. It also induced genes regulating inflammatory responses (TGF-β) and gastrointestinal permeability (CTNN-β1). BC 5% enhanced antioxidant activity in the cecum and colon, but no significant impact on anti-myxo antibody production was observed. These results suggest that BC has significant effects on the rabbit gastrointestinal tract's inflammatory and antioxidant response, but further research is required to fully understand its histological and physiological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Inglesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cavadini
- Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93-95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Aidos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Nour Elhouda Fehri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Balzaretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marta Castrica
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione-BCA, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Di Mauro S, Filipe J, Facchin A, Roveri L, Addis MF, Monistero V, Piccinini R, Sala G, Pravettoni D, Zamboni C, Ceciliani F, Lecchi C. The secretome of Staphylococcus aureus strains with opposite within-herd epidemiological behavior affects bovine mononuclear cell response. Vet Res 2023; 54:120. [PMID: 38098120 PMCID: PMC10720180 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus modulates the host immune response directly by interacting with the immune cells or indirectly by secreting molecules (secretome). Relevant differences in virulence mechanisms have been reported for the secretome produced by different S. aureus strains. The present study investigated the S. aureus secretome impact on peripheral bovine mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by comparing two S. aureus strains with opposite epidemiological behavior, the genotype B (GTB)/sequence type (ST) 8, associated with a high within-herd prevalence, and GTS/ST398, associated with a low within-herd prevalence. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2.5%) of GTB/ST8 and GTS/ST398 secretome for 18 and 48 h, and the viability was assessed. The mRNA levels of pro- (IL1-β and STAT1) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, STAT6, and TGF-β) genes, and the amount of pro- (miR-155-5p and miR-125b-5p) and anti-inflammatory (miR-146a and miR-145) miRNAs were quantified by RT-qPCR. Results showed that incubation with 2.5% of GTB/ST8 secretome increased the viability of cells. In contrast, incubation with the GTS/ST398 secretome strongly decreased cell viability, preventing any further assays. The GTB/ST8 secretome promoted PBMC polarization towards the pro-inflammatory phenotype inducing the overexpression of IL1-β, STAT1 and miR-155-5p, while the expression of genes involved in the anti-inflammatory response was not affected. In conclusion, the challenge of PBMC to the GTS/ST398 secretome strongly impaired cell viability, while exposure to the GTB/ST8 secretome increased cell viability and enhanced a pro-inflammatory response, further highlighting the different effects exerted on host cells by S. aureus strains with epidemiologically divergent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Di Mauro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Facchin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Laura Roveri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Monistero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Davide Pravettoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Clarissa Zamboni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
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Ávila Morales G, De Leonardis D, Filipe J, Furioso Ferreira R, Agazzi A, Sauerwein H, Comi M, Mrljak V, Lecchi C, Ceciliani F. Porcine milk exosomes modulate the immune functions of CD14 + monocytes in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21447. [PMID: 38052991 PMCID: PMC10698175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes mediate near and long-distance intercellular communication by transferring their molecular cargo to recipient cells, altering their biological response. Milk exosomes (MEx) are internalized by immune cells and exert immunomodulatory functions in vitro. Porcine MEx can accumulate in the small intestine, rich in macrophages. No information is available on the immunomodulatory ability of porcine MEx on porcine monocytes, which are known precursors of gut macrophages. Therefore, this study aims at (1) assessing the in vitro uptake of porcine MEx by porcine monocytes (CD14+), and (2) evaluating the in vitro impact of porcine MEx on porcine monocytes immune functions. MEx were purified by ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. The monocytes' internalization of PKH26-labeled MEx was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Monocytes were incubated with increasing exosome concentrations and their apoptosis and viability were measured. Lastly, the ability of MEx to modulate the cells' immune activities was evaluated by measuring monocytes' phagocytosis, the capacity of killing bacteria, chemotaxis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. MEx were internalized by porcine monocytes in vitro. They also decreased their chemotaxis and phagocytosis, and increased ROS production. Altogether, this study provides insights into the role that MEx might play in pigs' immunity by demonstrating that MEx are internalized by porcine monocytes in vitro and exert immunomodulatory effects on inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ávila Morales
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Daria De Leonardis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Rafaela Furioso Ferreira
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Science for Health, Animal Production and Alimentary Security, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcello Comi
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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Dall’Ara P, Lauzi S, Turin L, Servida F, Barbieri L, Zambarbieri J, Mazzotti G, Granatiero F, Scarparo E, Mirabile A, Bo S, Filipe J. Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2249. [PMID: 38137850 PMCID: PMC10744740 DOI: 10.3390/life13122249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline core vaccines strongly recommended for all cats are against Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), Felid herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1), and Feline calicivirus (FCV), but cats can be classified as low- and high-risk based on their lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine the actual seroprotection against FPV, FeHV-1, and FCV in a large cohort of Italian cats by using the VacciCheck test. A total of 740 cats (567 owned and 173 stray cats; 435 vaccinated and 305 unvaccinated) were analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs). Differences related to origin, sex, age, breed, FIV/FeLV status, health status, and time elapsed since last vaccination were evaluated. Less than half of the entire cohort (36.4%) had PATs for all three diseases simultaneously, increasing to 48.6% if weak positive values were also considered and 50.3% when considering only the 435 vaccinated cats. Particularly, antibodies were detected against FCV, FPV, and FeHV-1 at protective titers (PATs) in 78.6%, 68.1, and 49.1% of the cats, respectively. In general, owned, neutered, and adult FIV- and/or FeLV-negative cats were the most protected categories, even if not always for the three viruses. Most cats maintained high PATs for 3 years or longer after vaccination against FPV and FCV but not FeHV-1. Long-lasting protective immunity persisted for many years after the last vaccination (more than 18 years in the oldest cats). Nevertheless, since not all cats were protected after so many years and for all pathogens, checking protection via antibody titration could be the best choice to prevent immunity breakdowns. The discussion also focuses on the reliability of antibody titration for the two URTD (upper respiratory tract disease) viruses which, unlike for FPV, is not widely accepted as a valid index of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Francesco Servida
- Clinica Veterinaria Pegaso, Via Dante Alighieri 169, 22070 Rovello Porro, CO, Italy
| | - Laura Barbieri
- Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Via Gerolamo Rovetta 8, 20127 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Jari Zambarbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Giulia Mazzotti
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Mazzotti, Via Papa Giovanni XXIII 93, 24054 Calcio, BG, Italy
| | | | - Elena Scarparo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Aurora Mirabile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Stefano Bo
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Bo-Ferro, Via Fratelli Calandra 3, 10123 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
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Romeo C, Filipe J, Wauters LA, Comazzi S, Riva F, Ferrari N. Shifts in immune responses of an invasive alien species: A test of the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis using American Eastern gray squirrels in Italy. Sci Total Environ 2023; 900:165747. [PMID: 37495139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, a reduced investment in immunity, consequent to parasite loss, could partly explain the success of invasive alien species. We investigated variation in parasite load and immune responses of alien Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) along the invasion wave of an expanding population. We first verified by fecal analyses that 1) parasite abundance decreased moving from the core towards the invasion front. Next, we used multiple measures of immunity to investigate whether, in response to the lower parasite pressure, individuals at the invasion front 2) dampened their costly inflammatory response, and 3) increased their investment in less expensive acquired immunity. We first explored variation in hematological variables related either to the inflammatory or the acquired response. On a subset of individuals, we carried out ex vivo cell cultures to analyse the basal expression of MHC class II genes and the expression of TNF-α genes in response to an immune challenge. Platelet counts and TNF-α expression suggested higher inflammation in individuals living at the invasion core, whereas parameters associated with an acquired response (lymphocyte counts and MHC II expression by spleen cells), conversely, were higher in squirrels at the front. Overall, our results suggest a shift between different immune strategies along the invasion wave, supporting a reduced investment in costly inflammatory responses and an increased investment in acquired immunity in individuals at the expanding edge of the range, which are subjected to high selective pressures for dispersal and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Joel Filipe
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lucas A Wauters
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit - Guido Tosi Research Group, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; University of Antwerp, Department of Biology - Evolutionary Ecology Group, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, WildlifeHealth Lab, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, WildlifeHealth Lab, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Turin L, Piccione MM, Crosa F, Dall'Ara P, Filipe J, Zarucco L. Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Sci 2023; 10:460. [PMID: 37505863 PMCID: PMC10386576 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are emerging as multipurpose therapeutic compounds for the treatment of several different syndromes involving peripheral and central nervous systems, and muscular and musculoskeletal disorders both in human and veterinary medicine. Therefore, the study of BoNTs is rapidly developing and identifying newly produced BoNT variants. Efforts should be made to clarify the biological and pharmacological characteristics of these novel BoNTs as well as the natural ones. The high potential of BoNTs as a therapeutic compound for medical syndromes lies in its ability to reach a specific cell type while bypassing other cells, thus having mild or no side effects. In this paper the recent developments in BoNTs are reviewed with the aim of analyzing the current knowledge on BoNTs' biological mechanisms of action, immunogenicity, formulations, and therapeutic applications in the veterinary field, highlighting advantages and drawbacks and identifying the gaps to be filled in order to address research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Marina Michela Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Fabio Crosa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (DSV), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Laura Zarucco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (DSV), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Dall'Ara P, Lauzi S, Turin L, Castaldelli G, Servida F, Filipe J. Effect of Aging on the Immune Response to Core Vaccines in Senior and Geriatric Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:412. [PMID: 37505818 PMCID: PMC10385316 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly dogs are steadily increasing worldwide as well as veterinarians' and owners' interest in their health and wellness. Aging is not a disease, but a combination of changes negatively affecting the organism in general and the immune system in particular, resulting in a decline in protection over time. The aim of this study was to measure the specific serum antibody titers against the main dangerous and widespread viral diseases preventable by core vaccinations in senior and geriatric dogs using the in-practice test VacciCheck. A cohort of three hundred fifty elderly dogs was analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs) against CPV-2, CDV and CAdV-1. The age ranged from 5 to 19 years, with two hundred fifty-eight seniors (73.7%) and ninety-two geriatrics (26.3%), and 97.4% of them were vaccinated at least once in their lives. More than half of the entire study population (52.9%) had PATs simultaneously for all three diseases, with 80.5% seniors and 19.5% geriatrics. Specific PATs were found in 88.6% of aging dogs for CPV-2, 82.3% for CadV-1 and 66.0% for CDV, demonstrating that unprotected aging dogs represent a minority. Unexpectedly, the larger elderly dogs resulted as more protected than smaller ones for CPV-2. Protection then decreases over time, with geriatric dogs less protected than senior ones. Veterinary practitioners should therefore always consider whether to maintain core vaccinations in aging dogs as in adults on a three-year basis or opt instead for closer boosters (every 1 or 2 years). PATs for core vaccines could then represent a good biomarker of protection and their titration could become a standard of care, especially in such a sensitive period of the dogs' life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulia Castaldelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Servida
- Clinica Veterinaria Pegaso, Via Dante Alighieri 169, 22070 Rovello Porro, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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9
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Dall'Ara P, Filipe J, Pilastro C, Turin L, Lauzi S, Gariboldi EM, Stefanello D. Can Chemotherapy Negatively Affect the Specific Antibody Response toward Core Vaccines in Canine Cancer Patients? Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040303. [PMID: 37104458 PMCID: PMC10143758 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The life expectancy of our pets has been getting longer in recent years due to new therapeutic opportunities, better nutrition, and better diagnostic approaches. This positive effect, however, has been accompanied by a concomitant increase in neoplasms, particularly in canine patients. Therefore, veterinarians inevitably face new issues related to these diseases, poorly or never investigated in the past, such as the possible side effects resulting from chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how chemotherapy influences the antibody response against CPV-2, CDV, and CAdV-1 in dogs vaccinated before starting chemotherapy. Twenty-one canine patients with different types of malignancies were sampled before, during, and after different chemotherapy protocols to determine their actual levels of seroprotection against CPV-2, CDV, and CadV-1 by using the in-practice test VacciCheck. Differences related to sex, breed size, type of tumor, and chemotherapy protocol were evaluated. No statistically significant changes in antibody protection emerged for any of the chemotherapy protocol used, suggesting that, contrary to expectation, chemotherapy does not have a marked immunosuppressive effect on the post-vaccine antibody response. These results, although preliminary, may be useful in improving the clinical approach to the canine cancer patient, helping veterinarians fully manage their patients, and enabling owners to feel more confident about their pets' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Pilastro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Elisa Maria Gariboldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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10
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Rossi L, Dell’Anno M, Turin L, Reggi S, Lombardi A, Alborali GL, Filipe J, Riva F, Riccaboni P, Scanziani E, Dall’Ara P, Demartini E, Baldi A. Tobacco Seed-Based Oral Vaccination against Verocytotoxic O138 Escherichia coli as Alternative Approach to Antibiotics in Weaned Piglets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040715. [PMID: 37107076 PMCID: PMC10134994 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhoea and enterotoxaemia caused by Escherichia coli are serious threats in the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) livestock industry and are responsible for economic losses related to mortality, morbidity and stunted growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an engineered tobacco seeds-based edible vaccine in O138 Escherichia coli-challenged piglets throughout a multidisciplinary approach. Thirty-six weaned piglets were enrolled and randomly divided into two experimental groups, a control (C; n = 18) group and a tobacco edible vaccination group (T, n = 18), for 29 days of trial. At days 0, 1, 2, 5 and 14, piglets of the T group were fed with 10 g of the engineered tobacco seeds line expressing F18 and VT2eB antigens, while the C group received wild-type tobacco seeds. After 20 days, 6 piglets/group were orally challenged with the Escherichia coli O138 strain (creating four subgroups: UC = unchallenged control, CC = challenged control, UT = unchallenged tobacco, CT = challenged tobacco) and fed with a high protein diet for 3 consecutive days. Zootechnical, clinical, microbiological, histological and immunological parameters were assayed and registered during the 9 days of post-challenge follow up. At 29 days post-challenge, the CT group displayed a lower average of the sum of clinical scores compared to the CC group (p < 0.05), while the CC group showed a higher average sum of the faecal score (diarrhoea) (p < 0.05) than the CT group. A decreased number of days of shedding of the pathogenic strain was observed in the CT compared to the CC group (p < 0.05). Specific anti-F18 IgA molecules were significantly higher in the CT group compared to the CC group’s faecal samples during the post-challenge period (p < 0.01). In conclusion, edible vaccination with engineered tobacco seeds showed a protective effect on clinical symptoms and diarrhoea incidence during the post-challenge period, characterized by a limited time of pathogenic strain shedding in faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Matteo Dell’Anno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Serena Reggi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Pietro Riccaboni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Eugenio Demartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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11
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Riva F, Filipe J, Pavlovic R, Luciano AM, Dall'Ara P, Arioli F, Pecile A, Groppetti D. Canine amniotic fluid at birth: From a discarded sample to a potential diagnostic of neonatal maturity. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 248:107184. [PMID: 36587591 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The definition of new reliable markers for neonatal maturity evaluation is crucial in canine clinical practice. Concerns about the safety of amniotic sampling in pregnant dogs have prevented its collection for diagnostic purposes. Moreover, amniotic fluid had been considered waste material until the latest studies reported amniocentesis as a reliable and safe procedure, even in the canine species. In our study, amniotic fluid (n = 63) collected at birth from ten dogs undergoing elective Caesarean sections at term was analysed to discover new potential indices of canine neonatal maturity. Based on gestational age, mothers and puppies were divided into two groups: the early group (≤65 days from luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, n = 5) and the late group (>65 days from LH surge, n = 5). Amniotic parameters of the lightest and heaviest puppy in individual/each litter, with a birth weight difference of at least 20% among littermates, were also compared. In particular, the content of lecithin, sphingomyelin, surfactant protein A (SP-A), cortisol, and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in amniotic fluid, which is considered predictive of foetal development in humans, were investigated. Maternal serum SP-A and cortisol were also measured simultaneously. All amniotic parameters were detectable in canine amniotic fluid. Interestingly, the concentrations of different amniotic parameters correlated with each other. Lecithin was positively correlated with sphingomyelin (p < 0.0001), maternal SP-A (p < 0.0005), and the ratio of amniotic and maternal cortisol (p < 0.004). Amniotic SP-A was inversely correlated to maternal SP-A (p < 0.05), lecithin (p < 0.005), and lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was also recorded between amniotic and maternal cortisol (p < 0.008). Considering that all puppies were born alive and mature, these data could provide a potential range of expected amniotic values in full-term new-born dogs. Furthermore, since gestational age was positively correlated with both maternal and amniotic cortisol (p < 0.0001) and amniotic PTX3 (p < 0.05), amniotic fluid seems to be an attractive, innovative, and minimally invasive matrix with potential diagnostic and prognostic utility for the investigation of canine maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Luciano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
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12
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Ávila G, Di Mauro S, Filipe J, Agazzi A, Comi M, Lecchi C, Ceciliani F. Immunomodulatory effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on porcine monocytes (CD14 +) immune response in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 254:110523. [PMID: 36463585 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) found mostly in fish oil. They have been commonly used as dietary integrators in human and animal nutrition, modulating the immune system, mostly by exerting anti-inflammatory activities as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro studies. The precise mechanisms of action at the background of EPA and DHA immunomodulatory activity are still not fully elucidated. Moreover, no information on their effects on porcine monocytes immune response is available yet. To cover this gap, the study aimed to evaluate DHA and EPA's in vitro impact on porcine monocytes (CD14 +) defensive functions. Briefly, monocytes were isolated from the blood of twenty-six healthy pigs, using a magnetic-activated cell sorting technique (MACS). Monocytes were first treated with increasing concentrations of DHA and EPA (25, 50, 100 and 200 µM) and apoptosis and viability were measured to assess potential cytotoxic effects. Once determined EPA and DHA subtoxic working concentrations (25, 50 and 100 µM), their effects on chemotaxis, phagocytosis and total, intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated. DHA and EPA only decreased porcine monocytes viability at the highest concentration (200 µM), but their apoptosis was unaffected. DHA (100 µM) decreased the cells' chemotaxis, while EPA (25 µM) increased their intracellular ROS production after 60 min under non-inflammatory or resting conditions and at 90 min under pro-inflammatory conditions (PMA challenge). EPA (50 µM) decreased monocytes' intracellular ROS levels only under resting conditions at 30 min. No effects were observed on porcine monocytes phagocytic capacity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DHA and EPA can exert differential in vitro immunomodulatory effects in pigs, by dampening monocytes chemotaxis and potentiating their oxidative burst, respectively. Thus, our results suggest these n-3 PUFA might exert both anti-inflammatory and/or immune-enhancing effects in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ávila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Susanna Di Mauro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Marcello Comi
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
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13
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Riva F, Filipe J, Fanelli A, Marconato L, Inglesi A, Scanziani E, Soldati S, Licenziato L, Comazzi S, Minoli L, Aresu L. IL-1R8 Downregulation and Concomitant TLR7 and TLR9 Upregulation Are Related to the Pathogenesis of Canine Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050209. [PMID: 35622737 PMCID: PMC9147662 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common hematological malignancy in humans and dogs. Several studies disclosed some similarities between the two species, including the constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway as a fundamental underlying pathogenetic mechanism. In humans, the downregulation of IL-1R8 is implicated in DLBCL development, but its role in dogs has not been explored so far. To gain insight into the pathogenesis of this tumor in dogs, we evaluated the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1R8 in 12 control lymph nodes obtained from dogs not bearing tumors and from 50 dogs with DLBCL. Moreover, we analyzed through qRT-PCR the expression of TLR7, TLR9, MYC, and p52 genes that are known to be involved in the IL-1R8 regulatory network. IL-1R8 and p52 were downregulated in DLBCLs compared to control lymph nodes (p < 0.001), while a higher expression of TLR7, TLR9, and MYC was observed in DLBCLs (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry confirmed the gene expression results, revealing a significantly lower IL-1R8 staining score in DLBCLs compared to control lymph nodes (p < 0.0001). Taken together, these results suggest that IL-1R8 downregulation may represent one of the mechanisms driving DLBCL pathogenesis in dogs, mainly through the dysregulation of the Toll-like/interleukin receptors signaling cascade and the aberrant activation of the classical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (F.R.); (J.F.); (A.I.); (E.S.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (F.R.); (J.F.); (A.I.); (E.S.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Antonella Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (A.F.); (L.L.); (L.A.)
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Medical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emlia, Italy;
| | - Alessia Inglesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (F.R.); (J.F.); (A.I.); (E.S.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (F.R.); (J.F.); (A.I.); (E.S.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabina Soldati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (F.R.); (J.F.); (A.I.); (E.S.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Licenziato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (A.F.); (L.L.); (L.A.)
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (F.R.); (J.F.); (A.I.); (E.S.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Lucia Minoli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (A.F.); (L.L.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (A.F.); (L.L.); (L.A.)
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14
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Meazzi S, Filipe J, Fiore A, Di Bella S, Mira F, Dall’Ara P. Agreement between In-Clinics and Virus Neutralization Tests in Detecting Antibodies against Canine Distemper Virus (CDV). Viruses 2022; 14:v14030517. [PMID: 35336924 PMCID: PMC8949878 DOI: 10.3390/v14030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Core vaccinations and specific antibody titer evaluations are strongly recommended worldwide by all the vaccination guidelines. Virus neutralization (VN) is considered the gold standard for measuring antibody titer against canine distemper virus, but it is complex and time consuming, and the use of in-clinics tests would allow to obtain quicker results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement of the commercial in-clinics VacciCheck test compared to VN. A total of 106 canine sera were analyzed using both methods. The best agreement was obtained using a protective threshold of ≥1:32. VacciCheck showed 95.5% sensitivity, 87.2% specificity, and 92.5% accuracy. The Cohen’s kappa coefficient between methods was 0.84 (CI 95% 0.73 to 0.95), revealing an optimal agreement between the two methods (p = 0.0073). The evaluation of discordant results reveal that most samples had less than 1.5 dilution difference, and that usually did not affect the classification as protected or non-protected. Results also suggest that, in dubious cases, especially when a protective result is expected, retesting is advisable. In conclusion, VacciCheck may be considered as a reliable instrument that may help the clinician in identifying the best vaccine protocol, avoiding unnecessary vaccination, and thus reducing the incidence of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.); (A.F.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250334174
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.); (A.F.); (P.D.)
| | - Alessandra Fiore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.); (A.F.); (P.D.)
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.D.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.D.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.); (A.F.); (P.D.)
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15
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Addis MF, Pisanu S, Monistero V, Gazzola A, Penati M, Filipe J, Di Mauro S, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Moroni P, Pagnozzi D, Tola S, Piccinini R. Comparative secretome analysis of Staphylococcus aureus strains with different within-herd intramammary infection prevalence. Virulence 2022; 13:174-190. [PMID: 35030987 PMCID: PMC8765078 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2024014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen causing intramammary infection and mastitis in dairy cows. S. aureus genotypes (GT) can differ significantly in their ability to diffuse and persist in the herd; while the association of virulence gene carriage with epidemiological behavior remains unclear, a role for secreted proteins has been postulated. We characterized the secretome of six S. aureus strains belonging to two genotypes with opposite within-herd prevalence, GTB (high) and GTS (low), corresponding to sequence types (ST) 8 and 398, by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and differential analysis with Proteome Discoverer. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029571. Out of 720 identified proteins, 98 were unique or more abundant in GTB/ST8 and 68 in GTS/ST398. GTB/ST8 released more immunoglobulin-binding proteins, complement and antimicrobial peptide inhibitors, enterotoxins, and metabolic enzymes, while GTS/ST398 released more leukocidins, hemolysins, lipases, and peptidases. Furthermore, GTB/ST8 released the von Willebrand factor protein, staphylokinase, and clumping factor B, while GTS released the staphylococcal coagulase and clumping factor A. Hence, GTB/ST8 secretomes indicated a higher propensity for immune evasion and chronicity and GTS/ST398 secretomes for cellular damage and inflammation, consistent with their epidemiological characteristics. Accordingly, GTS/ST398 secretions were significantly more cytotoxic against bovine PBMCs in vitro. Our findings confirm the crucial role of extracellular virulence factors in S. aureus pathogenesis and highlight the need to investigate their differential release adding to gene carriage for a better understanding of the relationship of S. aureus genotypes with epidemiological behavior and, possibly, disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Monistero
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gazzola
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Martina Penati
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Susanna Di Mauro
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy.,Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Sebastiana Tola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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16
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Tassi R, Schiavo M, Filipe J, Todd H, Ewing D, Ballingall KT. Intramammary Immunisation Provides Short Term Protection Against Mannheimia haemolytica Mastitis in Sheep. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659803. [PMID: 34179160 PMCID: PMC8222732 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis affects both dairy and meat/wool sheep industries with losses due to reductions in milk quality and quantity, increased treatment costs and restricted lamb growth. Effective vaccines would be important tools for mastitis control. However, the development of vaccines against mastitis has proved challenging due to the failure to target protective immunity to the mammary gland. In order to target responses to the mammary gland, this study tested whether local administration directly into the gland through the teat canal or in the udder skin confers protection against an intramammary infection. In this study, we tested a vaccine that confers protection against respiratory disease caused by Mannheimia haemolytica to determine if it also protects against intramammary infection by the same organism. No evidence of protection was observed in animals that received a subcutaneous immunisation in the udder skin, however, intramammary immunisation provided almost complete protection against an experimental challenge administered 7 days post immunisation but not if the challenge was delivered 14 days post immunisation. To investigate further the nature of this variation in response, the somatic cell count and concentration of cytokines Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-17A was determined in milk over the course of each study. Intramammary immunisation induced an inflammatory response within the mammary gland, characterised by increases in SCC and in the production of cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-17A. This response was similar to that observed in un-vaccinated control animals post challenge. The SCC and cytokine levels had returned to levels comparable with un-vaccinated controls prior to challenge at both 7 and 14 days post immunisation. The transient nature of the protective effect is consistent with the priming of an innate antibacterial response within the mammary gland which provides protection against challenge at 7 days but is diminished by 14 days post-vaccination. Further studies are planned to determine the nature of the innate immune mechanisms associated with the protective effect described here to determine whether it may be exploited to improve ruminant udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tassi
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Schiavo
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Todd
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - David Ewing
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Keith T Ballingall
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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17
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Dall'Ara P, Lauzi S, Filipe J, Caseri R, Beccaglia M, Desario C, Cavalli A, Aiudi GG, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Discrepancy Between In-clinic and Haemagglutination-Inhibition Tests in Detecting Maternally-Derived Antibodies Against Canine Parvovirus in Puppies. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:630809. [PMID: 33732742 PMCID: PMC7959788 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most common causes of mortality in puppies worldwide. Protection against CPV infection is based on vaccination, but maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) can interfere with vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of an in-clinic ELISA test to assess the CPV MDA in unvaccinated puppies and CPV antibodies in bitches, comparing the results with the gold standard haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Serum samples of 136 unvaccinated puppies were tested, along with sera of 16 vaccinated bitches. Five unvaccinated puppies were retested after vaccination. Both assays showed that the 16 vaccinated bitches had protective antibody levels against CPV. Conversely, significant discrepancies were observed for the MDA titers in unvaccinated puppies. Protective MDA titers were observed in 91.9% puppies using HI and in 40.4% by the in-clinic ELISA test, and only the latter one showed a decrease of MDA titers and percentages of protected puppies after the first weeks of age. Vaccination of five puppies with high HI and low in-clinic ELISA MDA titers resulted in seroconversion. Our results confirm the reliability of the in-clinic ELISA test in determining protective antibodies against CPV in adult dogs. Our findings also suggest that the in-clinic ELISA test kit may also be a useful tool to detect and quantify CPV MDA, thus allowing prediction of the best time to vaccinate puppies and reduction of the rate of vaccination failures due to interference by maternally-derived antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Roberta Caseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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18
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Capoferri R, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Pisoni G, Roccabianca P, Riva F, Filipe J, Del Corvo M, Stella A, Williams JL, Rupp R, Moroni P. Comparison of the response of mammary gland tissue from two divergent lines of goat with high and low milk somatic cell scores to an experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110208. [PMID: 33640660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis represents one of the major economic and health threats to the livestock sector associated with reduction in milk quality, loss of production and is a major reason for culling. Somatic cell score (SCS) is used as a criterion in breeding programmes to select cows genetically less susceptible to mastitis. The relevance of SCS as a predictor of udder health and susceptibility to mastitis is still untested in goats. In this study, two lines of French Alpine goats selected for extreme breeding values for somatic cell scores, one line with high SCS (HSCS) and the other with low SCS (LSCS), were used to test the hypothesis that the mammary response and function differed between the lines. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in the early immune response in caprine mammary gland tissues challenged with Staphylococcus aureus, one of the main pathogens responsible for the intra-mammary infection in small ruminants, using transcriptomic and histopathology analyses. The comparison between HSCS and LSCS goat lines, showed differences in the response at the histological level for inflammation, presence of neutrophils and micro-abscess formation, and at the molecular level in the expression of CXCL8, IL-6, NFKBIZ and IL-1β. CXCL8 and CXCL2 genes, which showed a higher level of expression in the experimentally infected HSCS line. The molecular data and histopathology both suggested that following S. aureus infection, mobilization, recruitment, infiltration, and chemotaxis of neutrophil, leads to a more severe inflammation in the HSCS compared to LSCS animals. Our results represent an initial basis for further studies to unravel the genetic basis of early mastitis inflammatory responses and the selection of dairy animals more resistant to bacterial mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Capoferri
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano "L. Spallanzani" Località La Quercia 26027 Rivolta d'Adda, Cremona, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliano Pisoni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marcello Del Corvo
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lodi, Italy
| | - John L Williams
- The Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Rachel Rupp
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amèlioration Gènètique des Animaux, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Cornell University, Animal Heath Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, Ithaca, NY, USA
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19
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Filipe J, Bronzo V, Curone G, Castiglioni B, Vigo D, Smith B, Herrera V, Roccabianca P, Moroni P, Riva F. Staphylococcus aureus intra-mammary infection affects the expression pattern of IL-R8 in goat. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101339. [PMID: 31437679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IL-1R8 is a member of Interleukin-1 receptor family acting as a negative regulator of inflammation reliant on ILRs and TLRs activation. IL-1R8 role has never been evaluated in acute bacterial mastitis. We first investigated IL-1R8 sequence conservation among different species and its pattern of expression in a wide panel of organs from healthy goats. Then, modulation of IL-1R8 during natural and experimental mammary infection was evaluated and compared in blood, milk and mammary tissues from healthy and Staphylococcus aureus infected goats. IL-1R8 has a highly conserved sequence among vertebrates. Goat IL-1R8 was ubiquitously expressed in epithelial and lymphoid tissues with highest levels in pancreas. IL-1R8 was down-regulated in epithelial mammary cells following S. aureus infection. Interestingly it was up-regulated in leukocytes infiltrating the infected mammary tissues suggesting that it could represent a target of S. aureus immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Filipe
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - V Bronzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Curone
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - B Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - D Vigo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - B Smith
- University of California, Davis, Wildlife Health Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - V Herrera
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - P Roccabianca
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - P Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy; Cornell University, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - F Riva
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Cremonesi P, Ceccarani C, Curone G, Severgnini M, Pollera C, Bronzo V, Riva F, Addis MF, Filipe J, Amadori M, Trevisi E, Vigo D, Moroni P, Castiglioni B. Milk microbiome diversity and bacterial group prevalence in a comparison between healthy Holstein Friesian and Rendena cows. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205054. [PMID: 30356246 PMCID: PMC6200206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry and early lactation periods represent the most critical phases for udder health in cattle, especially in highly productive breeds, such as the Holstein Friesian (HF). On the other hand, some autochthonous cattle breeds, such as the Rendena (REN), have a lower prevalence of mastitis and other transition-related diseases. In this study, milk microbiota of 6 HF and 3 REN cows, all raised on the same farm under the same conditions, was compared. A special focus was placed on the transition period to define bacterial groups’ prevalence with a plausible effect on mammary gland health. Four time points (dry-off, 1 d, 7–10 d and 30 d after calving) were considered. Through 16S rRNA sequencing, we characterized the microbiota composition for 117 out of the 144 milk samples initially collected, keeping only the healthy quarters, in order to focus on physiological microbiome changes and avoid shifts due to suspected diseases. Microbial populations were very different in the two breeds along all the time points, with REN milk showing a significantly lower microbial biodiversity. The taxonomic profiles of both cosmopolitan and local breeds were dominated by Firmicutes, mostly represented by the Streptococcus genus, although in very different proportions (HF 27.5%, REN 68.6%). Large differences in HF and REN cows were, also, evident from the metabolic predictive analysis from microbiome data. Finally, only HF milk displayed significant changes in the microbial composition along the transition period, while REN maintained a more stable microbiota. In conclusion, in addition to the influence on the final characteristics of dairy products obtained from milk of the two breeds, differences in the milk microbiome might, also, have an impact on their mammary gland health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Lodi, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Camilla Ceccarani
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, (CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Curone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, (CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Lodi, Italy
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21
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Filipe J, Curone G, Bronzo V, Pisoni G, Cremonesi P, Pollera C, Turin L, Vigo D, Roccabianca P, Caniatti M, Moroni P, Riva F. Pentraxin 3 is up-regulated in epithelial mammary cells during Staphylococcus aureus intra-mammary infection in goat. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 59:8-16. [PMID: 30290890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 is the prototypic long pentraxin and is produced by different cell populations (dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) after pro-inflammatory stimulation. Different studies demonstrated the up-regulation of PTX3 during mastitis in ruminants, but its role is still unknown. We first investigated the conservation of PTX3 sequence among different species and its pattern of expression in a wide panel of organs from healthy goats. We studied the modulation of PTX3 during natural and experimental mammary infection, comparing its expression in blood, milk and mammary tissues from healthy and Staphylococcus aureus infected animals. We confirmed the high conservation of the molecule among different species. Goat PTX3 was expressed at high levels in bone marrow, mammary gland, aorta, rectum, pancreas, skin and lungs. PTX3 was up-regulated in epithelial mammary cells and in milk cells after S. aureus infection, suggesting that it represents a first line of defense in goat udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Filipe
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - G Curone
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - V Bronzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - C Pollera
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - L Turin
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - D Vigo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - P Roccabianca
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Caniatti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - P Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; Cornell University, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - F Riva
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Curone G, Filipe J, Cremonesi P, Trevisi E, Amadori M, Pollera C, Castiglioni B, Turin L, Tedde V, Vigo D, Moroni P, Minuti A, Bronzo V, Addis MF, Riva F. What we have lost: Mastitis resistance in Holstein Friesians and in a local cattle breed. Res Vet Sci 2017; 116:88-98. [PMID: 29223308 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Holstein Friesian dairy cows, selective pressure for increased milk production has led to a higher propensity to disease, including mastitis, when compared to less selected and lower producing dairy breeds. The biology underpinning the higher resistance to disease of such "local breeds" is not fully understood. With the aim of investigating the factors associated to this phenomenon, we applied a multidisciplinary approach to compare innate immune response patterns, metabolic parameters, milk protein profiles and the milk microbiota in Holstein Friesian and Rendena cows reared in the same farm and under the same management conditions. Quarter milk samples and blood plasma were collected from all cows at dry-off, 1day after calving, 7-10days after calving and 30days after calving. Quarter milk samples were subjected to bacteriological culture, characterization of the milk microbiota by 16S metagenomics, milk protein profiling by electrophoresis and densitometry, somatic cell counting, measurement of the inflammation marker cathelicidin and assessment of different innate immune-related mediators such as lysozyme, CD45, IL-1β, TNF-α, PTX3, IL-1R8. In parallel, the main inflammometabolic parameters were measured in blood plasma samples. Despite having relatively few animals (6 moderate-yielding Holstein Friesian and 4 low-yielding Rendena) some important differences were apparent. Holstein Friesian cows showed a more severe fat mobilization and systemic inflammatory response postpartum in comparison with Rendena cows, which had a greater postpartum muscle mass and an increased amino acid mobilization compared to Holstein Friesians. Upon bacteriological analysis, contagious bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae were absent, but significant differences were seen in the general composition of the milk microbiota of the two breeds. Concerning the milk protein abundance profile, pronounced differences were seen in colostrum, with significantly higher amounts of immunoglobulins and other immune-related proteins in Rendena. Added to this, the expression of innate immune related genes such as PTX-3, IL-1β, TNF-α, and KRT5 expression in milk epithelial and leukocyte cell components, respectively, was lower in Holstein Friesian colostrum compared with Rendena. In conclusion, several differences were observed in the two breeds, in spite of the same farming conditions. The observations reported in this work present numerous pointers to the factors that may provide autochthonous, more rustic breeds with a higher resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Curone
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Tedde
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy; Cornell University, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, 14853 Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - M Filippa Addis
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy; Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
| | - Federica Riva
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 20133 Milan, Italy
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23
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Boccardo A, Belloli A, Biffani S, Locatelli V, Dall'Ara P, Filipe J, Restelli I, Proverbio D, Pravettoni D. Intravenous immunoglobulin transfusion in colostrum-deprived dairy calves. Vet J 2016; 209:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dall'Ara P, Iulini B, Botto L, Filipe J, Martino PA, Pintore MD, Gazzuola P, Mazza M, Dagrada M, Ingravalle F, Casalone C, Palestini P, Poli G. Diets with different lipid contents do not modify the neuronal membrane lipid raft profile in a scrapie murine model. Life Sci 2016; 144:226-33. [PMID: 26655166 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), the localization of the prion protein in the neuronal membrane lipid rafts (LR) seems to play a role in sustaining the protein misfolding. Changes in membrane properties, due to altered lipid composition, affect their organization and interaction between lipids and protein therein, and consequently also membrane resident protein functionality; dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), gangliosides and cholesterol seem to influence these processes. AIMS In this work, the influence of administration of different feed, able to change the composition of lipid membrane, on the clinical progression of prion disease was studied. MAIN METHODS The activity of three diets (hyperlipidic with 6% fats; hypolipidic with 0.1% fats; and purified with 4% fats) was tested in CD1 mouse model experimentally infected with RML scrapie strain. Presence and distribution of typical central nervous system (CNS) lesions and deposits of PrP(sc) were evaluated by histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry. Analysis of lipids was performed in homogenate and insoluble brain fraction of the neuronal membrane rich in LR. KEY FINDINGS Results show that a diet with a different lipid level has not a significant role in the development of the scrapie disease. All infected mice fed with different diets died in the same time span. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and neuropathological analyses of the infected brains did not show significant differences between animals subjected to different diets. SIGNIFICANCE Independently of the diet, the infection induced a significant modification of the lipid composition in homogenates, and a less noticeable one in insoluble brain fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Barbara Iulini
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Botto
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Pintore
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Gazzuola
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Mazza
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Dagrada
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- CEA, Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giorgio Poli
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Dall'Ara P, Meloni T, Rota A, Servida F, Filipe J, Veronesi MC. Immunoglobulins G and lysozyme concentrations in canine fetal fluids at term of pregnancy. Theriogenology 2014; 83:766-71. [PMID: 25488792 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the dog, the endotheliochorial placenta allows only the 5% to 10% transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus, but the timing and the factors influencing the immunoglobulin G (IgG) transplacental transport were not fully investigated. The aims of the present study were the following: (1) to assess the presence of both IgG and lysozyme in amniotic and allantoic fluids collected from fully developed and viable newborn puppies born by elective cesarean section at term and possible correlations between amniotic and allantoic IgG and lysozyme levels; (2) to verify possible differences in IgG and lysozyme concentrations between the two fluids; and (3) to detect possible differences in IgG and lysozyme fetal fluid levels in relation to the maternal breed body size and parity, as well as to the neonatal gender. The study, performed on 41 purebred bitches submitted to elective cesarean section at term, enrolled 142 puppies, 74 males and 68 females, born mature, viable, without gross malformations, and with a normal weight. At surgery, a total of 129 amniotic and 84 allantoic samples were collected for IgG and lysozyme analysis. Class G immunoglobulins and lysozyme were detected in both fluids, but IgG concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) in amniotic fluid. Moreover, a significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) between IgG amniotic and allantoic levels, but not for lysozyme, was observed. A significant effect of the maternal parity (P < 0.05), but not of the breed body size, on the amniotic IgG concentrations was found, whereas the newborn gender was not associated to different IgG or lysozyme amniotic or allantoic levels. Given the significant contributions of fetal fluids to fetal and neonatal health, the results reported that the amniotic and allantoic fluids play a role in the immune protection of the fetus/newborn also in canine species. However, additional research is needed to better elucidate both the origin of IgG and lysozyme and the factors influencing the wide interindividual variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - T Meloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - A Rota
- ECAR Resident, Ambulatorio Veterinario Pellegrini-Rota, Bergamo, Italy
| | - F Servida
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - J Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M C Veronesi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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26
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Grilo C, Reto D, Filipe J, Ascensão F, Revilla E. Understanding the mechanisms behind road effects: linking occurrence with road mortality in owls. Anim Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Grilo
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Sevilla Spain
| | - D. Reto
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - J. Filipe
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - F. Ascensão
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - E. Revilla
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Sevilla Spain
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Fred A, Filipe J, Partinen M, Paiva T. PSG-EXPERT. An expert system for the diagnosis of sleep disorders. Stud Health Technol Inform 2001; 78:127-47. [PMID: 11151593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes PSG-EXPERT, an expert system in the domain of sleep disorders exploring polysomnographic data. The developed software tool is addressed from two points of view: (1)--as an integrated environment for the development of diagnosis-oriented expert systems; (2)--as an auxiliary diagnosis tool in the particular domain of sleep disorders. Developed over a Windows platform, this software tool extends one of the most popular shells--CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) with the following features: backward chaining engine; graph-based explanation facilities; knowledge editor including a fuzzy fact editor and a rules editor, with facts-rules integrity checking; belief revision mechanism; built-in case generator and validation module. It therefore provides graphical support for knowledge acquisition, edition, explanation and validation. From an application domain point of view, PSG-Expert is an auxiliary diagnosis system for sleep disorders based on polysomnographic data, that aims at assisting the medical expert in his diagnosis task by providing automatic analysis of polysomnographic data, summarising the results of this analysis in terms of a report of major findings and possible diagnosis consistent with the polysomnographic data. Sleep disorders classification follows the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Major features of the system include: browsing on patients data records; structured navigation on Sleep Disorders descriptions according to ASDA definitions; internet links to related pages; diagnosis consistent with polysomnographic data; graphical user-interface including graph-based explanatory facilities; uncertainty modelling and belief revision; production of reports; connection to remote databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fred
- Instituto de Telecomunicações/Instituto Superior Técnico, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal.
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