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Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of feline tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 255:110538. [PMID: 36543013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cases of feline tuberculosis (TB) can be challenging to diagnose. Currently, this is achieved through a combination of mycobacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA); however, these each have limitations. There is limited data regarding the use of humoral immunodiagnostics for TB in cats. Therefore, we sought to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to further facilitate the diagnosis of feline TB. A comparative PPD (purified protein derivative) antibody ELISA was optimised for use on serum and plasma, and was tested against samples from 14 cats with culture-confirmed TB and 24 uninfected controls. Selection of an appropriate positive cut-off value based on receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis gave test sensitivity of 64.3 % and specificity of 100 %. When tested on further samples from cats with strongly suspected mycobacteriosis, 32.9 % (23/70) were antibody positive. Notably, positive results were recorded in cats that failed to respond to the IGRA, and in one PCR and IGRA negative cat. No positive responses were identified in cats with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections, or with non-mycobacterial diseases (n = 12). Therefore, antibody-based diagnostics may be useful adjunctive tests for cases of TB missed by the IGRA, helping protect both feline and, in turn, human health.
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Mitchell JL, MacDougall L, Dobromylskyj MJ, Smith K, Stavinohova R, Gunn-Moore DA, Hope JC, Scurrell E. Ocular mycobacterial lesions in cats. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:792-805. [PMID: 35587045 PMCID: PMC9358306 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221098431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular mycobacterial infections are an under-recognized cause of morbidity in the
domestic cat. This study aimed to explore the distribution, histopathological
appearance, and severity of feline ocular mycobacterial lesions, and to
characterize the immune cell population with immunohistochemistry. Routine
histological staining with hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson’s trichrome, was
performed to identify ocular lesions and assign an inflammation score based on
the number of cells present. Acid-fast bacilli were detected with Ziehl-Neelsen,
and immunohistochemistry for ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba1),
calprotectin, cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), and Pax5 was undertaken on
formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 24 cases of ocular
mycobacteriosis. Posterior or panuveitis with concurrent retinitis was
identified in 20/24 cases (83%), with retinal detachment in 16/20 (80%) of these
cases. Choroidal lesions had the highest median inflammation score.
Ziehl-Neelsen-positive organisms were detected in 20/24 cases (83%), with the
highest prevalence of acid-fast bacilli detected in choroidal lesions (16/20,
80%). Lesions were typically granulomatous to pyogranulomatous, characterized by
abundant numbers of Iba1-positive macrophages, followed by calprotectin-positive
granulocytes and monocytes, fewer T cells, and rarer B cells. However, where
iritis was identified, inflammation was typically lymphoplasmacytic (11/16
cases, 69%). Where diagnostic testing was performed, tuberculosis (ie, infection
with Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium
microti, or a nonspeciated Mycobacterium
tuberculosis-complex pathogen) was diagnosed in 20/22 cats (91%),
with Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection identified in the
other 2/22 cats (9%). These results suggest the choroid is the primary site of
lesion development in most cases of feline ocular mycobacteriosis, and
inflammatory changes are associated with the presence of mycobacteria localized
to ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ken Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Mitchell JL, Stanley P, McDonald K, Burr P, Rhodes SG, Gunn-Moore DA, Hope JC. Diagnostic accuracy of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for cases of feline mycobacteriosis. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105409. [PMID: 34126470 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for diagnosing infections with members of the Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis-complex (MTBC) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in domestic cats, and to generate defined feline-specific cut-off values using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to improve test performance. Records of 594 cats that had been tested by IGRA were explored to identify individuals that had a culture and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed case of mycobacterial disease, and those that had a final diagnosis of non-mycobacterial disease. A total of 117 cats - 80 with mycobacterial disease and 37 diagnosed with a condition other than mycobacteriosis - were identified for further detailed analysis. This population was used to estimate test sensitivity and specificity, as well as likelihood ratios for the IGRA to correctly identify a cat with or without mycobacterial disease. Agreement between IGRA results and culture/PCR using current and proposed new cut-off values was also determined. ROC analysis of defined confirmed infected and non-mycobacterial disease control cats allowed an adjustment of current test cut-offs that increased the overall test sensitivity for MTBC infections from 83.1 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 71.5-90.5 %) to 90.2 % (95 % CI: 80.2-95.4%), and M. bovis infection from 43 % (95 % CI: 28.2-60.7%) to 68 % (95 % CI: 51.4-82.1%) while maintaining high test specificity (100 % in both cases). Overall agreement between IGRA results and culture/PCR, while recognising that neither culture nor PCR tests have perfect sensitivity, improved from weak (κ = 0.57) to moderate (κ = 0.71) using new proposed IGRA test cut-off values. Application of these results, based upon the statistical analysis of accumulated test data, can improve the diagnostic performance of the feline IGRA, particularly for identifying infections with M. bovis, without compromising specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Mitchell
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Stanley
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran McDonald
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd, 6 Charles Darwin House, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Near Penicuik, EH26 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Burr
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd, 6 Charles Darwin House, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Near Penicuik, EH26 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley G Rhodes
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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Mitchell JL, Del Pozo J, Woolley CSC, Dheendsa R, Hope JC, Gunn-Moore DA. Histological and immunohistochemical features suggesting aetiological differences in lymph node and (muco)cutaneous feline tuberculosis lesions. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:174-187. [PMID: 34101189 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and describe histological and immunohistochemical criteria that may differentiate between skin and lymph node lesions associated with Mycobacterium (M.) bovis and M. microti in a diagnostic pathology setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Archived skin and lymph node biopsies of tuberculous lesions were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen and Masson's Trichrome. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of calprotectin, CD3 and Pax5. Samples were scored for histological parameters (i.e. granulomas with central necrosis versus small granulomas without central necrosis, percentage necrosis and/or multinucleated giant cells), number of acid-fast bacilli (bacterial index) and lesion percentage of fibrosis and positive immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Twenty-two samples were examined (M. bovis n=11, M. microti n=11). When controlling for age, gender and tissue, feline M. bovis-associated lesions more often featured large multi-layered granulomas with central necrosis. Conversely, this presentation was infrequent in feline M. microti-associated lesions, where small granulomas without central necrosis predominated. The presence of an outer fibrous capsule was variable in both groups, as was the bacterial index. There were no differences in intralesional expression of immunohistochemical markers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Differences in the histological appearance of skin and lymph node lesions may help to infer feline infection with either M. bovis or M. microti at an earlier stage when investigating these cases, informing clinicians of the potential zoonotic risk. Importantly, cases of tuberculosis can present with numerous acid-fast bacilli. This implies that a high bacterial index does not infer infection with non-zoonotic non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mitchell
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J Del Pozo
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C S C Woolley
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R Dheendsa
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J C Hope
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D A Gunn-Moore
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Serial Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) Testing to Monitor Treatment Responses in Cases of Feline Mycobacteriosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060657. [PMID: 34073615 PMCID: PMC8226617 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is used to diagnose cases of feline mycobacteriosis, but the use of serial testing to monitor treatment responses has not been evaluated in this species. From a population of cats that underwent IGRA testing for diagnostic investigation, individuals were identified with a pre- and end-of-treatment IGRA that passed control thresholds. The number of cats which reverted to negative at the end-of-treatment IGRA, changes in paired antigen-specific optical density (OD) values and differences in the pre-treatment antigen-specific OD values for those which underwent reversion were compared. Factors to explain reversion or recurrence of disease post-treatment were explored. Four of 18 cats (22%) reverted to negativity at the point of clinical resolution (p = 0.33), there was no difference in paired antigen-specific OD values (p ≥ 0.12), and cats that reverted did not have a lower baseline OD value (p = 0.63). No statistically significant factors were identified to predict reversion (p ≥ 0.08). Remaining positive at the end of treatment IGRA was not associated with recurrence of disease post-treatment (p = 0.34). Overall, these data suggest there is limited value in the use of the IGRA to monitor treatment responses in cats.
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Albuquerque CSC, Černá P, Gunn-Moore DA. Repeated bouts of pulmonary tuberculosis in a hunting cat: reinfection or recrudescence? JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:2055116921990292. [PMID: 33953934 PMCID: PMC8044568 DOI: 10.1177/2055116921990292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY A 7-year-old neutered male Siamese cat was referred for investigation of weight loss and hypercalcaemia (3.3 mmol/l; reference interval 2-3 mmol/l). Haematology, serum biochemistry, thoracic imaging, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), Ziehl-Neelsen staining of the BAL fluid and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) were compatible with pneumonia caused by the less pathogenic member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, that is, M microti (the 'vole bacillus'), which is common in cats in the UK. Treatment with azithromycin, rifampicin and marbofloxacin was given for 2 months, followed by 4 months of azithromycin and marbofloxacin. Treatment recommendations for tuberculous pneumonia have since changed. The cat remained asymptomatic for 1 year but went on to develop M microti pneumonia on five other occasions, and was treated for 6-12 months on each occasion. The patient's clinical signs, hypercalcaemia and radiographic/CT pulmonary pathology always resolved completely, and the IGRA became negative, before antimycobacterial treatment was stopped. This suggests cure followed by reinfection owing to avid hunting behaviour. Alternatively, this could represent recrudescence of dormant disease. This case has previously been included in a study that described a series of cases of feline tuberculosis. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION This case shows that M microti infection in cats can present as recurrent episodes of pneumonia, even after prolonged treatment courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina SC Albuquerque
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
| | - Petra Černá
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
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Peterhans S, Landolt P, Friedel U, Oberhänsli F, Dennler M, Willi B, Senn M, Hinden S, Kull K, Kipar A, Stephan R, Ghielmetti G. Mycobacterium microti: Not Just a Coincidental Pathogen for Cats. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:590037. [PMID: 33344530 PMCID: PMC7744565 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.590037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Public interest in animal tuberculosis is mainly focused on prevention and eradication of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and wildlife. In cattle, immunodiagnostic tests such as the tuberculin skin test or the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) assay have been established and are commercially available. Feline tuberculosis is rather unknown, and the available diagnostic tools are limited. However, infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members need to be considered an aetiological differential diagnosis in cats with granulomatous lymphadenopathy or skin nodules and, due to the zoonotic potential, a time-efficient and accurate diagnostic approach is required. The present study describes 11 independent cases of Mycobacterium microti infection in domestic cats in Switzerland. For three cases, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, bacteriological results, immunodiagnostic testing, and pathological features are reported. An adapted feline IFN-γ release assay was successfully applied in two cases and appears to be a promising tool for the ante mortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in cats. Direct contact with M. microti reservoir hosts was suspected to be the origin of infection in all three cases. However, there was no evidence of M. microti infection in 346 trapped wild mice from a presumptive endemic region. Therefore, the source and modalities of infection in cats in Switzerland remain to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Peterhans
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Landolt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Friedel
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Karin Kull
- Dres. Kull, Gross- und Kleintierpraxis, Ernen, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Černá P, L. Mitchell J, Lodzinska J, Cazzini P, Varjonen K, Gunn-Moore DA. Systemic Mycobacterium kansasii Infection in Two Related Cats. Pathogens 2020; 9:E959. [PMID: 33218094 PMCID: PMC7698836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are a major concern in veterinary medicine because of the difficulty achieving an etiological diagnosis, the challenges and concerns of treatment, and the potential zoonotic risk. Mycobacterium kansasii, a slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria, causes disease in both humans and animals. While infections have been well described in humans, where it may be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, there are fewer reports in animals. Only four cases have been reported in the domestic cat. This case report describes systemic M. kansasii infection in two sibling indoor-only cats that presented two and half years apart with cutaneous disease that was found to be associated with osteolytic and pulmonary pathology. Infection with M. kansasii was confirmed in both cats by polymerase chain reaction on fine-needle aspirate of a lumbosacral soft tissue mass in one cat and on a tissue punch biopsy of a skin lesion in the other; interferon-gamma release assay inferred M. avium-complex and M. tuberculosis-complex infection in the two cats, respectively. Both patients made a full recovery following antimicrobial therapy with rifampicin, azithromycin, and pradofloxacin (plus N-acetyl cysteine in cat 2). This report highlights successful treatment of systemic M. kansasii mycobacteriosis in the cat and the challenge of accurately diagnosing this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Černá
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, CO 80528, USA;
- The University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jordan L. Mitchell
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Joanna Lodzinska
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Paola Cazzini
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Katarina Varjonen
- AniCura Djursjukhuset Albano, Rinkebyvägen 21A, 182 36 Danderyd, Sweden;
| | - Danièlle A. Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
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O'Halloran C, Tørnqvist-Johnsen C, Woods G, Mitchell J, Reed N, Burr P, Gascoyne-Binzi D, Wegg M, Beardall S, Hope J, Gunn-Moore D. Feline tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection of domestic UK cats associated with feeding a commercial raw food diet. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2308-2320. [PMID: 33091235 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium (M.) bovis can infect cats and is a demonstrated zoonosis. We describe an outbreak of M. bovis in pet cats across England and Scotland associated with feeding a commercial raw food diet. Forty-seven cats presented with (pyo)granulomatous lesions, lymphadenopathy, pulmonary and/or alimentary disease over a one-year period where M. bovis infection was suspected or definitively diagnosed, and the cats all consumed the same specific brand of commercial raw venison pet food. Infection with M. bovis genotype 10:a was confirmed by culture and DNA typing of isolates in a small number of cases (n = 5); PCR was used in combination with or as an alternative to culture (n = 12) and/or infection with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex group organism was strongly suggested by positive responses to an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA; n = 34). Asymptomatic at-risk cats were screened by IGRA, identifying a further 83 infected cats. The five culture-positive cases were distributed across areas of England and Scotland at low risk of endemic bovine tuberculosis. Investigations revealed affected cats were mainly indoor-only, and had been fed the same commercial raw food as at least part of their diet. This diet was recalled by the manufacturer due to failure of statutory meat inspection of the component venison. As far as possible, other sources of infection were explored and excluded, including wildlife contact, access to raw milk and living with people with active M. bovis infection. Four owners and one veterinary surgeon were found to have high likelihood of latent tuberculosis infection. One owner required treatment. Although it was not possible to conclusively demonstrate a zoonotic origin for these infections, neither was it possible to eliminate the possibility. Our results provide compelling evidence that the commercial raw diet of these cats was the likely route of M. bovis infection in this outbreak of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Camilla Tørnqvist-Johnsen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Glynn Woods
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordan Mitchell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicki Reed
- Veterinary Specialists Scotland, Livingston, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jayne Hope
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Stavinohova R, O'Halloran C, Newton JR, Oliver JAC, Scurrell E, Gunn-Moore DA. Feline Ocular Mycobacteriosis: Clinical Presentation, Histopathological Features, and Outcome. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:749-760. [PMID: 31132943 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819844819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes clinical and histopathological features, treatment, and outcome of cats diagnosed with ocular mycobacteriosis. Cases diagnosed from 2012 to 2017 were reviewed for (a) histopathological evidence of ocular (pyo)granulomatous inflammation containing acid-fast bacilli with mycobacterial morphology, (b) positive mycobacterial culture and/or mycobacterial DNA identified by polymerase chain reaction of ocular tissue, or (c) presumed mycobacteriosis based on ophthalmic examination and positive interferon-gamma release assay. Twenty-five cats (31 eyes) were included; 14 cats (17/31 eyes, 55%) were blind at presentation (unilateral: n = 12 cats; bilateral: n = 2 cats); one unilaterally affected cat later became bilaterally blind. Another 5 cats (7/31 eyes, 23%) became blind after initially being bilaterally visual (unilateral: n = 3 cats; bilateral: n = 2 cats). The commonest ocular finding was uveitis (87%). The main histopathological features were granulomatous to pyogranulomatous chorioretinitis with retinal detachment, anterior uveitis, optic neuritis, episcleritis, scleritis, and/or retrobulbar cellulitis. Nineteen cats (76%) had systemic signs, with disseminated disease being diagnosed in 9, defined by interstitial pulmonary disease, generalized lymphadenopathy, and/or nonocular infection. Nine cats were diagnosed with Mycobacterium bovis, 2 with Mycobacterium microti, 1 with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and 1 with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. The infecting species was unknown in the remaining cats. Combined surgery (enucleation: n = 5 cats; biopsy: n = 3 cats) and systemic treatment with 2 or 3 appropriate antibiotics for 2 to 7 months resulted in remission in 8 of the 10 cats treated; however, the cat treated with dual therapy relapsed after 8 months. A total of 16 cats (64%) were euthanized; 2 were lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stavinohova
- 1 Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
| | - Conor O'Halloran
- 2 The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jonathan Richard Newton
- 3 Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Department, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
| | - James Andrew Clive Oliver
- 1 Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
| | | | - Danièlle Audry Gunn-Moore
- 2 The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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11
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O'Halloran C, Hope JC, Dobromylskyj M, Burr P, McDonald K, Rhodes S, Roberts T, Dampney R, De la Rua-Domenech R, Robinson N, Gunn-Moore DA. An outbreak of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis infection in a pack of English Foxhounds (2016-2017). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1872-1884. [PMID: 30058193 PMCID: PMC6282731 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis can cause tuberculosis (TB) in social mammals including lions, cattle and man, but canine infections are considered rare. In 2016/17 we investigated a M. bovis TB outbreak in a pack of approximately 180 Foxhounds within the bovine TB Edge Area of England. We employed a combination of immunological tests including an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and a serological assay (DPP VetTB, Chembio). Test‐positive hounds were euthanased and subjected to post‐mortem examination (PME). Overall 164 hounds were tested; 97 (59%) responded positively to at least one test. Eighty‐five (52%) dogs responded to M. bovis antigens by IGRA while only 21 (12.9%) had detectable serological responses. At PME three hounds (3.1%) had visible lesions (VL) due to M. bovis infection, later confirmed by culture. Samples from 24 non‐VL hounds were cultured and M. bovis infection was confirmed in a further three hounds (11%). This study is the first investigation and report of an outbreak of M. bovis TB in a canine species. We establish that, in principle, diagnostic tests used for identifying infected individuals of other species can effectively be used in the dog. Further work is urgently needed to establish the sensitivity and specificity of the testing approach used in this study for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tony Roberts
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | - Danielle A Gunn-Moore
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Major A, O’Halloran C, Holmes A, Lalor S, Littler R, Spence S, Schwarz T, Gunn-Moore D. Use of computed tomography imaging during long-term follow-up of nine feline tuberculosis cases. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:189-199. [PMID: 29366400 PMCID: PMC11129261 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17699476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Case series summary Feline tuberculosis is an increasingly recognised potential zoonosis of cats. Treatment is challenging and prognosis can vary greatly between cases. Pulmonary infection requires extended courses of antibiotics, but methodologies for sensitively monitoring response to treatment are currently lacking. In this case series, we retrospectively examined the serial computed tomography (CT) findings in nine cats that had been diagnosed with tuberculosis. Changes in pathology (where applicable to tuberculosis) were correlated with the clinical presentation of each of the cats, the treatment protocol, and previous and contemporary diagnostic investigations. This study found that changes in CT findings during the medium- to long-term management of feline tuberculosis were highly variable between cats. The majority of cats had reduced pathology at re-examination during anti-tuberculous therapy, but pathology only resolved in a minority of cases. In some cases recurrence of pathology detected by CT imaging preceded clinical deterioration, allowing for rapid therapeutic intervention. Relevance and novel information When considered in combination with clinical findings, CT studies can aid in decision making regarding tapering of antibiotic protocols, or reintroduction of therapy in cases of recurrence or reinfection. This series also highlights that, in some cases, persistent abnormalities can be detected by CT, so complete resolution of CT pathology should not always be a goal in the management of feline tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Major
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol/Langford Veterinary Services, Bristol, UK
- Alison Major and Conor O’Halloran should be considered joint first authors
| | - Conor O’Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
- Alison Major and Conor O’Halloran should be considered joint first authors
| | - Andrea Holmes
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol/Langford Veterinary Services, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephanie Lalor
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
| | - Rebecca Littler
- Northwest Surgeons, Delamere House, Sutton Weaver, Cheshire, UK
| | - Susanna Spence
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
- Tobias Schwarz and Danièlle Gunn-Moore should be considered joint last authors
| | - Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
- Tobias Schwarz and Danièlle Gunn-Moore should be considered joint last authors
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13
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Point of Care Tuberculosis Sero-Diagnosis Kit for Wild Animals: Combination of Proteins for Improving the Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 58:81-92. [PMID: 29434401 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a significant problem globally for domestic animals as well as captive and free ranging wild life. Rapid point of care (POC) serology kits are well suited for the diagnosis of TB in wild animals. However, wild animals are invariably exposed to environmental non-pathogenic mycobacterium species with the development of cross reacting antibodies. In the present study, POC TB diagnosis kit was developed using a combination of pathogenic Mycobacteria specific recombinant antigens and purified protein derivatives of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Mycobacteria. To benchmark the TB antibody detection kit, particularly in respect to specificity which could not be determined in wildlife due to the lack of samples from confirmed uninfected animals, we first tested well-characterized sera from 100 M. bovis infected and 100 uninfected cattle. Then we investigated the kit's performance using sera samples from wildlife, namely Sloth Bears (n = 74), Elephants (n = 9), Cervidae (n = 14), Felidae (n = 21), Cape buffalo (n = 2), Wild bear (n = 1) and Wild dog (n = 1).In cattle, a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 90% were obtained. The diagnostic sensitivity of the kit was 94% when the kit was tested using known TB positive sloth bear sera samples. 47.4% of the in-contact sloth bears turned seropositive using the rapid POC TB diagnostic kit. Seropositivity in other wild animals was 25% when the sera samples were tested using the kit. A point of care TB sero-diagnostic kit with the combination of proteins was developed and the kit was validated using the sera samples of wild animals.
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15
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Ramdas KEF, Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Robbe-Austerman S, McManis C, Waters WR. Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and cats in same household, Texas, USA, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:480-3. [PMID: 25695666 PMCID: PMC4344262 DOI: 10.3201/eid2103.140715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infection of cats is exceedingly rare in regions where bovine tuberculosis is not endemic. We describe the diagnosis and clinical management of pulmonary M. bovis infection in 2 indoor-housed cats and their association with at least 1 M. bovis-infected human in Texas, USA, in September 2012.
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16
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Viljoen IM, van Helden PD, Millar RP. Mycobacterium bovis infection in the lion (Panthera leo): Current knowledge, conundrums and research challenges. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:252-60. [PMID: 25891424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis has global public-health and socio-economic significance and can infect a wide range of species including the lion (Panthera leo) resulting in tuberculosis. Lions are classified as vulnerable under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and have experienced a 30% population decline in the past two decades. However, no attempt has been made to collate and critically evaluate the available knowledge of M. bovis infections in lions and potential effects on population. In this review we set out to redress this. Arguments suggesting that ingestion of infected prey animals are the main route of infection for lions have not been scientifically proven and research is needed into other possible sources and routes of infection. The paucity of knowledge on host susceptibility, transmission directions and therefore host status, manifestation of pathology, and epidemiology of the disease in lions also needs to be addressed. Advances have been made in diagnosing the presence of M. bovis in lions. However, these diagnostic tests are unable to differentiate between exposure, presence of infection, or stage of disease. Furthermore, there are contradictory reports on the effects of M. bovis on lion populations with more data needed on disease dynamics versus the lion population's reproductive dynamics. Knowledge on disease effects on the lion reproduction and how additional stressors such as drought or co-morbidities may interact with tuberculosis is also lacking. Filling these knowledge gaps will contribute to the understanding of mycobacterial infections and disease in captive and wild lions and assist in lion conservation endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius M Viljoen
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Paul D van Helden
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; MRC Receptor Biology Unit, IDM, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7935, South Africa
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17
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Murray A, Dineen A, Kelly P, McGoey K, Madigan G, NiGhallchoir E, Gunn-Moore DA. Nosocomial spread of Mycobacterium bovis in domestic cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:173-80. [PMID: 24710594 PMCID: PMC10816426 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14529768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Five domestic cats were euthanased owing to confirmed or suspected Mycobacterium bovis infection. The initial source of infection remains unclear. Cat A was presented to a veterinary clinic in County Kildare, Ireland, with a discharging submandibular lesion. The infection appears to have been transmitted to four other cats through direct (cats B and C living in the same household as cat A) and non-direct (nosocomial spread during routine operations; cats D and E) contact over a 13.5-week period. Of the five cases, two (B and D) had post-mortem examinations in which gross changes consistent with tuberculosis were seen, moderate numbers of acid-fast bacteria (AFB) were seen on microscopy and M bovis (spoligotype SB0978) was confirmed on culture. Of the remaining three cats, one had a swab taken from its draining ovariohysterectomy wound, which revealed large numbers of AFB with morphology consistent with M bovis (cat E). Two cases were euthanased without diagnostic tests; however, their history and clinical presentations were highly suggestive of tuberculosis (cats A and C). To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of nosocomial spread of M bovis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Dineen
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pamela Kelly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gillian Madigan
- National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Eadaoin NiGhallchoir
- National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, UK
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18
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Pesciaroli M, Alvarez J, Boniotti M, Cagiola M, Di Marco V, Marianelli C, Pacciarini M, Pasquali P. Tuberculosis in domestic animal species. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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20
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Gunn-Moore DA. Feline mycobacterial infections. Vet J 2014; 201:230-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Maitra A, Bhakta S. TB Summit 2014: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis-a meeting report of a Euroscicon conference. Virulence 2014; 5:638-44. [PMID: 25003368 PMCID: PMC4105315 DOI: 10.4161/viru.29803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
World TB Day commemorates Dr Robert Koch’s first announcement on March 24, 1882, that the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis. Currently, the event comprises of several conferences, meetings and activities held all over the world with the singular intention of raising public awareness about the global health emergency.
In spite of having discovered the etiological agent of tuberculosis more than a century ago, a sizeable population still contract the disease every year and fall prey to it. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million people developed the disease with 1.3 million succumbing to it. The number of TB deaths in children is unacceptably large, given that most are preventable. However, the challenge appears to be shifting toward attempts to control the rise and spread of the drug resistant variants of the microbe. To achieve this, a concerted effort from academia, clinical practice, and industry has been put forth.
The TB Summit 2014 attempted to raise awareness as well as bring together experts involved in different aspects of tuberculosis research to help establish a more collective approach to battle this age-old disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Maitra
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; University of London; London, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; University of London; London, UK
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22
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Gunn-Moore D. TB or not TB? J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:617-9. [PMID: 24283415 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian
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23
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Broughan J, Crawshaw T, Downs S, Brewer J, Clifton-Hadley R. Mycobacterium bovis infections in domesticated non-bovine mammalian species. Part 2: A review of diagnostic methods. Vet J 2013; 198:346-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Richomme C, Boadella M, Courcoul A, Durand B, Drapeau A, Corde Y, Hars J, Payne A, Fediaevsky A, Boschiroli ML. Exposure of wild boar to Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in France since 2000 is consistent with the distribution of bovine tuberculosis outbreaks in cattle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77842. [PMID: 24167584 PMCID: PMC3805591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is increasingly considered as a relevant actor in the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, monitoring TB in wild boar becomes a key tool for establishing comprehensive control schemes for this disease. To estimate the exposure of free living wild boar to Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in France, a bovine-purified protein derivative based ELISA was used to test 2,080 archived serum samples of hunter-harvested animals in 58 French “départements”. Two cut-off values were used for diagnostic interpretation: 0.2, recommended by the manufacturer (specificity: 96.43%; sensitivity: 72.6%), and 0.5 (specificity: 100%; sensitivity: 64%). During the same period, at the 0.2 cut-off, global true seroprevalence was 5.9% (IC95%: 4.3%-7.7%) and 76% of the sampled “départements” had seropositive wild boar, including seven cattle TB-free “départements. At the 0.5 cut-off, global true seroprevalence was 2.2% (IC95%: 1.5-3.2) and positive wild boar belonged to 21% of the “départements”. All but one of these positive “départements” had reported at least one cattle TB outbreak since 2000. A good consistence between seropositive wild boar and TB outbreaks in cattle was found, especially at the 0.5 cut-off value (the mean distance to the nearest cattle TB outbreak was 13km and 27km for seropositive and seronegative wild boar, respectively; P<0.05). The use of an ELISA to detect MTC antibodies in wild boar has permitted the description of the geographic distribution of MTC contact in wild boar in France. Our results suggest that the ELISA could be used as a first screening tool to conduct TB surveillance in wild boar at a population level. High-risk wild boar populations (e.g. overabundant) could be tested and if identified positive by ELISA they should be surveyed in detail by combining pathology and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Richomme
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | | | - Aurélie Courcoul
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for animal health, Epidemiology unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoît Durand
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for animal health, Epidemiology unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for animal health, Bovine tuberculosis national reference laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yannick Corde
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for animal health, Bovine tuberculosis national reference laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean Hars
- National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Research department, Gières, France
| | - Ariane Payne
- National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Research department, Gières, France
- Lyon University, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Fediaevsky
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Directorate General for Food (DGAl), Paris, France
| | - María Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for animal health, Bovine tuberculosis national reference laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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25
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Lloret A, Hartmann K, Pennisi MG, Gruffydd-Jones T, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Mycobacterioses in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:591-7. [PMID: 23813823 PMCID: PMC11148952 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Mycobacterial infections are important in humans and animals. Cats can be infected by several Mycobacterium species, which may cause different syndromes, mainly tuberculosis, atypical or non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis and leprosy. In recent years, awareness has increased about how to recognise and confirm these infections. More cases are diagnosed today, which probably means that the disease has escaped detection in the past. INFECTION Most cases in cats are cutaneous, presenting as nodules in the skin and draining tracts, ulceration and local lymphadenopathy; however, systemic dissemination may also occur. DIAGNOSIS Definitive diagnosis is difficult when the bacterium cannot be detected by histology or culture. However, species confirmation is essential for treatment and prognosis, so material for culture and polymerase chain reaction should be submitted in every suspected case. TREATMENT Treatment is challenging. A combination of two or three antibiotics is needed, and treatment must be continued for some months, which makes owner compliance especially difficult in cats. ZOONOTIC RISK: There is a zoonotic risk associated with some mycobacterial species. Concerns should be communicated in every case of an immunocompromised owner in contact with an infected cat.
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Rapid detection of serum antibody by dual-path platform VetTB assay in white-tailed deer infected with Mycobacterium bovis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:907-11. [PMID: 23595504 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00120-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cervids remains a significant problem affecting farmed herds and wild populations. Traditional skin testing has serious limitations in certain species, whereas emerging serological assays showed promising diagnostic performance. The recently developed immunochromatographic dual-path platform (DPP) VetTB assay has two antigen bands, T1 (MPB83 protein) and T2 (CFP10/ESAT-6 fusion protein), for antibody detection. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of this test by using serum samples collected from groups of white-tailed deer experimentally inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, or M. bovis BCG Pasteur. In addition, we used serum samples from farmed white-tailed deer in herds with no history of TB, as well as from free-ranging white-tailed deer culled during field surveillance studies performed in Michigan known to have bovine TB in the wild deer population. The DPP VetTB assay detected antibody responses in 58.1% of experimentally infected animals within 8 to 16 weeks postinoculation and in 71.9% of naturally infected deer, resulting in an estimated test sensitivity of 65.1% and a specificity of 97.8%. The higher seroreactivity found in deer with naturally acquired M. bovis infection was associated with an increased frequency of antibody responses to the ESAT-6 and CFP10 proteins, resulting in a greater contribution of these antigens, in addition to MPB83, to the detection of seropositive animals, compared with experimental M. bovis infection. Deer experimentally inoculated with either M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or M. bovis BCG Pasteur did not produce cross-reactive antibodies that could be detected by the DPP VetTB assay. The present findings demonstrate the relatively high diagnostic accuracy of the DPP VetTB test for white-tailed deer, especially in the detection of naturally infected animals.
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Maas M, Michel AL, Rutten VPMG. Facts and dilemmas in diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 36:269-85. [PMID: 23218541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, causing bovine tuberculosis (BTB), has been recognized as a global threat at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, a clear "One Health" issue. Several wildlife species have been identified as maintenance hosts. Spillover of infection from these species to livestock or other wildlife species may have economic and conservation implications and infection of humans causes public health concerns, especially in developing countries. Most BTB management strategies rely on BTB testing, which can be performed for a range of purposes, from disease surveillance to diagnosing individual infected animals. New diagnostic assays are being developed for selected wildlife species. This review investigates the most frequent objectives and associated requirements for testing wildlife for tuberculosis at the level of individual animals as well as small and large populations. By aligning those with the available (immunological) ante mortem diagnostic assays, the practical challenges and limitations wildlife managers and researchers are currently faced with are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maas
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Development of a lion-specific interferon-gamma assay. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:292-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Hetzel U, Dixon CE, Just AE, Birtles RJ, Kipar A. Mycobacterium malmoense
as an extrapulmonary pathogen of cats. Vet Rec 2012; 171:274. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Hetzel
- Division of Veterinary Pathology; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZL UK
| | - C. E. Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Pathology; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZL UK
| | - A. E. Just
- Nantwich Veterinary Hospital; Nantwich, Crewe Road End Nantwich CW5 5TD Cheshire UK
| | - R. J. Birtles
- School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Greater Manchester M5 4WT UK
| | - A. Kipar
- Division of Veterinary Pathology; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZL UK
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30
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Evaluation of gamma interferon and antibody tuberculosis tests in alpacas. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1677-83. [PMID: 22914362 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00405-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe the performance of cell-based and antibody blood tests for the antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in South American camelids (SAC). The sensitivity and specificity of the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay, two lateral flow rapid antibody tests (Stat-Pak and Dual Path Platform [DPP]), and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based antibody tests (Idexx and Enferplex) were determined using diseased alpacas from Mycobacterium bovis culture-confirmed breakdown herds and TB-free alpacas from geographical areas with no history of bovine TB, respectively. Our results show that while the sensitivities of the IFN-γ and antibody tests were similar (range of 57.7% to 66.7%), the specificity of the IFN-γ test (89.1%) was lower than those of any of the antibody tests (range of 96.4% to 97.4%). This lower specificity of the IFN-γ test was at least in part due to undisclosed Mycobacterium microti infection in the TB-free cohort, which stimulates a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) response. The sensitivity of infection detection could be increased by combining two antibody tests, but even the use of all four antibody tests failed to detect all diseased alpacas. These antibody-negative alpacas were IFN-γ positive. We found that the maximum sensitivity could be achieved only by the combination of the IFN-γ test with two antibody tests in a "test package," although this resulted in decreased specificity. The data from this evaluation of tests with defined sensitivity and specificity provide potential options for antemortem screening of SAC for TB in herd breakdown situations and could also find application in movement testing and tracing investigations.
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31
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Gunn-Moore DA, Gaunt C, Shaw DJ. Incidence of Mycobacterial Infections in Cats in Great Britain: Estimate from Feline Tissue Samples Submitted to Diagnostic Laboratories. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:338-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Field application of serodiagnostics to identify elephants with tuberculosis prior to case confirmation by culture. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1269-75. [PMID: 22695162 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00163-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three serologic methods for antibody detection in elephant tuberculosis (TB), the multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA), ElephantTB STAT-PAK kit, and DPP VetTB test, were evaluated using serial serum samples from 14 captive elephants infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 5 countries. In all cases, serological testing was performed prior to the diagnosis of TB by mycobacterial culture of trunk wash or tissue samples collected at necropsy. All elephants produced antibody responses to M. tuberculosis antigens, with 13/14 recognizing ESAT-6 and/or CFP10 proteins. The findings supported the high serodiagnostic test accuracy in detecting infections months to years before M. tuberculosis could be isolated from elephants. The MAPIA and/or DPP VetTB assay demonstrated the potential for monitoring antimycobacterial therapy and predicting TB relapse in treated elephants when continuously used in the posttreatment period. History of exposure to TB and past treatment information should be taken into consideration for proper interpretation of the antibody test results. Data suggest that the more frequent trunk wash culture testing of seropositive elephants may enhance the efficiency of the TB diagnostic algorithm, leading to earlier treatment with improved outcomes.
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