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Novak A, Pupo E, Van't Veld E, Rutten VPMG, Broere F, Sloots A. Activation of Canine, Mouse and Human TLR2 and TLR4 by Inactivated Leptospira Vaccine Strains. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823058. [PMID: 35386703 PMCID: PMC8978998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Leptospira vaccines contain inactivated strains of pathogenic Leptospira, the causative agents of leptospirosis. For an effective response to vaccination, activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs is crucial. However, it is not known which TLRs are activated by Leptospira in dogs. To investigate the involvement of canine TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 in the recognition of Leptospira, we stimulated canine moDC and reporter cells expressing canine TLR2 with either whole-inactivated bacteria or purified LPS of Leptospira strains, representing the serogroups generally used in canine leptospirosis vaccines. Using the endotoxin neutralizing reagent polymyxin B and TLR4 antagonist RS-LPS, we demonstrate that Leptospira LPS and canine TLR4 are involved in IL-1β production as well as in the uptake of inactivated Leptospira in canine moDC. Furthermore, polymyxin B only partially inhibited IL-1β production induced by inactivated Leptospira, suggesting that next to TLR4, also other TLRs may be involved. The observed activation of canine TLR2-expressing reporter cells by inactivated Leptospira strains indicates that TLR2 could be one of these TLRs. Next, we analyzed TLR2 and TLR4 activating capabilities by the same Leptospira strains using human and mouse TLR-expressing reporter cells. Inactivated Leptospira and leptospiral LPS activated not only mouse, but also human TLR4 and this activation was shown to be LPS dependent in both cases. Additionally, inactivated Leptospira activated mouse and human TLR2-expressing reporter cell lines. In our study, we could not identify significant species differences in the recognition of Leptospira by TLR2 and TLR4 between dog, human and mouse. Lastly, we show that these inactivated Leptospira strains are recognized by both mouse and human TLR5 reporter cells only after exposure to additional heat-treatment. Unfortunately, we were not able to confirm this in the canine system. Our data show that TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the recognition of Leptospira strains used in the production of canine Leptospira vaccines. This study contributes to the understanding of Leptospira-induced innate immune responses in dogs, humans, and mice. Future studies are needed to further explore the role of canine TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 in the induction of vaccine-mediated immunity against Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Novak
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Elder Pupo
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Esther Van't Veld
- Center for Cell Imaging (CCI), Division Cell Biology, Metabolism and Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Femke Broere
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division Internal Medicine of Companion Animals, Department Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sloots
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Lyu Y, Liu D, Nguyen P, Peters I, Heilmann RM, Fievez V, Hemeryck LY, Hesta M. Differences in Metabolic Profiles of Healthy Dogs Fed a High-Fat vs. a High-Starch Diet. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:801863. [PMID: 35252418 PMCID: PMC8891928 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.801863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common problem in dogs and overconsumption of energy-rich foods is a key factor. This study compared the inflammatory response and fecal metabolome of dogs fed a high-fat vs. a high-starch diet. Ten healthy lean adult beagles were equally allocated into two groups in a cross-over design. Each group received two diets in which fat (horse fat) and starch (pregelatinized corn starch) were exchanged in an isocaloric way to compare high fat vs. high starch. There was a tendency to increase the glucose and glycine concentrations and the glucose/insulin ratio in the blood in dogs fed with the high-fat diet, whereas there was a decrease in the level of Non-esterified fatty acids and a tendency to decrease the alanine level in dogs fed with the high-starch diet. Untargeted analysis of the fecal metabolome revealed 10 annotated metabolites of interest, including L-methionine, which showed a higher abundance in dogs fed the high-starch diet. Five other metabolites were upregulated in dogs fed the high-fat diet, but could not be annotated. The obtained results indicate that a high-starch diet, compared to a high-fat diet, may promote lipid metabolism, anti-oxidative effects, protein biosynthesis and catabolism, mucosal barrier function, and immunomodulation in healthy lean dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- ECAN Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Liu
- ECAN Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Iain Peters
- SYNLAB VPG, Exeter Science Park, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Y. Hemeryck
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Myriam Hesta
| | - Myriam Hesta
- ECAN Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Lieselot Y. Hemeryck
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Park WJ, Han SH, Kim DH, Song YJ, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. Induction of IFN-β through TLR-3- and RIG-I-Mediated Signaling Pathways in Canine Respiratory Epithelial Cells Infected with H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:942-948. [PMID: 34099596 PMCID: PMC9705827 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2010.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Canine influenza virus (CIV) induces acute respiratory disease in dogs. In this study, we aimed to determine the signaling pathways leading to the induction of IFN-β in a canine respiratory epithelial cell line (KU-CBE) infected with the H3N2 subtype of CIV. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and transcription factors were used to block the IFN-β induction signals in H3N2 CIV-infected KU-CBE cells. Among the PRRs, only the TLR3 and RIG-I expression levels significantly (p < 0.001) increased in CIV-infected cells. Following transfection with siRNA specific to TLR3 (siTLR3) or RIG-I (siRIG-I), the mRNA expression levels of IFN-β significantly (p < 0.001) decreased, and the protein expression of IFN-β also decreased in infected cells. In addition, co-transfection with both siTLR3 and siRIG-I significantly reduced IRF3 (p < 0.001) and IFN-β (p < 0.001) mRNA levels. Moreover, the protein concentration of IFN-β was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in cells co-transfected with both siTLR3 and siRIG-I than in cells transfected with either siTLR3 or siRIGI alone. Also, the antiviral protein MX1 was only expressed in KU-CBE cells infected with CIV or treated with IFN-β or IFN-α. Thus, we speculate that IFN-β further induces MX1 expression, which might suppress CIV replication. Taken together, these data indicate that TLR3 and RIG-I synergistically induce IFN-β expression via the activation of IRF3, and the produced IFN-β further induces the production of MX1, which would suppress CIV replication in CIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jung Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jo Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2049 6055 Fax: +82-2-3436-5880 E-mail:
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Barrs VR, Talbot JJ. Fungal Rhinosinusitis and Disseminated Invasive Aspergillosis in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 50:331-357. [PMID: 31866094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fungal rhinosinusitis, including sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) and sino-orbital aspergillosis (SOA), is the most common type of aspergillosis encountered in cats. Other focal forms of aspergillosis including disseminated invasive aspergillosis occur less frequently. SOA is an invasive mycosis that is increasingly recognized and is most commonly caused by Aspergillus felis, a close relative of Aspergillus fumigatus. SNA can be invasive or noninvasive and is most commonly caused by A fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Molecular methods are required to correctly identify the fungi that cause SNA and SOA. SNA has a favorable prognosis with treatment, whereas the prognosis for SOA remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Infectious Diseases & Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jessica J Talbot
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney, University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Pinheiro A, Águeda-Pinto A, Melo-Ferreira J, Neves F, Abrantes J, Esteves PJ. Analysis of substitution rates showed that TLR5 is evolving at different rates among mammalian groups. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:221. [PMID: 31791244 PMCID: PMC6889247 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most widely studied innate immunity receptors responsible for recognition of invading pathogens. Among the TLR family, TLR5 is the only that senses and recognizes flagellin, the major protein of bacterial flagella. TLR5 has been reported to be under overall purifying selection in mammals, with a small proportion of codons under positive selection. However, the variation of substitution rates among major mammalian groups has been neglected. Here, we studied the evolution of TLR5 in mammals, comparing the substitution rates among groups. Results In this study we analysed the TLR5 substitution rates in Euungulata, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Primata, Rodentia and Lagomorpha, groups. For that, Tajima’s relative rate test, Bayesian inference of evolutionary rates and genetic distances were estimated with CODEML’s branch model and RELAX. The combined results showed that in the Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora and Chiroptera lineages TLR5 is evolving at a higher substitution rate. The RELAX analysis further suggested a significant relaxation of selective pressures for the Lagomorpha (K = 0.22, p < 0.01), Rodentia (K = 0.58, p < 0.01) and Chiroptera (K = 0.65, p < 0.01) lineages and for the Carnivora ancestral branches (K = 0.13, p < 0.01). Conclusions Our results show that the TLR5 substitution rate is not uniform among mammals. In fact, among the different mammal groups studied, the Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora and Chiroptera are evolving faster. This evolutionary pattern could be explained by 1) the acquisition of new functions of TLR5 in the groups with higher substitution rate, i.e. TLR5 neofunctionalization, 2) by the beginning of a TLR5 pseudogenization in these groups due to some redundancy between the TLRs genes, or 3) an arms race between TLR5 and species-specific parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pinheiro
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Ana Águeda-Pinto
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - José Melo-Ferreira
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,CITS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias de Saúde, CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
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6
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Toll-like receptors and cytokines in the brain and in spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Parasite Specific Antibody Levels, Interferon-γ and TLR2 and TLR4 Transcripts in Blood from Dogs with Different Clinical Stages of Leishmaniosis. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5010031. [PMID: 29547503 PMCID: PMC5876572 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis has a wide range of disease severity from mild (stage I), to severe (stages II–III), or very severe disease (stage IV). The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare serum antibody levels, Leishmania infantum specific IFN-γ production and TLR2 and TLR4 transcripts in non-stimulated blood from dogs with different clinical stages at the time of diagnosis as well as blood parasitemia. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISAs) were performed to determine serum antibody levels and IFN-γ production and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCRs) in order to determine blood parasite load and TLR2 and TLR4 transcripts. Older dogs were significantly affected by more severe disease with higher antibody levels and blood parasitemia than dogs with mild disease. IFN-γ production was significantly higher in dogs with stage I disease when compared to dogs with more severe disease. Relative quantification of TLR2 in dogs with mild disease was similar to that of control dogs. On the other hand, TLR2 transcripts were significantly higher in dogs with severe disease as compared with that from control healthy dogs. No differences were found in TLR4 relative quantification between groups. This study demonstrates that dogs with different clinical stages of leishmaniosis present different levels of biological markers indicative of different immune responses.
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Pereira-Fonseca DCM, Oliveira-Rovai FM, Rodas LAC, Beloti CAC, Torrecilha RBP, Ito PKRK, Avanço SV, Cipriano RS, Utsunomiya YT, Hiramoto RM, Calvo-Bado L, Courtenay O, Machado GF, Lima VMF, Nunes CM. Dog skin parasite load, TLR-2, IL-10 and TNF-α expression and infectiousness. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. C. M. Pereira-Fonseca
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. M. Oliveira-Rovai
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - L. A. C. Rodas
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. A. C. Beloti
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. B. P. Torrecilha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - P. K. R. K. Ito
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. V. Avanço
- Center for Zoonosis Control; Rua Doutor Luiz de Almeida; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. S. Cipriano
- Center for Zoonosis Control; Rua Doutor Luiz de Almeida; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Y. T. Utsunomiya
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - L. Calvo-Bado
- School of Life Sciences; The University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - O. Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences; The University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - G. F. Machado
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - V. M. F. Lima
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. M. Nunes
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
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Montserrat-Sangrà S, Alborch L, Ordeix L, Solano-Gallego L. TLR-2 and TLR-4 transcriptions in unstimulated blood from dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up treatment. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:172-179. [PMID: 27692322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity, in particular, the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs), has not been extensively studied in canine L. infantum infection. The main aim of this study was to determine the transcription of TLR2 and TLR4 in the blood of dogs with natural clinical leishmaniosis at the time of diagnosis and during treatment follow-up and subsequently correlate these findings with clinical, serological and parasitological data. Forty-six Leishmania-seropositive sick dogs with a high antibody level at the time of diagnosis were studied and compared with 34 healthy seronegative dogs. Twenty-two of these sick dogs were treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol and followed-up at 30, 180 and 365days following the start of treatment. Clinical status was defined by a thorough physical examination, complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrophoresis of serum proteins, and urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC). EDTA blood was stored in RNAlater® solution before RNA extraction and cDNA production were performed. TLR2, TLR4 and three reference genes (HPRT-1, CG14980 and SDHA) were studied in each blood sample by real time PCR. The relative quantification of TLR2 was higher (mean 3.5) in sick dogs when compared with seronegative healthy dogs (mean 1.3; P=0.0001) while the relative quantification of TLR4 was similar in both groups. In addition, the relative quantification of TLR2 significantly decreased during follow-up at all time points compared with day 0 whereas no changes were observed with TLR4 transcription. A significant positive correlation was noted between TLR2 and UPC, total protein, beta and gamma globulins, specific L. infantum antibodies and blood parasite load while a negative correlation was observed with albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, hematocrit and hemoglobin. TLR4 transcript did not correlate with any parameter. These findings indicate an up-regulation of TLR2 transcription in unstimulated blood in naturally infected sick dogs as compared to healthy dogs suggesting active innate immune and proinflammatory responses. In addition, TLR2 transcription is reduced with clinical improvement during treatment. In contrast, TLR4 transcription appears to be similar among groups at the time of diagnosis with no changes during treatment follow-up suggesting a less important role for this TLR in clinical canine leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Lorena Alborch
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Taylor A, Peters I, Dhand NK, Whitney J, Johnson LR, Beatty JA, Barrs VR. Evaluation of Serum Aspergillus-Specific Immunoglobulin A by Indirect ELISA for Diagnosis of Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Aspergillosis. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1708-1714. [PMID: 27581099 PMCID: PMC5032860 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serological tests for diagnosis of aspergillosis in immunocompetent humans and animals are based on Aspergillus‐specific IgG (As‐IgG). In humans with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, As‐IgA may be detectable even if IgG titers are negative. Cats with upper respiratory tract aspergillosis (URTA) have detectable As‐IgG, but their ability to mount an IgA response and its diagnostic utility are unknown. Objectives To determine whether serum As‐IgA can be detected in cats with URTA and evaluate its diagnostic utility alone or combined with As‐IgG. Animals Twenty‐three cats with URTA (Group 1), 32 cats with other respiratory diseases (Group 2), and 84 nonrespiratory controls (Group 3). Methods Serum As‐IgA and As‐IgG was measured by indirect ELISA. Optimal cutoff values were determined by receiver‐operating curve analysis. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for URTA diagnosis were determined. Results Serum IgA was detected in 91.3% of Group 1 cats. The Se of IgA detection was 78.3% and Sp was 96.9% for Group 2, 85.7% for Group 3 and 88.8% for Group 2 and 3 combined. Assay Se for IgG was 100% and Sp was 92.2%. Using combined IgA and IgG results at cutoffs optimized for Sp for IgA and Se for IgG and combined controls (Groups 2 and 3), Se for diagnosis was 100% and Sp was 91.4%. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Most cats with URTA have serum As‐IgA antibodies that can be detected by ELISA. Paired measurement of serum As‐IgA and IgG shows no benefit for diagnosis of feline URTA over IgG alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taylor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - I Peters
- TDDS ltd., The Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - N K Dhand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Whitney
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L R Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - J A Beatty
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - V R Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Whitney JL, Krockenberger MB, Day MJ, Beatty JA, Dhand NK, Barrs VR. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Leucocyte Subsets in the Sinonasal Mucosa of Cats with Upper Respiratory Tract Aspergillosis. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:130-140. [PMID: 27576043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leucocyte populations in the sinonasal mucosa of cats with and without upper respiratory tract aspergillosis were compared using immunohistochemistry and computer-aided morphometry. Inflammation was identified in the nasal mucosa of all affected cats, comprising predominantly of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the lamina propria associated with epithelial proliferation and degeneration. There was intense and diffuse expression of class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex, associated with sites of hyphal invasion with hyperplasia and ulceration of the epithelium adjacent to fungal elements. Significantly more CD79b(+) cells, total lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig)-expressing cells and MAC387(+) cells infiltrated the epithelium and more IgG(+) cells and total Ig-expressing cells infiltrated the lamina propria in affected cats compared with controls. Importantly, the inflammatory profile in affected cats was not consistent with the T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cell-mediated response that confers protective acquired immunity against invasive aspergillosis in dogs and people and in murine models of the infection. This finding may help to explain the development of invasive aspergillosis in systemically immunocompetent cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Whitney
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia.
| | - M B Krockenberger
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - M J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | - J A Beatty
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - N K Dhand
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - V R Barrs
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Abstract
The role of odontogenic infection as an etiology for lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in dogs was evaluated. An association between odontogenic infection and inflammatory rhinitis was identified in 55% of cases evaluated. Odontogenic infection was unlikely or undetermined in 10% and 35% of the cases, respectively. Cases of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis had roentgen signs associated with endodontic disease, periodontal disease, or retained tooth roots in 60%, 45%, and 25% of the cases, respectively. A collaborative team based approach assessing inflammatory nasal disease is recommended. Based on the history and signalment of the individual patient, diagnostic modalities should be chosen wisely. In some cases, oral examination and intraoral radiographs may be a more direct and cost effective approach for diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory rhinitis.
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13
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Igarashi H, Ohno K, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Uchida K, Tsujimoto H. Functional analysis of pattern recognition receptors in miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:439-47. [PMID: 25650150 PMCID: PMC4427745 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) frequently occur in miniature dachshunds (MDs) in
Japan. MDs with ICRPs develop multiple polyps with severe neutrophil infiltration that
respond to immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, ICRPs are thought to constitute a novel,
breed-specific form of canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Pattern recognition
receptors (PRRs) play a key role in the distinction of pathogens from commensal bacteria
and food antigens. Dysfunction resulting from genetic disorders of PRRs have been linked
to human and canine IBD. Therefore, we analyzed the reactivity of PRRs in MDs with ICRPs.
Twenty-six MDs with ICRPs and 16 control MDs were recruited. Peripheral blood-derived
monocytes were obtained from each dog and then stimulated with PRR ligands for 6 and 24
hr; subsequently, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels and protein secretion of IL-1β
were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The levels of
IL-1β mRNA and protein secretion after stimulation with a nucleotide-binding
oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) ligand were significantly greater in monocytes from
ICRP-affected MDs than in those from control MDs. In addition, IL-1β protein secretion
induced by toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2, TLR2 and TLR2/6 stimulation was also
significantly greater in ICRP-affected MDs. These results suggest that reactivity against
NOD2, TLR1/2, TLR2 and TLR2/6 signals is enhanced in ICRP-affected MDs and may play a role
in the pathogenesis of ICRPs in MDs. Additional studies of the genetic background of these
PRRs should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Igarashi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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14
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Melo GD, Silva JES, Grano FG, Homem CG, Machado GF. Compartmentalized gene expression of toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in the brain and peripheral lymphoid organs during canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:726-31. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. Melo
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LApap); College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - J. E. S. Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LApap); College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. G. Grano
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LApap); College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. G. Homem
- College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - G. F. Machado
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LApap); College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
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Cuscó A, Sánchez A, Altet L, Ferrer L, Francino O. Non-synonymous genetic variation in exonic regions of canine Toll-like receptors. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2014; 1:11. [PMID: 26401328 PMCID: PMC4579382 DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) considered to be the primary sensors of pathogens in innate immunity. Genetic variants could be associated to differences in breed innate immune response to pathogens and thus to susceptibility to infections or autoimmune diseases. There is therefore great interest in the characterization of canine TLRs. Results Polymorphisms in canine TLRs have been characterized by massive sequencing after enrichment of their exonic regions. DNAs from 335 dogs (seven different breeds) and 100 wolves (two different populations) were used in pools. The ratio of SNP discovery was 76.5% (in relation to CanFam 3.1); 155 out of 204 variants identified were new. Functional annotation identified 64 non-synonymous variants (43 new), 73 synonymous variants (56 new) and 67 modifier variants (57 new). 12 out of 64 non-synonymous variants are breed or wolf specific. TLR5 has been found to be the most polymorphic among canine TLRs. Finally, a TaqMan OpenArray® plate containing 64 SNPs with a possible functional effect in the protein (4 frameshifts and 60 non-synonymous codons) has been designed and validated. Conclusions Non-synonymous genetic variation has been characterized in exonic regions of canine Toll-like Receptors. The TaqMan OpenArray® plate developed to capture the individual variability that affects protein function will allow high-throughput genotyping either to study association to infection susceptibility or even TLR evolution in the canine genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2052-6687-1-11) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cuscó
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service. Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Vetgenomics. Ed Eureka. Parc de Recerca UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armand Sánchez
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service. Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Altet
- Vetgenomics. Ed Eureka. Parc de Recerca UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | - Olga Francino
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service. Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang YJ, Gong GQ, Chen S, Xiong LY, Zhou XX, Huang X, Kong WJ. NLRP3 inflammasome sequential changes in Staphylococcus aureus-induced mouse model of acute rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15806-20. [PMID: 25207596 PMCID: PMC4200865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a crucial role in lung disease and may have a similar role in upper respiratory tract inflammation. We therefore constructed a C57BL/6 mouse model of acute rhinosinusitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus and investigated the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in this model. Mice were classified as non-inoculated group (group A) and inoculated groups (groups B, C, D and E, sacrificed 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after inoculation, respectively). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that each group had inflammatory cell infiltration, except group A. The damage of the nasal mucosa was aggravated gradually over time. Western blot and immunofluorescence showed that the structural proteins of the NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD), procaspase-1) in groups B, C, D and E were increased gradually. But they were reduced in group B compared with group A, except for NLRP3. Western blot showed that the cleavage fragment of procaspase-1, p20 in groups B, C, D and E was increased gradually. Real-time PCR showed that the corresponding mRNAs of the structural proteins were changed the same as their proteins. IL-1β mRNA and mature IL-1β protein were increased gradually in groups A, B, C, D and E. These results indicate that NLRP3 inflammasome activation was associated with the acute rhinosinusitis, and that there was a positive correlation between the expression level of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the severity of acute rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Li-Yan Xiong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Xing-Xing Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Xiang Huang
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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17
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Mercier E, Peters IR, Farnir F, Lavoué R, Day M, Clercx C, Peeters D. Assessment of Toll-like receptor 2, 4 and 9 SNP genotypes in canine sino-nasal aspergillosis. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:187. [PMID: 25266752 PMCID: PMC4143572 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The exact aetiology of canine sino-nasal aspergillosis (SNA) is unknown. In man, dysfunction in innate immunity, particularly in the function of pattern recognition receptors, is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory sino-nasal disease and in fungal diseases. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and these diseases have been identified. Similarly, in dogs SNPs in genes encoding TLRs may be important in the pathogenesis of SNA. The aims of the present study were (1) to identify the presence of non-synonymous SNPs in the coding regions of the TLR2, 4 and 9 genes in dogs suffering from SNA, and (2) to investigate the SNP genotypes in dogs with SNA compared with a control population. Results Direct sequencing of nine dogs of various breeds with SNA revealed two non-synonymous SNPs in the coding region of TLR2, eight in TLR4 and four in TLR9. These non-synonymous SNPs were further evaluated in a case-control study of affected Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, Rottweilers and Beaucerons. Genotyping was performed using a combination of allele-specific primers and hydrolysis probe assays in 31 dogs with SNA and 31controls. No significant difference in minor allele frequency was identified between these groups, for all studied SNPs, in any of the four breeds. Conclusions These findings do not support a role for non-synonymous SNPs in the TLR 2, 4 and 9 coding regions in the pathogenesis of canine SNA, but do not exclude a role for innate immunity in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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18
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Lobetti R. Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in 33 dogs. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2014; 85:1151. [DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (LPR) is recognised frequently in dogs with clinical signs typical of other chronic nasal diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine clinical signs, survey radiographic, rhinoscopic and histologic abnormalities and the response to therapy in dogs with LPR. It was a retrospective study of 33 client-owned animals of various breeds and ages that had been diagnosed with LPR. During the study period, a total of 110 dogs were diagnosed with nasal disease, of which 33 (30%) were diagnosed with idiopathic LPR. The median age was 9 years (range 2.3–17 years) and there were 15 female and 18 male dogs. The majority of dogs showed a mucoid nasal discharge, bilateral stertor and no overt radiographic changes. The most common finding on rhinos copy was hyperaemic nasal mucous membranes with mucoid material accumulation within the nasal cavity. In all 33 dogs bacterial culture yielded no pathogenic bacteria and fungal culture was negative. Histologically, all 33 dogs showed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration within the nasal mucosa. All 33 dogs were treated with systemic and topical corticosteroids for varying lengths of time and dosing intervals. Eleven dogs were treated with concurrent cyclosporine and three dogs underwent allergy testing followed by desensitisation therapy. The best response was seen in the dogs that underwent desensitisation therapy, followed by those treated with corticosteroids and cyclosporine.
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Flies AS, Maksimoski MT, Mansfield LS, Weldele ML, Holekamp KE. Characterization of Toll-like receptors 1-10 in spotted hyenas. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:165-70. [PMID: 24488231 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) regularly survive exposure to deadly pathogens such as rabies, canine distemper virus, and anthrax, suggesting that they have robust immune defenses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved molecular patterns and initiate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR genes are evolutionarily conserved, and assessing TLR expression in various tissues can provide insight into overall immunological organization and function. Studies of the hyena immune system have been minimal thus far due to the logistical and ethical challenges of sampling and preserving the immunological tissues of this and other long-lived, wild species. Tissue samples were opportunistically collected from captive hyenas humanely euthanized for a separate study. We developed primers to amplify partial sequences for TLRs 1-10, sequenced the amplicons, compared sequence identity to those in other mammals, and quantified TLR expression in lymph nodes, spleens, lungs, and pancreases. Results show that hyena TLR DNA and protein sequences are similar to TLRs in other mammals, and that TLRs 1-10 were expressed in all tissues tested. This information will be useful in the development of new assays to understand the interactions among the hyena immune system, pathogens, and the microbial communities that inhabit hyenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Flies
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1317, USA,
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Mercier E, Peters IR, Billen F, Battaille G, Clercx C, Day MJ, Peeters D. Potential role of Alternaria and Cladosporium species in canine lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:179-83. [PMID: 23496099 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the possible role of Alternaria and Cladosporium species in the pathogenesis of canine lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis by comparing the amount of specific fungal DNA in nasal mucosal biopsies between dogs without nasal neoplasia and those with lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis or nasal neoplasia. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays detecting DNA from Alternaria and Cladosporium fungi were applied to nasal mucosal biopsies collected from dogs with lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (n = 8), dogs with nasal neoplasia (n = 10) and control animals (n = 10). A copy number for each sample was calculated using a standard curve of known copy number and differences amongst groups were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS No significant difference was found between the groups. Low levels of Alternaria DNA (10-100 copies/PCR) were detected in one sample; very low levels of DNA (<10 copies/qPCR) were detected in 6 samples, and 21 samples were negative. Low levels of Cladosporium DNA were detected in 2 samples; very low levels of DNA in 18; and 8 were negative. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Results of this study reveal that Alternaria and Cladosporium species are part of the canine nasal flora, and that these fungi are probably not involved in the pathogenesis of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mercier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Division of Companion Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Okanishi H, Hayashi K, Sakamoto Y, Sano T, Maruyama H, Kagawa Y, Watari T. NOD2 mRNA Expression and NFkappaB Activation in Dogs with Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Colitis. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:439-44. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Okanishi
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
| | - K. Hayashi
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
| | - Y. Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
| | - T. Sano
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
| | - H. Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology (Maruyama); Department of Veterinary Medicine; College of Bioresource Sciences; Nihon University; Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - T. Watari
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies
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