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AbdelKhalek A, Ostafe R, Olave C, HogenEsch H, Turner JW. Effect of different adjuvant formulations on the antibody response of horses to porcine zona pellucida proteins. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Interferon Gamma Inhibits Equine Herpesvirus 1 Replication in a Cell Line-Dependent Manner. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040484. [PMID: 33923733 PMCID: PMC8073143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sole equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) immediate-early protein (IEP) is essential for viral replication by transactivating viral immediate-early (IE), early (E), and late (L) genes. Here, we report that treatment of mouse MH-S, equine NBL6, and human MRC-5 cells with 20 ng/mL of IFN-γ reduced EHV-1 yield by 1122-, 631-, and 10,000-fold, respectively. However, IFN-γ reduced virus yield by only 2–4-fold in mouse MLE12, mouse L-M, and human MeWo cells compared to those of untreated cells. In luciferase assays with the promoter of the EHV-1 early regulatory EICP0 gene, IFN-γ abrogated trans-activation activity of the IEP by 96% in MH-S cells, but only by 21% in L-M cells. Similar results were obtained in assays with the early regulatory UL5 and IR4 promoter reporter plasmids. IFN-γ treatment reduced IEP protein expression by greater than 99% in MH-S cells, but only by 43% in L-M cells. The expression of IEP and UL5P suppressed by IFN-γ was restored by JAK inhibitor treatment, indicating that the inhibition of EHV-1 replication is mediated by JAK/STAT1 signaling. These results suggest that IFN-γ blocks EHV-1 replication by inhibiting the production of the IEP in a cell line-dependent manner. Affymetrix microarray analyses of IFN-γ-treated MH-S and L-M cells revealed that five antiviral ISGs (MX1, SAMHD1, IFIT2, NAMPT, TREX1, and DDX60) were upregulated 3.2–18.1-fold only in MH-S cells.
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Kim SK, Shakya AK, O'Callaghan DJ. Intranasal treatment with CpG-B oligodeoxynucleotides protects CBA mice from lethal equine herpesvirus 1 challenge by an innate immune response. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104546. [PMID: 31247247 PMCID: PMC6699901 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is the causative agent of a number of equine disease manifestations, including severe disease of the central nervous system, respiratory infections, and abortion storms. Our results showed that intranasal treatment with CpG-B oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN 1826) protected CBA mice from pathogenic EHV-1 RacL11 challenge. The IFN-γ gene and seven interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were upregulated 39.4- to 260.3-fold at 8 h postchallenge in the lungs of RacL11-challenged mice that had been treated with CpG-B ODN. Interestingly, IFN-γ gene expression was upregulated by 26-fold upon RacL11 challenge in CpG-B ODN-treated mice lungs as compared to that of CpG-A ODN (ODN 1585)-treated mice lungs; however, the seven ISGs were upregulated by 2.4-5.0-fold, suggesting that IFN-γ is a major factor in the protection of CBA mice from the lethal challenge. Pre-treatment with IFN-γ significantly reduced EHV-1 yield in murine alveolar macrophage MH-S cells, but not in mouse lung epithelial MLE12 cells. These results suggest that CpG-B ODN may be used as a prophylactic agent in horses and provide a basis for more effective treatment of EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong K Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.
| | - Akhalesh K Shakya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - Dennis J O'Callaghan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
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Zhang S, Cai H, Cao D, Deng J, Jia J, Li J, Ming F, Zhao P, Ma M, Liang Q, Zeng M, Zhang L. Recombinant plasmids containing CpG with porcine host defense peptides (PR-39/pBD-1) modulates the innate and adaptive intestinal immune responses (including maternal-derived) in piglets. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:467-476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schnabel CL, Steinig P, Koy M, Schuberth HJ, Juhls C, Oswald D, Wittig B, Willenbrock S, Murua Escobar H, Pfarrer C, Wagner B, Jaehnig P, Moritz A, Feige K, Cavalleri JMV. Immune response of healthy horses to DNA constructs formulated with a cationic lipid transfection reagent. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:140. [PMID: 26100265 PMCID: PMC4476236 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines are used for experimental immunotherapy of equine melanoma. The injection of complexed linear DNA encoding interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18 induced partial tumour remission in a clinical study including 27 grey horses. To date, the detailed mechanism of the anti-tumour effect of this treatment is unknown. Results In the present study, the clinical and cellular responses of 24 healthy horses were monitored over 72 h after simultaneous intradermal and intramuscular application of equine IL-12/IL-18 DNA (complexed with a transfection reagent) or comparative substances (transfection reagent only, nonsense DNA, nonsense DNA depleted of CG). Although the strongest effect was observed in horses treated with expressing DNA, horses in all groups treated with DNA showed systemic responses. In these horses treated with DNA, rectal temperatures were elevated after treatment and serum amyloid A increased. Total leukocyte and neutrophil counts increased, while lymphocyte numbers decreased. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) from peripheral mononuclear blood cells ex vivo increased after treatments with DNA, while IL-10 secretion decreased. Horses treated with DNA had significantly higher myeloid cell numbers and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)-10 expression in skin samples at the intradermal injection sites compared to horses treated with transfection reagent only, suggesting an inflammatory response to DNA treatment. In horses treated with expressing DNA, however, local CXCL-10 expression was highest and immunohistochemistry revealed more intradermal IL-12-positive cells when compared to the other treatment groups. In contrast to non-grey horses, grey horses showed fewer effects of DNA treatments on blood lymphocyte counts, TNFα secretion and myeloid cell infiltration in the dermis. Conclusion Treatment with complexed linear DNA constructs induced an inflammatory response independent of the coding sequence and of CG motif content. Expressing IL-12/IL-18 DNA locally induces expression of the downstream mediator CXCL-10. The grey horses included appeared to display an attenuated immune response to DNA treatment, although grey horses bearing melanoma responded to this treatment with moderate tumour remission in a preceding study. Whether the different immunological reactivity compared to other horses may contributes to the melanoma susceptibility of grey horses remains to be elucidated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0452-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L Schnabel
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Horses, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - P Steinig
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Horses, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Koy
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - H-J Schuberth
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - C Juhls
- Mologen AG, Fabeckstrasse 30, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - D Oswald
- Mologen AG, Fabeckstrasse 30, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - B Wittig
- Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Willenbrock
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Small Animal Clinic, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - H Murua Escobar
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Small Animal Clinic, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Division of Medicine, Clinic III, Haematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - C Pfarrer
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute of Anatomy, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - B Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Universit, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - P Jaehnig
- pj statistics, Niedstrasse 16, 12159, Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-Universitaet, Frankfurter Strasse 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - K Feige
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Horses, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - J-M V Cavalleri
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Horses, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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Ranera B, Antczak D, Miller D, Doroshenkova T, Ryan A, McIlwraith CW, Barry F. Donor-derived equine mesenchymal stem cells suppress proliferation of mismatched lymphocytes. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:253-60. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Ranera
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI); National University of Ireland Galway; Galway Ireland
| | - D. Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - D. Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - T. Doroshenkova
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI); National University of Ireland Galway; Galway Ireland
| | - A. Ryan
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI); National University of Ireland Galway; Galway Ireland
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - F. Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI); National University of Ireland Galway; Galway Ireland
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CpG-ODN class C-mediated immunostimulation and its potential against Trypanosoma evansi in equines. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:366-70. [PMID: 25066759 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is the causative agent of surra, which is the most common and widespread trypansomal disease. The infection is mainly restricted to animals, but it has also been documented in human. Trypanosomes possess the thick immunogenic surface coat known as variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The parasite modifies the VSG constantly resulting in continuous antigenic variations and thus evades the host immune response. Due to antigenic variations, vaccination against trypanosomosis is not useful. Therefore, alternate strategies to augment the immune response are required. CpG-ODN class-C has combined immune effects of both A and B classes of CpG-ODN. In this study, we observed that CpG-ODN class-C stimulated horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induce the expression of interferon-α (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO) indicating enhanced innate immune response. We have for the first time demonstrated that co-culture of CpG-ODN with T. evansi antigen induces lymphocyte proliferative responses and result in a synergistic effect in eliciting the immune response.
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Schnabel CL, Wagner S, Wagner B, Durán MC, Babasyan S, Nolte I, Pfarrer C, Feige K, Murua Escobar H, Cavalleri JMV. Evaluation of the reactivity of commercially available monoclonal antibodies with equine cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:1-19. [PMID: 24139393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on equine cytokines is often performed by analyses of mRNA. For many equine cytokines an analysis on the actual protein level is limited by the availability of antibodies against the targeted cytokines. Generation of new antibodies is ongoing but time consuming. Thus, testing the reactivity of commercially available antibodies for cross-reactivity with equine cytokines is of particular interest. Fifteen monoclonal antibodies against IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18 and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) of different species were evaluated for reactivity with their corresponding equine cytokines. Dot Blot (DB) and Western Blot (WB) analyses were performed using recombinant equine cytokines as positive controls. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out on equine tissue and flow cytometry on equine PBMC as positive controls. As expected, three equine IL-1β antibodies detected equine IL-1β in DB, WB and IHC. For these, reactivity in IHC has not been described before. One of them was also found to be suitable for intracellular staining of equine PBMC and flow cytometric analysis. Two antibodies raised against ovine GM-CSF cross-reacted with equine GM-CSF in DB, WB and IHC. For these anti-GM-CSF mAbs this is the first experimental description of cross-reactivity with equine GM-CSF (one mAb was predicted to be cross-reactive in WB in the respective data sheet). The other clone additionally proved to be appropriate in flow cytometric analysis. Two mAbs targeting porcine IL-18 cross-reacted in IHC, but did not show specificity in the other applications. No reactivity was shown for the remaining five antibodies in DB, although cross-reactivity of two of the antibodies was described previously. The results obtained in this study can provide beneficial information for choosing of antibodies for immunological tests on equine cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Schnabel
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Clinic for Horses, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Detournay O, Morrison DA, Wagner B, Zarnegar B, Wattrang E. Genomic analysis and mRNA expression of equine type I interferon genes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:746-59. [PMID: 23772953 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at identifying all of the type I interferon (IFN) genes of the horse and at monitoring their expression in equine cells on in vitro induction. We identified 32 putative type I IFN loci on horse chromosome 23 and an unplaced genomic scaffold. A phylogentic analysis characterized these into 8 different type I IFN classes, that is, putative functional genes for 6 IFN-α, 4 IFN-β, 8 IFN-ω (plus 4 pseudogenes), 3 IFN-δ (plus 1 pseudogene), 1 IFN-κ and 1 IFN-ε, plus 1 IFN-ν pseudogene, and 3 loci belonging to what has previously been called IFN-αω. Our analyses indicate that the IFN-αω genes are quite distinct from both IFN-α and IFN-ω, and we refer to this type I IFN as IFN-μ. Results from cell cultures showed that leukocytes readily expressed IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-δ, IFN-μ, and IFN-ω mRNA on induction with, for example, live virus; while fibroblasts only expressed IFN-β mRNA on stimulation. IFN-κ or IFN-ε expression was not consistently induced in these cell cultures. Thus, the equine type I IFN family comprised 8 classes, 7 of which had putative functional genes, and mRNA expression of 5 was induced in vitro. Moreover, a relatively low number of IFN-α subtypes was found in the horse compared with other eutherian mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Detournay
- 1 Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute , Uppsala, Sweden
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Experimental model of equine alveolar macrophage stimulation with TLR ligands. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:30-7. [PMID: 23815824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases are common in horses and have a major economic impact on the equine industry. Some of them could be associated with an inadequate immune response in the lung, but methods to evaluate this response in horses are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an experimental model that could be applied in several physiological and pathological conditions to assess the innate immune response of equine pulmonary cells. Equine alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained from bronchoalveolar lavages were isolated from other cells by adhesion. TLR2, 3, and 4 expression in AMs was studied and their responses to commercial ligands (respectively FSL-1, Poly(I:C), and LPS) were evaluated after determination of the appropriate dose and time of incubation. TLR responses were assessed by measuring cytokine production using (1) gene expression of TNFα, IFNβ, Il-1β, and IFNα by qPCR (indirect method); and (2) cytokine production for TNFα and IFNβ by ELISA (direct method). TLR 2, 3, and 4 were expressed by AMs. TLR 2 stimulation with 10 ng/mL of FSL-1 during 3h significantly increased IL-1β and TNFα gene expression. TLR 3 stimulation with 1000 ng/mL of Poly(I:C) during 1h increased IFNβ, IFNα, Il-1β and TNFα expression. TLR 4 stimulation with 100 ng/mL of LPS during 3h increased TNFα, IFNβ, and Il-1β expression. Results obtained by ELISA quantification of TNFα and IFNβ produced by AMs following stimulation during 6h were similar: FSL-1 increased TNFα production but not IFNβ, Poly(I:C) and LPS increased production of IFNβ and TNFα. In conclusion, pulmonary innate immunity of horses can be assessed ex vivo by measuring cytokine production following stimulation of AMs with TLR agonists. This experimental model could be applied under several conditions especially to improve the understanding of equine respiratory disease pathogenesis, and to suggest novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Fossum C, Hjertner B, Olofsson KM, Lindberg R, Ahooghalandari P, Camargo MM, Bröjer J, Edner A, Nostell K. Expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 in equine blood leukocytes during endotoxin infusion and in intestinal tissues from healthy horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:141-8. [PMID: 23036528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 was studied in equine blood leukocytes and in intestinal samples using real time PCR. The stability of three commonly used reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hypoxantine ribosyltransferase (HPRT) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), was evaluated using qbase(PLUS). The equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (eqPBMC) examined were either stimulated in vitro with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin or with the CpG oligodeoxynuclotide 2216 (CpG-ODN 2216) or obtained from horses before, during and after infusion of endotoxin. Intestinal tissue from healthy horses was sampled at ileum, right dorsal colon and rectum. Ranking of the three reference genes used for normalisation identified the combination HPRT/SDHA as most suitable both when determined ex vivo in leukocytes obtained from experimentally induced endotoxaemia and in eqPBMC activated in vitro while HPRT/GAPDH were most appropriate for the intestinal samples. The relative amounts of mRNA for TLR4 and MD-2 increased threefold during in vitro activation of the cells with CpG-ODN 2216 but was decreased in cultures stimulated with PMA/ionomycin. A transient elevation in the transcription of tlr4 and md2 was also evident for equine blood leukocytes following endotoxaemia. The levels of mRNA for CD14 on the other hand remained unaffected both during the induction of endotoxaemia and in the in vitro stimulated PBMCs. A low steady expression of TLR4, MD-2 and CD14 mRNA was demonstrated for the intestinal samples with no variation between the intestinal segments analysed. Thus, the foundation for real time PCR based levels of analysis of mRNA for all three components in the equine LPS receptor complex in different intestinal segments was set, making it possible to carry out future expression studies on clinical material.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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