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Wolfesberger B, Gradner G, Rütgen BC, Hittmair KM, Walter I, Donovan TA, Kleiter M, Krischak A, Burgener IA, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A. Immunophenotype investigation in feline intestinal non-B-cell lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 2024; 212:20-26. [PMID: 38943798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most common tumour of domestic cats, developing most frequently in the small intestine. Feline small intestinal lymphoma predominantly demonstrates a T-cell immunophenotype identified by standard immunopositivity for T cells with CD3 or immunopositivity for B cells with CD20. In contrast, a wide spectrum of immunohistochemical antibodies are applied in humans to diagnose the various specific lymphoma subtypes according to the WHO classification. Our aim was to augment our knowledge of immunophenotypes in feline non-B-cell lymphomas forming macroscopic masses in the intestinal tract. We evaluated the combined immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry findings from 15 cases. Neoplastic lymphoid cells were immunopositive for CD3 in 93% (14/15), granzyme B in 87% (13/15), CD5 in 20% (3/15), CD8 in 13% (2/15), CD4 in 7% (1/15) and CD56 in 7% (1/15) of cases. Cytotoxic granules indicating a cytotoxic origin of the neoplastic cells were identified by histopathology only in 13% (2/15) and by cytology in 47% (7/15) of the cases. Without immunohistochemical labelling of the cytotoxic protein granzyme B, the cytotoxic status would have been missed in 46% (6/13) of the cytological and in 85% (11/13) of the histopathological slides. These findings suggest that more complex immunophenotyping may advance our understanding and help prognosticate small intestinal T-cell lymphoma in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitt Wolfesberger
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gabriele Gradner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara C Rütgen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina M Hittmair
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Walter
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Taryn A Donovan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York 10065, USA
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Krischak
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Zwicklbauer K, von la Roche D, Krentz D, Kolberg L, Alberer M, Zablotski Y, Hartmann K, von Both U, Härtle S. Adapting the SMART tube technology for flow cytometry in feline full blood samples. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1377414. [PMID: 38988976 PMCID: PMC11234156 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1377414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry of blood samples is a very valuable clinical and research tool to monitor the immune response in human patients. Furthermore, it has been successfully applied in cats, such as for infections with feline immune deficiency virus (FIV). However, if cells are not isolated and frozen, analysis of anticoagulated blood samples requires mostly prompt processing following blood collection, making later analysis of stored full blood samples obtained in clinical studies often impossible. The SMART Tube system (SMART TUBE Inc., California, United States; SMT) allows fixation and long-term preservation of whole blood samples at -80°C. However, this system has so far only been applied to human biological samples. In the present study, a new flow cytometry SMART Tube protocol adapted for feline whole blood samples was successfully established allowing quantification of T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and neutrophils up to 2 years post sampling. Results obtained from frozen stabilized and fresh blood samples were compared for validation purposes and correlated to differential blood counts from a conventional hematology analyzer. Clinical applicability of the new technique was verified by using samples from a treatment study for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Using the new SMT protocol on retained samples, it could be demonstrated that long-term storage of these SMT tubes is also possible. In summary, the newly adapted SMT protocol proved suitable for performing flow cytometry analysis on stored feline whole blood samples, thus opening up new avenues for veterinary research on a variety of aspects of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zwicklbauer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Krentz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Alberer
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, AG Immunology, LMU Munich, Planegg, Germany
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3
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Cockey JR, Leifer CA. Racing CARs to veterinary immuno-oncology. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1130182. [PMID: 36876006 PMCID: PMC9982037 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have demonstrated remarkable promise in human oncology over the past two decades, yet similar strategies in veterinary medicine are still in development. CARs are synthetically engineered proteins comprised of a specific antigen-binding single chain variable fragment (ScFv) fused to the signaling domain of a T cell receptor and co-receptors. Patient T cells engineered to express a CAR are directed to recognize and kill target cells, most commonly hematological malignancies. The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved multiple human CAR T therapies, but translation of these therapies into veterinary medicine faces many challenges. In this review, we discuss considerations for veterinary use including CAR design and cell carrier choice, and discuss the future promise of translating CAR therapy into veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Cockey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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4
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Bubeníkova J, Futas J, Oppelt J, Plasil M, Vodicka R, Burger PA, Horin P. The natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) genes in the family Felidae. HLA 2022; 100:597-609. [PMID: 36056773 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system. The germline-encoded natural killer cell receptors represent activating and inhibitory receptors regulating multiple NK cell activities. The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) are activating natural cytotoxicity triggering receptors 1, 2 and 3 (NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30), encoded by the genes NCR1, NCR2, and NCR3, respectively. NCRs may be expressed in different cell types engaged in mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. The family Felidae, comprising the domestic cat and a wide variety of free-ranging species represents a well-suited model for biomedical and evolutionary studies. We characterized the NCR1, NCR2 and NCR3 genes in a panel of felid species. We confirmed the presence of potentially functional genes NCR1, NCR2 and NCR3 in all species. All three genes are conserved within the family and are similar to other phylogenetically related mammalian families. The NCR1 and NCR2 phylogenetic trees based on both nucleotide and protein sequences corresponded to the current zoological taxonomy, with some exceptions suggesting effects of different selection pressures in some species. Highly conserved NCR3 sequences did not allow a robust phylogenetic analysis. Most interspecific differences both at the nucleotide and protein level were found in NCR2. Within species, the most polymorphic CDS was detected in NCR1. Selection analyses indicated the effects of purifying selection on individual amino acid sites in all three genes. In stray cats, a rather high intraspecific diversity was observed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bubeníkova
- Dept. of Animal Genetics, VETUNI Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, CEITEC - VETUNI Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Futas
- Dept. of Animal Genetics, VETUNI Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, CEITEC - VETUNI Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, CEITEC - VETUNI Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Plasil
- Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, CEITEC - VETUNI Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, VETMEDUNI Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Horin
- Dept. of Animal Genetics, VETUNI Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, CEITEC - VETUNI Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Plasil M, Futas J, Jelinek A, Burger PA, Horin P. Comparative Genomics of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of Felids. Front Genet 2022; 13:829891. [PMID: 35309138 PMCID: PMC8924298 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.829891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the family Felidae. This family comprises an important domestic species, the cat, as well as a variety of free-living felids, including several endangered species. As such, the Felidae have the potential to be an informative model for studying different aspects of the biological functions of MHC genes, such as their role in disease mechanisms and adaptation to different environments, as well as the importance of genetic diversity for conservation issues in free-ranging or captive populations. Despite this potential, the current knowledge on the MHC in the family as a whole is fragmentary and based mostly on studies of the domestic cat and selected species of big cats. The overall structure of the domestic cat MHC is similar to other mammalian MHCs following the general scheme “centromere-MHC class I-MHC class III-MHC class II” with some differences in the gene contents. An unambiguously defined orthologue of the non-classical class I HLA-E gene has not been identified so far and the class II DQ and DP genes are missing or pseudogenized, respectively. A comparison with available genomes of other felids showed a generally high level of structural and sequence conservation of the MHC region. Very little and fragmentary information on in vitro and/or in vivo biological functions of felid MHC genes is available. So far, no association studies have indicated effects of MHC genetic diversity on a particular disease. No information is available on the role of MHC class I molecules in interactions with Natural Killer (NK) cell receptors or on the putative evolutionary interactions (co-evolution) of the underlying genes. A comparison of complex genomic regions encoding NK cell receptors (the Leukocyte Receptor Complex, LRC and the Natural Killer Cell Complex, NKC) in the available felid genomes showed a higher variability in the NKC compared to the LRC and the MHC regions. Studies of the genetic diversity of domestic cat populations and/or specific breeds have focused mainly on DRB genes. Not surprisingly, higher levels of MHC diversity were observed in stray cats compared to pure breeds, as evaluated by DRB sequencing as well as by MHC-linked microsatellite typing. Immunogenetic analysis in wild felids has only been performed on MHC class I and II loci in tigers, Namibian leopards and cheetahs. This information is important as part of current conservation tasks to assess the adaptive potential of endangered wild species at the human-wildlife interface, which will be essential for preserving biodiversity in a functional ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Plasil
- Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, Ceitec Vetuni, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Futas
- Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, Ceitec Vetuni, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - April Jelinek
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela A. Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, VIA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Horin
- Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, Ceitec Vetuni, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Petr Horin,
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6
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Hirabayashi M, Chambers JK, Sugawara M, Ohmi A, Tsujimoto H, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Blastic natural killer cell lymphoma/leukaemia in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919863080. [PMID: 31321069 PMCID: PMC6628536 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919863080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 7-year-old mixed-breed cat presented with subcutaneous oedema and erythema
extending from the right axilla to the abdomen. Fine-needle aspiration of
the subcutaneous lesion revealed large, atypical, round cells. A clonality
analysis for the T-cell receptor-gamma and immunoglobulin heavy chain genes
showed no clonal rearrangement. The presumed diagnosis was lymphoma and the
cat was treated with prednisolone and L-asparaginase but died 78 days after
initial treatment. At necropsy, an oedematous subcutaneous mass in the right
axilla, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy of the mediastinum
and left axilla were observed. Histopathological examination revealed
diffuse infiltration of large atypical round cells in the subcutaneous mass,
liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. Immunohistochemically, the
tumour cells were strongly positive for CD56, and negative for CD3, CD20,
CD79a, CD57, granzyme B and perforin. Based on these findings, the cat was
diagnosed with blastic natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma/leukaemia. Relevance and novel information Here, we report the pathological and clinical findings of NK cell
lymphoma/leukaemia in a cat. The antibody for human CD56, a diagnostic
marker for human NK cell neoplasms, showed cross-reactivity with feline CD56
by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analysis. The antibody could be
a useful diagnostic marker for feline NK cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mei Sugawara
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Ohmi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Rydzewski L, Scheffold S, Hecht W, Burkhardt E, Kerner K, Klymiuk MC, Deinzer R, Reinacher M, Henrich M. Identification of a novel feline large granular lymphoma cell line (S87) as non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic T-cell line and assessment of its genetic instability. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 177:24-34. [PMID: 27436441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Feline large granular lymphocyte lymphomas are rare but very aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis. In this study, a cell line from an abdominal effusion of a cat with large granular lymphoma was characterized. Immunophenotype staining was positive for CD3 and CD45R, and negative for CD4, CD8, CD56, CD79α, BLA.36 and NK1. A TCR γ gene rearrangement was detectable by PARR. Neither FeLV antigen nor exogenous FeLV provirus could be detected. A chromosomal instability associated with a centrosome hyperamplification could also be determined. The cell line is able to lyse target cells without antigen presentation or interaction with antigen presenting cells. Therefore, these cells were classified as genetically instable non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic T cells with large granular lymphocyte morphology.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cat Diseases/genetics
- Cat Diseases/immunology
- Cats/genetics
- Cats/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, p53
- Genomic Instability
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/veterinary
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Rydzewski
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Svenja Scheffold
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Burkhardt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kerner
- Institute of Infectious Disease of Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 85-89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michele C Klymiuk
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392 Giessen,Germany
| | - Renate Deinzer
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 36, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Reinacher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Henrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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8
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Pinto da Cunha N, Ghisleni G, Scarampella F, Fabbrini F, Sforna M, Cornegliani L, Caniatti M, Avallone G, Moore P, Roccabianca P. Cytologic and immunocytochemical characterization of feline progressive histiocytosis. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:428-36. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazaré Pinto da Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Gabriele Ghisleni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Luisa Cornegliani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Mario Caniatti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Peter Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California at Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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9
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Olsen L, Boysen P, Åkesson CP, Gunnes G, Connelley T, Storset AK, Espenes A. Characterization of NCR1+ cells residing in lymphoid tissues in the gut of lambs indicates that the majority are NK cells. Vet Res 2013; 44:109. [PMID: 24219350 PMCID: PMC4176090 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important for immune protection of the gut mucosa. Previous studies have shown that under pathologic conditions NK cells, T cells and dendritic cells are found co-localised in secondary lymphoid organs where their interaction coordinates immune responses. However, in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs), there are few detailed reports on the distribution of NK cells. Sheep harbour several types of organised lymphoid tissues in the gut that have different functions. The ileal Peyer's patch (IPP) functions as a primary lymphoid tissue for B cell generation, while the jejunal Peyer's patches (JPPs) and colon patches (CPs) are considered secondary lymphoid tissues. In the present study, we analysed tissues from healthy lambs by flow cytometry and in situ multicolour immunofluorescence, using recently described NCR1 antibodies to identify ovine NK cells. Most NCR1+ cells isolated from all tissues were negative for the pan T cell marker CD3, and thus comply with the general definition of NK cells. The majority of NCR1+ cells in blood as well as secondary lymphoid organs expressed CD16, but in the GALT around half of the NCR1+ cells were negative for CD16. A semi-quantitative morphometric study on tissue sections was used to compare the density of NK cells in four compartments of the IPPs, JPP and CPs. NCR1+ cells were found in all gut segments. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between compartments of the primary lymphoid organ IPP and the secondary lymphoid organs of the JPPs and CP. NK cells co-localised and made close contact with T cells, dendritic cells and other NK cells, but did not show signs of proliferation. We conclude that NK cells are present in all investigated segments of the sheep gut, but that presence of other innate lymphoid cells expressing NCR1 cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Olsen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Vermeulen BL, Devriendt B, Olyslaegers DA, Dedeurwaerder A, Desmarets LM, Favoreel HW, Dewerchin HL, Nauwynck HJ. Suppression of NK cells and regulatory T lymphocytes in cats naturally infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:46-59. [PMID: 23434014 PMCID: PMC7117246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A strong cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is thought to be indispensable for protection against infection with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in cats. In this study, the role of natural killer (NK) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), central players in the innate and adaptive CMI respectively, was examined during natural FIPV infection. When quantified, both NK cells and Tregs were drastically depleted from the peripheral blood, mesenteric lymph node (LN) and spleen in FIP cats. In contrast, mesentery and kidney from FIP cats did not show any difference when compared to healthy non-infected control animals. In addition, other regulatory lymphocytes (CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ and CD3+CD8+Foxp3+) were found to be depleted from blood and LN as well. Phenotypic analysis of blood-derived NK cells in FIP cats revealed an upregulation of activation markers (CD16 and CD25) and migration markers (CD11b and CD62L) while LN-derived NK cells showed upregulation of only CD16 and CD62L. LN-derived NK cells from FIPV-infected cats were also significantly less cytotoxic when compared with healthy cats. This study reveals for the first time that FIPV infection is associated with severe suppression of NK cells and Tregs, which is reflected by cell depletion and lowered cell functionality (only NK cells). This will un-doubtfully lead to a reduced capacity of the innate immune system (NK cells) to battle FIPV infection and a decreased capacity (Tregs) to suppress the immunopathology typical for FIP. However, these results will also open possibilities for new therapies targeting specifically NK cells and Tregs to enhance their numbers and/or functionality during FIPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben L Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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