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Galiciolli MEA, Silva JF, Prodocimo MM, Laureano HA, Calado SLDM, Oliveira CS, Guiloski IC. Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Metabolites 2023; 13:975. [PMID: 37755255 PMCID: PMC10537066 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination programs in the first years of a child's life are effective and extremely important strategies for the successful eradication of diseases. However, as no intervention is without risks, the metal-based components of some vaccines, such as thimerosal (TMS), a preservative composed of ethylmercury, and aluminum (Al), have begun to generate distrust on the part of the population. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of exposure to thimerosal and aluminum hydroxide (alone or in mixture) on Danio rerio (zebrafish) specimens. The fish were exposed to thimerosal and/or aluminum hydroxide intraperitoneally. The liver, kidney, and brain were removed for a biochemical biomarker analysis, histopathological analysis, and metal quantification. As a result, we observed changes in the activity of the analyzed enzymes (SOD, GST, GPx) in the kidney and brain of the zebrafish, a reduction in GSH levels in all analyzed tissues, and a reduction in MT levels in the kidney and liver as well as in the brain. Changes in AChE enzyme activity were observed. The biochemical results corroborate the changes observed in the lesion index and histomorphology sections. We emphasize the importance of joint research on these compounds to increase the population's safety against their possible toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda Andrade Galiciolli
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Maritana Mela Prodocimo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100—Jardim das Américas, Curitiba—PR, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
| | - Henrique Aparecido Laureano
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Sirlene Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Izonete Cristina Guiloski
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
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Kim TH, Don Hwang S, Kim SJ, Kim MS, Choi HS, Han HJ. Efficacy of a recombinant M-like protein, SimA as a subunit vaccine candidate against Streptococcus parauberis infection in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1092-1100. [PMID: 36257554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus parauberis, a gram-positive cocci, causes bacterial disease in farmed fish. The recent increase in S. parauberis infection in aquatic farms in South Korea has justified the importance of vaccine development for the prevention of this disease. In this study, we evaluated the effect of subunit vaccines prepared from recombinant M-like protein (SimA) and fibrinogen-binding protein (FBP) candidates with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant against S. parauberis infection in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. For the in vivo experiment, fish (average length, 7.18 cm; average weight, 3.5 g) were injected intraperitoneally with: phosphate buffer saline (PBS, group 1), PBS/aluminum hydroxide (group 2), FBP/aluminum hydroxide (group 3), SimA/aluminum hydroxide (group 4), and SimA/FBP/aluminum hydroxide (group 5). After 3 weeks, the fish in each group were boosted using PBS (group 1 and 2), FBP (group 3), SimA (group 4), and SimA/FBP (group 5) without adjuvant. We found that the relative percent survival of fish after S. parauberis exposure in group 2, 3, 4, and 5 was 6.25%, 18.75%, 50%, and 12.5%, respectively, whereas the mortality in groups 1 was 80%, respectively. We performed Western blot, ELISA, and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) after vaccination to investigate the further efficacy of the vaccine. Western blot and ELISA of vaccinated fish serum confirmed the production of specific antibodies against SimA and FBP. Furthermore, results of qRT-PCR showed that recombinant protein SimA induced a remarkably specific-antibody response compared with that in FBP or control and increased the expression of various immune response-related genes including interleukin-8 (IL-8), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CD4-1, and MHC II. Thus, these results indicate that SimA is a potent vaccine candidate for protection against S. parauberis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Division of Convergence on Marine Science, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Sug Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Choi
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Han
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea.
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Du Y, Hu X, Miao L, Chen J. Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040336. [PMID: 36439092 PMCID: PMC9684733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Jung MH, Jung SJ, Kim T. Saponin and chitosan-based oral vaccine against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) provides protective immunity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:336-346. [PMID: 35643353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Production losses of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) have increased owing to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection. In this study, we determined safe concentrations of orally administered saponin and chitosan by analysing serum enzyme (AST/ALT) levels as biochemical markers of hepatic injury. Furthermore, we demonstrated the efficacy, duration of protection, and safety of saponin and chitosan-based vaccines with inactivated VHSV (IV). Oral administration of saponin, chitosan, and their combination did not induce fish mortality at all tested concentrations (0.29, 1.45, and 2.9 mg/g of fish body weight/day) 10 days after administration. However, AST level was high at a dose >0.29 mg/g of fish body weight/day. Both saponin and chitosan were found to be safe and acceptable for vaccination studies at a dose of 0.29 mg/g of fish body weight/day. Administration of IV alone did not induce protection at 2 and 4 weeks post vaccination (wpv). Olive flounders administered saponin + IV and chitosan + IV vaccines had higher immunity against VHSV with relative percentage survival (RPS) of 12.5-7.5% and 0-20.1%, respectively; however, additional immunisation with combination of saponin + chitosan + IV clearly enhanced the protection with RPS values of 10-15%, 26.7%, 42.9%, and 37.5% at 4, 8, 12, and 20 wpv, respectively. Although the RPS value of oral immunisation was not comparable to that of injectable vaccines, the manufacturing process is simple and oral administration causes less stress to juvenile fish. To investigate the development of a protective immune response, olive flounder were re-challenged with VHSV (107.8 TCID50/fish) at 70 days postinfection; 100% of the previously unexposed fish died, whereas 80-100% of the previously immunised fish survived. Our results showed the possibility of developing preventive measures against VHSV using saponin and chitosan-based oral vaccines with inactivated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Marine Bio and Medical Sciences, Hanseo University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Marine Production Management, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
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Jung MH, Kole S, Jung SJ. Efficacy of saponin-based inactivated rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) vaccine in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:12-22. [PMID: 34974155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mortality in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) for last two decades. In view of this constant threat of RBIV to the rock bream industry, we conducted the present study with the aim to develop a safe and efficient remedial measure against the virus. In this study, we evaluated the safety and potentiality of squalene, aluminium hydroxide and saponin adjuvants, singly or in combinations, which can be used for developing an efficient inactivated (IV) vaccine to protect rock bream from RBIV infection. The evaluation results demonstrated that saponin (Sa) has the required potential in enacting the antiviral immune response in the host and in providing protection against virus mediated lethality, without causing any adverted side-effects. The study further, showed that a single primary dose of Sa-adjuvanted IV vaccine can confer moderate protections in short (60.04% relative percent mortality (RPS) at 4 wpv) and medium (53.38% RPS at 8 wpv) term post RBIV challenge; whereas, the same vaccine when administered in a prime-boost strategy, it resulted enhanced 93.34% RPS post virus challenge at 4 and 8 wpv. The moderate to high survivability demonstrated by the Sa-adjuvanted IV vaccine, was substantiated by the significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of IL-1β, Mx and PKR gene transcript. All surviving fish from the Sa-adjuvanted IV vaccine groups were strongly protected from re-infection with RBIV (1.1 × 107) at 70 days post infection (dpi). In conclusion, it can be inferred that, Sa-adjuvanted IV RBIV vaccine can be an efficient control measure to protect the rock bream aquaculture industry against the lethal RBIV virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Marine Bio and Medical Sciences, Hanseo University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajal Kole
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea.
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Allergen Immunotherapy: Current and Future Trends. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020212. [PMID: 35053328 PMCID: PMC8774202 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the sole disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis; it prevents rhinitis from progressing to asthma and lowers medication use. AIT against mites, insect venom, and certain kinds of pollen is effective. The mechanism of action of AIT is based on inducing immunological tolerance characterized by increased IL-10, TGF-β, and IgG4 levels and Treg cell counts. However, AIT requires prolonged schemes of administration and is sometimes associated with adverse reactions. Over the last decade, novel forms of AIT have been developed, focused on better allergen identification, structural modifications to preserve epitopes for B or T cells, post-traductional alteration through chemical processes, and the addition of adjuvants. These modified allergens induce clinical-immunological effects similar to those mentioned above, increasing the tolerance to other related allergens but with fewer side effects. Clinical studies have shown that molecular AIT is efficient in treating grass and birch allergies. This article reviews the possibility of a new AIT to improve the treatment of allergic illness.
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Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Seo JS, Hwang SD, Jeong JM, Lee JH, Jeong AR, Jee BY. Current use and management of commercial fish vaccines in Korea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:20-27. [PMID: 32272258 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry in Korea has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and it is a major food source. However, the expansion of aquaculture systems has increased the chances of infectious disease outbreaks, and vaccination plays an important role in commercial fish farming. This is the first comprehensive review of commercial fish vaccines in Korea. It not only provides an overview of commercially available fish vaccines and their associated approval processes and laws, but also some perspectives on research advances regarding fish vaccines in Korea. In Korea, fish vaccines are approved only after their safety and effectiveness have been verified according to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, and after approval, each vaccine lot must pass the national evaluation criteria. As of the end of 2019, 29 vaccines were approved for 10 fish pathogens, including both single and combination vaccines containing more than two inactivated pathogens. The approved fish vaccines consist of 2 immersion vaccines, as well as 1 intramuscular and 26 intraperitoneal vaccines, which require syringe injection. All the 29 vaccines are manufactured as formalin-inactivated vaccines; 1 is an adjuvant vaccine and 28 are non-adjuvant vaccines; 25 are bacterial vaccines, 2 are viral vaccines, 1 is a parasite vaccine, and 1 is a parasite and bacterial vaccine. In terms of the target fish species, 27 vaccines are used in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), 1 in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), and 1 in the red seabream (Pagrus major), striped beakfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus), and amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata). This imbalance exists mostly because the olive flounder is the main farmed fish species in Korea. In 2018, 67.71 million vaccine doses were distributed following satisfactory performance in the national evaluation. They were used to vaccinate approximately 80.6% of farmed olive flounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Youn Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mun Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Jeong
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Reum Jeong
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
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Mistri A, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Gill epithelium of an angler catfish,
Chaca chaca
(Siluriformes, Chacidae): Enzyme and glycoprotein histochemistry. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 49:67-79. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mistri
- Skin Physiology Laboratory Centre of Advanced Study Department of Zoology Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Zoology Section Mahila Mahavidyalaya Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Swati Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory Centre of Advanced Study Department of Zoology Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory Centre of Advanced Study Department of Zoology Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
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Jiang X, Strobel BW, Cedergreen N, Cao Y, Hansen HCB. Stability of saponin biopesticides: hydrolysis in aqueous solutions and lake waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1204-1214. [PMID: 31241099 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Saponins form a group of plant-produced glycosides with potential as biopesticide ingredients. The environmental fate of saponins has never been fully investigated. In the present study, we use QS-18, a specific saponin from Quillaja saponaria as an example, to quantify hydrolysis under different conditions of pH, temperature and water chemical composition. Saponin hydrolysis in buffer solutions was base-catalyzed and followed first-order kinetics. Thus, hydrolysis was slow at pH 5.1 with a half-life of 330 ± 220 d (26 °C), which increases to 0.06 ± 0.01 d at pH 10.0. Hydrolysis rates were highly sensitive to temperature with an activation energy of 56.9 ± 14.2 kJ mol-1 at pH 7.2. In strong contrast, hydrolysis in lake waters (pH 6.4-8.2) produced different patterns with a fast initial dissipation of 25 to 60% of the added saponin within the first five hours, followed by an extremely slow reaction with 25 to 75% unreacted saponin left after reaction times longer than 120 h. The fast dissipation followed by slow hydrolysis in lake water was hypothesized to be attributed to sorption and/or flocculation of saponins by inorganic nanoparticles and/or solutes in the lake water followed by inactivation of hydrolysis due to the sorption/flocculation. The present study demonstrates that saponins may hydrolyze slowly under acidic and cold conditions. In addition, it demonstrates that dissipation kinetics in natural waters may deviate substantially from the kinetics predicted based on laboratory experiments with "clean" buffered solutions. This emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of the processes affecting the dissipation kinetics of potential toxins under natural conditions, as fate models based on laboratory derived kinetic data may be seriously flawed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Jiang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Hans Chr Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Reichert CL, Salminen H, Weiss J. Quillaja Saponin Characteristics and Functional Properties. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:43-73. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-122010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Consumer concerns about synthetically derived food additives have increased current research efforts to find naturally occurring alternatives. This review focuses on a group of natural surfactants, the Quillaja saponins, that can be extracted from the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree. Quillaja saponins are triterpenoid saponins comprising a hydrophobic quillaic acid backbone and hydrophilic sugar moieties. Commercially available Quillaja saponin products and their composition and properties are described, and the technofunctionality of Quillaja saponins in a variety of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical product applications is discussed. These applications make use of the biological and interfacial activities of Quillaja saponins and their ability to form and stabilize colloidal structures such as emulsions, foams, crystallized lipid particles, heteroaggregates, and micelles. Further emphasis is given to the complexation and functional properties of Quillaja saponins with other cosurfactants to create mixed surfactant systems, an approach that has the potential to facilitate new interfacial structures and novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina L. Reichert
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hanna Salminen
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Fleck JD, Betti AH, da Silva FP, Troian EA, Olivaro C, Ferreira F, Verza SG. Saponins from Quillaja saponaria and Quillaja brasiliensis: Particular Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:E171. [PMID: 30621160 PMCID: PMC6337100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quillaja saponaria Molina represents the main source of saponins for industrial applications. Q. saponaria triterpenoids have been studied for more than four decades and their relevance is due to their biological activities, especially as a vaccine adjuvant and immunostimulant, which have led to important research in the field of vaccine development. These saponins, alone or incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), are able to modulate immunity by increasing antigen uptake, stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte production (Th1) and cytokines (Th2) in response to different antigens. Furthermore, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antitumor activities are also reported as important biological properties of Quillaja triterpenoids. Recently, other saponins from Q. brasiliensis (A. St.-Hill. & Tul.) Mart. were successfully tested and showed similar chemical and biological properties to those of Q. saponaria barks. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the current advances in phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of saponins from Quillaja plants, including the particular chemical characteristics of these triterpenoids. The potential applications of Quillaja saponins to stimulate further drug discovery research will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Deise Fleck
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Andresa Heemann Betti
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Francini Pereira da Silva
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Artur Troian
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Olivaro
- Science and Chemical Technology Department, University Center of Tacuarembó, Udelar, Tacuarembó 45000, Uruguay.
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry Department, Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates Laboratory, Udelar, Mondevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Simone Gasparin Verza
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
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Ramos-Vega A, Rosales-Mendoza S, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Angulo C. Prospects on the Use of Schizochytrium sp. to Develop Oral Vaccines. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2506. [PMID: 30410471 PMCID: PMC6209683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oral subunit vaccines are highly relevant in the fight against widespread diseases, their high cost, safety and proper immunogenicity are attributes that have yet to be addressed in many cases and thus these limitations should be considered in the development of new oral vaccines. Prominent examples of new platforms proposed to address these limitations are plant cells and microalgae. Schizochytrium sp. constitutes an attractive expression host for vaccine production because of its high biosynthetic capacity, fast growth in low cost culture media, and the availability of processes for industrial scale production. In addition, whole Schizochytrium sp. cells may serve as delivery vectors; especially for oral vaccines since Schizochytrium sp. is safe for oral consumption, produces immunomodulatory compounds, and may provide bioencapsulation to the antigen, thus increasing its bioavailability. Remarkably, Schizochytrium sp. was recently used for the production of a highly immunoprotective influenza vaccine. Moreover, an efficient method for transient expression of antigens based on viral vectors and Schizochytrium sp. as host has been recently developed. In this review, the potential of Schizochytrium sp. in vaccinology is placed in perspective, with emphasis on its use as an attractive oral vaccination vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Ramos-Vega
- Grupo de Inmunología and Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.,Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología and Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz, Mexico
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Jeon HY, Shin EY, Choi JH, Song JE, Reis RL, Khang G. Evaluation of Saponin Loaded Gellan Gum Hydrogel Scaffold for Cartilage Regeneration. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Jiang J, Zheng Z, Wang K, Wang J, He Y, Wang E, Chen D, Ouyang P, Geng Y, Huang X. Adjuvant Immune Enhancement of Subunit Vaccine Encoding pSCPI of Streptococcus iniae in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28001-13. [PMID: 26602918 PMCID: PMC4691029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is an important agricultural fish that has been plagued by Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) infections in recent years, some of them severe. C5a peptidase is an important virulent factor of S. iniae. In this study, the subunit vaccine containing the truncated part of C5a peptidase (pSCPI) was mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel (AH), propolis adjuvant (PA), and Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA). The immunogenicity of the pSCPI was detected by Western-blot in vitro. The relative percent survival (RPS), lysozyme activity, antibody titers, and the expression of the related immune genes were monitored in vivo to evaluate the immune effects of the three different adjuvants. The results showed that pSCPI exerted moderate immune protection (RPS = 46.43%), whereas each of the three adjuvants improved the immune protection of pSCPI. The immunoprotection of pSCPI + AH, pSCPI + PA, and pSCPI + FIA was characterized by RPS values of 67.86%, 75.00% and, 85.71%, respectively. Further, each of the three different adjuvanted pSCPIs stimulated higher levels of lysozyme activity and antibody titers than the unadjuvanted pSCPI and/or PBS buffer. In addition, pSCPI + FIA and pSCPI + PA induced expression of the related immune genes under investigation, which was substantially higher than the levels stimulated by PBS. pSCPI + AH significantly stimulated the induction of MHC II β, CD4-L2, and IFN-γ, while it induced slightly higher production of TNF-α and even led to a decrease in the levels of IL-1β, MHC I α, and CD8 α. Therefore, we conclude that compared with the other two adjuvants, FIA combined with pSCPI is a more promising candidate adjuvant against S. iniae in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zonglin Zheng
- Department of Aquaculture, Rongchang Campus, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yang He
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Erlong Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Department of Aquaculture, Rongchang Campus, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Department of Aquaculture, Rongchang Campus, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, China.
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The effect of TLR9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on the intestinal immune response of cobia (Rachycentron canadum). J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:273284. [PMID: 24991578 PMCID: PMC4060301 DOI: 10.1155/2014/273284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) motifs of bacterial DNA are recognized through toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and are potent activators of innate immunity. However, the interaction between TLR9 and CpG ODN in aquatic species has not been well characterized. Hence, cobia TLR9 isoform B (RCTLR9B) was cloned and its expression and induction in intestine were investigated. RCTLR9B cDNA consists of 3113bp encoding 1009 amino acids containing three regions, leucine rich repeats, transmembrane domain, and toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Intraperitoneal injection of CpG ODN 2395 upregulated RCTLR9 A and B and MyD88 and also induced the expressions of Mx, chemokine CC, and interleukin IL-1β. Cobia intraperitoneally injected with CpG ODN 1668 and 2395 had increased survival rates after challenge with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. In addition, formulation of CpG ODN with formalin-killed bacteria (FKB) and aluminum hydroxide gel significantly increased expressions of RCTLR9 A (50 folds) and B (30 folds) isoforms at 10 dpi (CpG ODN 1668) and MyD88 (21 folds) at 6 dpv (CpG ODN 2395). Subsequently, IL-1β increased at 6 dpv in 1668 group. No histopathological damage and inflammatory responses were observed in the injected cobia. Altogether, these results facilitate CpG ODNs as an adjuvant to increase bacterial disease resistance and efficacy of vaccines in cobia.
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