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Schiavo L, Odatzoglou P, Hare C, Williams TL, Dobson JM. Serum amyloid A and other clinicopathological variables in cats with intermediate- and large-cell lymphoma. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e603-e610. [PMID: 36416277 PMCID: PMC9742919 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221135118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations are increased in cats with lymphoma vs healthy cats; however, the association between SAA concentrations and prognosis in cats with lymphoma is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate if SAA concentrations were different in cats with nasal vs non-nasal lymphoma, if SAA concentrations are prognostic in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and if SAA concentrations are correlated with other clinicopathological variables. METHODS Cats diagnosed with intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma between 2012 and 2022 with SAA concentration data available were included. Associations between tumour site (nasal vs non-nasal), stage, response to treatment and SAA concentration were evaluated using non-parametric statistics. Associations between SAA concentrations and stage with survival time were evaluated using Cox regression analysis. Patients with nasal tumours and those not receiving high-dose chemotherapy were excluded from the survival analyses. RESULTS Thirty-nine cats were included. Median SAA concentrations were significantly higher in non-nasal compared with nasal lymphoma (42 µg/ml [range <0.3-797] vs <0.3 µg/ml [range <0.3-0.9]; P = 0.026). SAA concentrations did not correlate with tumour stage. Median survival time for patients with non-nasal tumour and undergoing chemotherapy was 49 days (range 2-1726). Responders had a better median survival time than non-responders (273 days [range 43-1728] vs 39 days [range 2-169]; P <0.001), whereas SAA concentrations were not associated with survival time. Lower haematocrit at presentation was associated with a reduced median survival time (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In the population examined, no correlation between serum concentration of SAA and prognosis in patients with lymphoma was identified, while low haematocrit and lack of response to treatment were both found to be associated with survival time. SAA concentrations were elevated in patients with non-nasal lymphoma vs patients with tumours confined to the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schiavo
- Luca Schiavo DVM, MRCVS, Department of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES,
UK Emails: ;
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Bernabe A, Valles N, Echalecu MS, Garrigos A, Agut A. Tension pneumoperitoneum secondary to duodenal perforation presumptively due to the administration of meloxicam in a cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bernabe
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Murcia Murcia Spain
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Nuria Valles
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | | | | | - Amalia Agut
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Murcia Murcia Spain
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Murcia Murcia Spain
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Facci L, Barbierato M, Zusso M, Skaper SD, Giusti P. Serum amyloid A primes microglia for ATP-dependent interleukin-1β release. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:164. [PMID: 29803222 PMCID: PMC5970445 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute-phase response is a systemic reaction to environmental/inflammatory insults and involves production of acute-phase proteins, including serum amyloid A (SAA). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a master regulator of neuroinflammation produced by activated inflammatory cells of the myeloid lineage, in particular microglia, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases of the peripheral nervous system and CNS. IL-1β release is promoted by ATP acting at the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in cells primed with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. METHODS Purified (> 99%) microglia cultured from neonatal rat cortex and cerebellum were first primed with the putative TLR4/TLR2 agonist SAA (recombinant human Apo-SAA) or the established TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by addition of ATP. Expression of genes for the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and SAA1 was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). Intracellular and extracellular amounts of IL-1β were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Apo-SAA stimulated, in a time-dependent manner, the expression of NLRP3, IL-1β, and TNF-α in cortical microglia, and produced a concentration-dependent increase in the intracellular content of IL-1β in these cells. A 2-h 'priming' of the microglia with Apo-SAA followed by addition of ATP for 1 h, resulting in a robust release of IL-1β into the culture medium, with a concomitant reduction in its intracellular content. The selective P2X7R antagonist A740003 blocked ATP-dependent release of IL-1β. Microglia prepared from rat cerebellum displayed similar behaviors. As with LPS, Apo-SAA upregulated SAA1 and TLR2 mRNA, and downregulated that of TLR4. LPS was less efficacious than Apo-SAA, perhaps reflecting an action of the latter at TLR4 and TLR2. The TLR4 antagonist CLI-095 fully blocked the action of LPS, but only partially that of Apo-SAA. Although the TLR2 antagonist CU-CPT22 was inactive against Apo-SAA, it also failed to block the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4. CONCLUSIONS Microglia are central to the inflammatory process and a major source of IL-1β when activated. P2X7R-triggered IL-1β maturation and export is thus likely to represent an important contributor to this cytokine pool. Given that SAA is detected in Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis brain, together with IL-1β-immunopositive microglia, these findings propose a link between P2X7R, SAA, and IL-1β in CNS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Facci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "E. Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Barbierato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "E. Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "E. Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "E. Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "E. Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
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Bauer D, Kasper M, Walscheid K, Koch JM, Müther PS, Kirchhof B, Heiligenhaus A, Heinz C. Multiplex Cytokine Analysis of Aqueous Humor in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Anterior Uveitis With or Without Secondary Glaucoma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:708. [PMID: 29675026 PMCID: PMC5895756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis often develop chronic anterior uveitis (JIAU). JIAU patients possess a particularly high risk for developing secondary glaucoma when inflammatory inactivity has been achieved. By using multiplex bead assay analysis, we assessed levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, or metalloproteinases in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with clinically inactive JIAU with (JIAUwG) or without secondary glaucoma (JIAUwoG), or from patients with senile cataract as controls. Laser-flare photometry analysis prior to surgery showed no significant differences between JIAUwG or JIAUwoG. Compared with the control group, levels of interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-2, -3, -9, serum amyloid A (SAA), transforming growth factor beta-1, -2, -3 (TGFβ-1, -2, -3), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the AH were significantly higher in patients with clinically inactive JIAUwG or JIAUwoG. Samples from JIAwoG patients displayed significantly higher levels of SAA (P < 0.0116) than JIAUwG patients. JIAUwG patients showed an increased level of TGFβ-2 in AH samples compared with JIAUwoG (P < 0.0009). These molecules may contribute to the clinical development of glaucoma in patients with JIAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maren Kasper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Karoline Walscheid
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg M Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp S Müther
- Center for Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Kirchhof
- Center for Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnd Heiligenhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Center for Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten Heinz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Center for Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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O'Leary CA, Sedhom M, Reeve-Johnson M, Mallyon J, Irvine KM. Expression profiling feline peripheral blood monocytes identifies a transcriptional signature associated with type two diabetes mellitus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 186:1-8. [PMID: 28413044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common disease of cats and is similar to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans, especially with respect to the role of obesity-induced insulin resistance, glucose toxicity, decreased number of pancreatic β-cells and pancreatic amyloid deposition. Cats have thus been proposed as a valuable translational model of T2D. In humans, inflammation associated with adipose tissue is believed to be central to T2D development, and peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) are important in the inflammatory cascade which leads to insulin resistance and β-cell failure. PBM may thus provide a useful window to study the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in cats, however feline monocytes are poorly characterised. In this study, we used the Affymetrix Feline 1.0ST array to profile peripheral blood monocytes from 3 domestic cats with T2D and 3 cats with normal glucose tolerance. Feline monocytes were enriched for genes expressed in human monocytes, and, despite heterogeneous gene expression, we identified a T2D-associated expression signature associated with cell cycle perturbations, DNA repair and the unfolded protein response, oxidative phosphorylation and inflammatory responses. Our data provide novel insights into the feline monocyte transcriptome, and support the hypothesis that inflammatory monocytes contribute to T2D pathogenesis in cats as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A O'Leary
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia.
| | - Mamdouh Sedhom
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Mia Reeve-Johnson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - John Mallyon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
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Effects of serum amyloid A on matrix metalloproteinase-9 production in feline lymphoma-derived cell lines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 187:10-13. [PMID: 28494923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration and plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels are increased in cats with lymphoma. In the present study, the association between SAA and MMP-9 production was evaluated using recombinant feline SAA (rfSAA) and three feline lymphoma-derived cell lines: 3201, MS4, and MCC. MMP-9 mRNA expression was significantly increased by rfSAA stimulation only in MCC cells. Secreted MMP-9 protein in culture media was confirmed by gelatin zymography, with clear bands of MMP-9 detected in MCC cells following rfSAA stimulation. A significant increase in semi-quantified MMP-9 levels was observed with 5 and 25μg/ml of rfSAA stimulation. The infiltrative activities of feline lymphoma cells, assessed by the matrigel transwell assay, showed that rfSAA stimulated cell infiltration in MCC cells, in addition to MMP-9 expression. Although the response to rfSAA stimulation varied between cell lines, the results showed that rfSAA can stimulate MMP-9 production and infiltration of feline lymphoma-derived cells. The findings of this study have identified a novel role for SAA in the progression of some forms of feline lymphoma.
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Passey SL, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R, Anderson GP, Hansen MJ. Serum Amyloid A Induces Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Inflammatory Cytokine Expression and Atrophy in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Myotubes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146882. [PMID: 26784349 PMCID: PMC4718684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle wasting is an important comorbidity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and is strongly correlated with morbidity and mortality. Patients who experience frequent acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) have more severe muscle wasting and reduced recovery of muscle mass and function after each exacerbation. Serum levels of the pro-inflammatory acute phase protein Serum Amyloid A (SAA) can rise more than 1000-fold in AECOPD and are predictively correlated with exacerbation severity. The direct effects of SAA on skeletal muscle are poorly understood. Here we have examined SAA effects on pro-inflammatory cachectic cytokine expression (IL-6 and TNFα) and atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. RESULTS SAA increased IL-6 (31-fold) and TNFα (6.5-fold) mRNA levels compared to control untreated cells after 3h of SAA treatment, and increased secreted IL-6 protein at 24h. OxPAPC, a dual TLR2 and TLR4 inhibitor, reduced the response to SAA by approximately 84% compared to SAA alone, and the TLR2 neutralising antibody T2.5 abolished SAA-induced expression of IL-6, indicating that SAA signalling in C2C12 myotubes is primarily via TLR2. SAA also reduced myotube width by 10-13% and induced a 2.5-fold increase in the expression of the muscle atrophy gene Atrogin-1, suggesting direct effects of SAA on muscle wasting. Blocking of TLR2 inhibited the SAA-induced decrease in myotube width and Atrogin-1 gene expression, indicating that SAA induces atrophy through TLR2. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that SAA stimulates a robust pro-inflammatory response in skeletal muscle myotubes via the TLR2-dependent release of IL-6 and TNFα. Furthermore, the observed atrophy effects indicate that SAA could also be directly contributing to the wasting and poor recovery of muscle mass. Therapeutic strategies targeting this SAA-TLR2 axis may therefore ameliorate muscle wasting in AECOPD and a range of other inflammatory conditions associated with loss of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Passey
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary P. Anderson
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle J. Hansen
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ishikawa S, Takemitsu H, Li G, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Short communication: molecular characterization of dog and cat p65 subunits of NF-kappaB. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99:145-8. [PMID: 25770673 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays an important role in the immune system. The p65 subunit is an important part of NF-κB unit, and studies of dog and cat p65 subunits of NF-κB (dp65 and cp65) are important in understanding their immune function. In this study, we described the molecular characterization of dp65 and cp65. The dp65 and cp65 complementary DNA encoded 542 and 555 amino acids, respectively, showing a high sequence homology with the mammalian p65 subunit (>87.5%). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that the p65 messenger RNA is highly expressed in the dog stomach and cat heart and adipose tissue. Functional NF-κB promoter-luciferase reporter vectors revealed that our isolated dp65 and cp65 cDNA encodes a functionally active protein. Transiently expressed dp65 and cp65 up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels in dog and cat, respectively. These findings suggest that dp65 and cp65 play important roles in regulating immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ishikawa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemitsu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Gebin Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Nobuko Mori
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Arai
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Tamamoto T, Ohno K, Goto-Koshino Y, Tsujimoto H. Serum amyloid A promotes invasion of feline mammary carcinoma cells. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1183-8. [PMID: 24829082 PMCID: PMC4155205 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum amyloid A (SAA)
concentration is higher in mammary tumors with metastases in both humans and animals. In
the present study, the direct effects of recombinant feline SAA (rfSAA) protein on
invasiveness of feline mammary carcinoma cells were evaluated. As an indicator of
invasiveness, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression was investigated in 4 feline
mammary carcinoma cell lines of different origins. In 3 of 4 cell lines, MMP-9 expression
was significantly increased by rfSAA stimulation. The invasive capacities of feline
mammary carcinoma cells were also stimulated by rfSAA. The findings of this study have
identified a novel role for SAA in mammary tumorigenesis and suggest that therapeutic
strategies targeting SAA may provide new alternatives in treating tumor invasion and
metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tamamoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Ren SW, Qi X, Jia CK, Wang YQ. Serum amyloid A and pairing formyl peptide receptor 2 are expressed in corneas and involved in inflammation-mediated neovascularization. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:187-93. [PMID: 24790856 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To solidify the involvement of Saa-related pathway in corneal neovascularization (CorNV). The pathogenesis of inflammatory CorNV is not fully understood yet, and our previous study implicated that serum amyloid A (Saa) 1 (Saa1) and Saa3 were among the genes up-regulated upon CorNV induction in mice. METHODS Microarray data obtained during our profiling project on CorNV were analyzed for the genes encoding the four SAA family members (Saa1-4), six reported SAA receptors (formyl peptide receptor 2, Tlr2, Tlr4, Cd36, Scarb1, P2rx7) and seven matrix metallopeptidases (Mmp) 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 9, 10, 13 reportedly to be expressed upon SAA pathway activation. The baseline expression or changes of interested genes were further confirmed in animals with CorNV using molecular or histological methods. CorNV was induced in Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice by placing either three interrupted 10-0 sutures or a 2 mm filter paper soaked with sodium hydroxide in the central area of the cornea. At desired time points, the corneas were harvested for histology examination or for extraction of mRNA and protein. The mRNA levels of Saa1, Saa3, Fpr2, Mmp2 and Mmp3 in corneas were detected using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and SAA3 protein in tissues detected using immunohistochemistry or western blotting. RESULTS Microarray data analysis revealed that Saa1, Saa3, Fpr2, Mmp2, Mmp3 messengers were readily detected in normal corneas and significantly up-regulated upon CorNV induction. The changes of these five genes were confirmed with real-time PCR assay. On the contrary, other SAA members (Saa2, Saa4), other SAA receptors (Tlr2, Tlr4, Cd36, P2rx7, etc), or other Mmps (Mmp1a, Mmp1b, Mmp9, Mmp10, Mmp13) did not show consistent changes. Immunohistochemistry study and western blotting further confirmed the expression of SAA3 products in normal corneas as well as their up-regulation in corneas with CorNV. CONCLUSION SAA-FPR2 pathway composing genes were expressed in normal murine corneas and, upon inflammatory stimuli challenge to the corneas, their expressions were up-regulated, suggesting their roles in pathogenesis of CorNV. The potential usefulness of SAA-FPR2 targets in future management of CorNV-related diseases deserves investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Ren
- Qingdao University-SEI Joint Ophthalmology Program, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China ; Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xia Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chang-Kai Jia
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Qiang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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