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Elshafiee EA, Hassan MSH, Provost C, Gagnon CA, Ojkic D, Abdul-Careem MF. Comparative full genome sequence analysis of wild-type and chicken embryo origin vaccine-like infectious laryngotracheitis virus field isolates from Canada. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 104:105350. [PMID: 35977653 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), occurs sporadically in poultry flocks in Canada. Live attenuated chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines are being used routinely to prevent and control ILTV infections. However, ILT outbreaks still occur since vaccine strains could revert to virulence in the field. In this study, 7 Canadian ILTV isolates linked to ILT outbreaks across different time in Eastern Canada (Ontario; ON and Quebec; QC) were whole genome sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship between the ON isolates and the CEO vaccines, whereas the QC isolates clustered with strains previously known as CEO revertant and wild-type ILTVs. Recombination network analysis of ILTV sequences revealed clear evidence of historical recombination between ILTV strains circulating in Canada and other geographical regions. The comparison of ON CEO clustered and QC CEO revertant clustered isolates with the LT Blen® CEO vaccine reference sequence showed amino acid differences in 5 and 12 open reading frames (ORFs), respectively. Similar analysis revealed amino acid differences in 32 ORFs in QC wild-type isolates. Compared to all CEO vaccine strains in the public domain, the QC wild-type isolates showed 15 unique mutational sites leading to amino acid changes in 13 ORFs. Our outcomes add to the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind ILTV genetic variance and provide genetic markers between wild-type and vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa A Elshafiee
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S H Hassan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Chantale Provost
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA - Fonds de Recherche du Québec), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Carl A Gagnon
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA - Fonds de Recherche du Québec), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Host Responses Following Infection with Canadian-Origin Wildtype and Vaccine Revertant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050782. [PMID: 35632538 PMCID: PMC9148004 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is caused by Gallid herpesvirus-1 (GaHV-1) or infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and was first described in Canadian poultry flocks. In Canada, ILTV infection is endemic in backyard flocks, and commercial poultry encounters ILT outbreaks sporadically. A common practice to control ILT is the use of live attenuated vaccines. However, outbreaks still occur in poultry flocks globally due to ILTV vaccine strains reverting to virulence and emergence of new ILTV strains due to recombination in addition to circulating wildtype strains. Recent studies reported that most of the ILT outbreaks in Canada were induced by the chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) live attenuated vaccine revertant strains with the involvement of a small percentage of wildtype ILTV. It is not known if the host responses induced by these two ILTV strains are different. The objective of the study was to compare the host responses elicited by CEO revertant and wildtype ILTV strains in chickens. We infected 3-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens with the two types of ILTV isolates and subsequently evaluated the severity of clinical and pathological manifestations, in addition to host responses. We observed that both of the isolates show high pathogenicity by inducing several clinical and pathological manifestations. A significant recruitment of immune cells at both 3 and 7 days post-infection (dpi) was observed in the tracheal mucosa and the lung tissues of the infected chickens with wildtype and CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolates when compared to uninfected controls. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the mechanism of host responses against ILTV infection.
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Barboza-Solis C, Najimudeen SM, Perez-Contreras A, Ali A, Joseph T, King R, Ravi M, Peters D, Fonseca K, Gagnon CA, van der Meer F, Abdul-Careem MF. Evaluation of Recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkey Laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) Vaccine against Genotype VI Canadian Wild-Type Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1425. [PMID: 34960175 PMCID: PMC8707389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alberta, infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection is endemic in backyard poultry flocks; however, outbreaks are only sporadically observed in commercial flocks. In addition to ILTV vaccine revertant strains, wild-type strains are among the most common causes of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Given the surge in live attenuated vaccine-related outbreaks, the goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of a recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rHVT-LT) vaccine against a genotype VI Canadian wild-type ILTV infection. One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) White Leghorn chickens were vaccinated with the rHVT-LT vaccine or mock vaccinated. At three weeks of age, half of the vaccinated and the mock-vaccinated animals were challenged. Throughout the experiment, weights were recorded, and feather tips, cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected for ILTV genome quantification. Blood was collected to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and quantify CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. At 14 dpi, the chickens were euthanized, and respiratory tissues were collected to quantify genome loads and histological examination. Results showed that the vaccine failed to decrease the clinical signs at 6 days post-infection. However, it was able to significantly reduce ILTV shedding through the oropharyngeal route. Overall, rHVT-LT produced a partial protection against genotype VI ILTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Barboza-Solis
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Shahnas M. Najimudeen
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Ana Perez-Contreras
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada;
| | - Robin King
- Agri Food Laboratories, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 4P2, Canada;
| | - Madhu Ravi
- Animal Health and Assurance, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 4P2, Canada; (M.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Delores Peters
- Animal Health and Assurance, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 4P2, Canada; (M.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Kevin Fonseca
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Calgary, AB T2N 4W4, Canada;
| | - Carl A. Gagnon
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
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Pathogenic and Transmission Potential of Wildtype and Chicken Embryo Origin (CEO) Vaccine Revertant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040541. [PMID: 33805117 PMCID: PMC8064098 DOI: 10.3390/v13040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an infectious upper respiratory tract disease that impacts the poultry industry worldwide. ILT is caused by an alphaherpesvirus commonly referred to as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines is practiced regularly for the control of ILT. However, extensive and improper use of live attenuated vaccines is related to vaccine viruses reverting to virulence. An increase in mortality and pathogenicity has been attributed to these vaccine revertant viruses. Recent studies characterized Canadian ILTV strains originating from ILT outbreaks as related to live attenuated vaccine virus revertants. However, information is scarce on the pathogenicity and transmission potential of these Canadian isolates. Hence, in this study, the pathogenicity and transmission potential of two wildtype ILTVs and a chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine revertant ILTV of Canadian origin were evaluated. To this end, 3-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens were experimentally infected with each of the ILTV isolates and compared to uninfected controls. Additionally, naïve chickens were exposed to the experimentally infected chickens to mimic naturally occurring infection. Pathogenicity of each of these ILTV isolates was evaluated by the severity of clinical signs, weight loss, mortality, and lesions observed at the necropsy. The transmission potential was evaluated by quantification of ILTV genome loads in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue samples of the experimentally infected and contact-exposed chickens, as well as in the capacity to produce ILT in contact-exposed chickens. We observed that the CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate induced severe disease in comparison to the two wildtype ILTV isolates used in this study. According to ILTV genome load data, CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate was successfully transmitted to naïve contact-exposed chickens in comparison to the tested wildtype ILTV isolates. Overall, the Canadian origin CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate possesses higher virulence, and dissemination potential, when compared to the wildtype ILTV isolates used in this study. These findings have serious implications in ILT control in chickens.
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Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Infectious laryngotracheitis Virus Isolates from Poultry Flocks in Canada: Evidence of Recombination. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111302. [PMID: 33198373 PMCID: PMC7696358 DOI: 10.3390/v12111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a herpes virus that causes an acute respiratory disease of poultry known as infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Chicken embryo origin (CEO) and tissue culture origin (TCO) live attenuated vaccines are routinely used for the control of ILT. However, vaccine virus is known to revert to virulence, and it has been recently shown that ILT field viral strains can undergo recombination with vaccinal ILTV and such recombinant ILT viruses possess greater transmission and pathogenicity potential. Based on complete or partial genes of the ILTV genome, few studies genotyped ILTV strains circulating in Canada, and so far, information is scarce on whole-genome sequencing or the presence of recombination in Canadian ILTV isolates. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize the 14 ILTV isolates that originated from three provinces in Canada (Alberta, British Columbia and Quebec). To this end, a phylogenetic analysis of 50 ILTV complete genome sequences, including 14 sequences of Canadian origin, was carried out. Additional phylogenetic analysis of the unique long, unique short and inverted repeat regions of the ILTV genome was also performed. We observed that 71%, 21% and 7% of the ILTV isolates were categorized as CEO revertant, wild-type and TCO vaccine-related, respectively. The sequences were also analyzed for potential recombination events, which included evidence in the British Columbia ILTV isolate. This event involved two ILTV vaccine (CEO) strains as parental strains. Recombination analysis also identified that one ILTV isolate from Alberta as a potential parental strain for a United States origin ILTV isolate. The positions of the possible recombination breakpoints were identified. These results indicate that the ILTV wild-type strains can recombine with vaccinal strains complicating vaccine-mediated control of ILT. Further studies on the pathogenicity of these ILTV strains, including the recombinant ILTV isolate are currently ongoing.
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Gutiérrez-Venegas G, Fernández-Rojas B, Rosas-Martínez M, Sánchez-Carballido MA. Rutin Prevents LTA Induced Oxidative Changes in H9c2 Cells. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2020; 25:203-211. [PMID: 32676472 PMCID: PMC7333009 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2020.25.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a component of Gram-positive bacteria cell walls is involved in infective endocarditis (IE), a life-threatening disease. We evaluated for the first time, whether flavonoid rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside) can block LTA-induced pro-inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and reduction of antioxidant enzymes. We found that rutin suppresses LTA effects on the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2, preventing phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and the increase of ROS production induced by LTA. Taken together, these findings suggest that rutin prevents oxidative damage, inflammation, and MAPKs activation induced by LTA. Rutin may exert a protective effect in IE. These data provide novel insights for future use of rutin to prevent the mechanisms of LTA-related pathogenesis, inflammatory processes, and antioxidant enzyme levels in diseases such as IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Biochemistry Laboratory of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice Fernández-Rojas
- Biochemistry Laboratory of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Marisol Rosas-Martínez
- Biochemistry Laboratory of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Manuel Alejandro Sánchez-Carballido
- Biochemistry Laboratory of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. Host Pathways of Hemostasis that Regulate Group A Streptococcus pyogenes Pathogenicity. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:193-201. [PMID: 31556853 PMCID: PMC7670306 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190926152914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of severe Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) infection is dysregulated hemostasis. Hemostasis is the primary pathway for regulating blood flow through events that contribute towards clot formation and its dissolution. However, a number of studies have identified components of hemostasis in regulating survival and dissemination of GAS. Several proteins have been identified on the surface of GAS and they serve to either facilitate invasion to host distal sites or regulate inflammatory responses to the pathogen. GAS M-protein, a surface-exposed virulence factor, appears to be a major target for interactions with host hemostasis proteins. These interactions mediate biochemical events both on the surface of GAS and in the solution when M-protein is released into the surrounding environment through shedding or regulated proteolytic processes that dictate the fate of this pathogen. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms associated with these interactions could lead to novel approaches for altering the course of GAS pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Ploplis
- University of Notre Dame, W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, 230 Raclin-Carmichael Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- University of Notre Dame, W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, 230 Raclin-Carmichael Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Abdul-Cader MS, De Silva Senapathi U, Ahmed-Hassan H, Sharif S, Abdul-Careem MF. Single stranded (ss)RNA-mediated antiviral response against infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:34. [PMID: 30736730 PMCID: PMC6368756 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) binds to toll-like receptor (TLR)7 leading to recruitment of immune cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which has been shown in mammals. In chickens, synthetic ssRNA analog, resiquimod, has been shown to elicit antiviral response against infectious bursal disease virus infection. The objective of this study was to determine the innate host responses activated by the pre-hatch in ovo administration of resiquimod against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection in chickens post-hatch. Results First, we observed that in ovo treatment of resiquimod at embryo day (ED) 18 increases macrophage recruitment in respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues of chicken day 1 post-hatch in addition to interleukin (IL)-1β in lungs. Second, we observed that in ovo treatment of resiquimod reduces ILTV cloacal shedding at 7 days post-infection (dpi) when challenged at day 1 post-hatch coinciding with higher macrophage recruitment. In vitro, we found that resiquimod enhances production of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-1β and not type 1 interferon (IFN) activity in avian macrophages. Although, the antiviral response against ILTV is associated with the enhanced innate immune response, it is not dependent on any of the innate immune mediators observed as has been shown in vitro using avian macrophage. Conclusion This study provides insights into the mechanisms of antiviral response mediated by resiquimod, particularly against ILTV infection in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Upasama De Silva Senapathi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Vagnozzi AE, Beltrán G, Zavala G, Read L, Sharif S, García M. Cytokine gene transcription in the trachea, Harderian gland, and trigeminal ganglia of chickens inoculated with virulent infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) strain. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:497-508. [PMID: 29963906 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1492090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine how cytokine transcription profiles correlate with patterns of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) replication in the trachea, Harderian gland, and trigeminal ganglia during the early and late stages of infection after intratracheal inoculation. Viral genomes and transcripts were detected in the trachea and Harderian gland but not in trigeminal ganglia. The onset of viral replication in the trachea was detected at day one post-infection and peaked by day three post-infection. The peak of pro-inflammatory (CXCLi2, IL-1β, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-13, IL-10) cytokine gene transcription, 5 days post-infection, coincided with the increased recruitment of inflammatory cells, extensive tissue damage, and limiting of virus replication in the trachea. In contrast, transcription of the IFN-β gene in the trachea remained unaffected suggesting that ILTV infection blocks type I interferon responses. In the Harderian gland, the most evident transcription change was the early and transient upregulation of the IFN-γ gene at 1 day post-infection, which suggests that the Harderian gland is prepared to rapidly respond to ILTV infection. Overall, results from this study suggest that regulation of Th1 effector cells and macrophage activity by Th1/2 cytokines was pertinent to maintain a balanced immune response capable of providing an adequate Th1-mediated protective immunity, while sustaining some immune homeostasis in preparation for the regeneration of the tracheal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Beltrán
- b Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health , College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | | | - Leah Read
- d Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- d Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Maricarmen García
- b Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health , College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Abdul-Cader MS, Amarasinghe A, Palomino-Tapia V, Ahmed-Hassan H, Bakhtawar K, Nagy E, Sharif S, Gomis S, Abdul-Careem MF. In ovo CpG DNA delivery increases innate and adaptive immune cells in respiratory, gastrointestinal and immune systems post-hatch correlating with lower infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513732 PMCID: PMC5841808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-guanosine deoxynucleotides (CpG) DNA can be delivered in ovo at embryo day (ED)18 for the stimulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signaling pathway that ultimately protects chickens against a number of bacterial and viral infections. There is a dearth of information understanding the mechanisms of protection induced by in ovo delivered CpG DNA. The objective of this study was to determine the immune cell changes post-hatch following in ovo delivery of the TLR21 ligand, CpG DNA. In order to quantify changes of percentage of KUL01+, IgM+ B, cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8α+ cells, trachea, lung, duodenum, large intestine, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were collected on day 1 post-hatch. We found increased recruitments of KUL01+ cells, in organs of these body systems post-hatch following in ovo delivery of CpG DNA. Although IgM+ B cells, CD4+ and CD8α+ cells were increased in lungs and immune system organs, these cells were not quantifiable from the trachea, duodenum and large intestine immediately following the hatch. Furthermore, when CpG DNA is delivered in ovo and subsequently infected with infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) post-hatch on day 1, CpG DNA reduces morbidity and mortality resulting from ILTV infection. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of host responses elicited following in ovo delivery of CpG DNA in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khawaja Bakhtawar
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Gao Q, Yin F, Zhang C, Yue Y, Sun P, Min M, Peng S, Shi Z, Lv J. Cloning, characterization, and function of MyD88 in silvery pomfret ( Pampus argenteus ) in response to bacterial challenge. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:327-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhou J, Wang J, Gu MY, Zhang SQ, Chen SL, Zhang XW, Zhang LN. Effect of dexamethasone on TLR4 and MyD88 expression in monocytes of patients with tuberculous meningitis. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x17721829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the clinical effect of dexamethasone in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis and its effect on MyD88 and TLR4 expression in monocytes. In total, 60 tuberculous meningitis patients were divided into two groups: observation group and control group. Of them, 36 patients were treated with conventional anti-tuberculosis treatment combined with dexamethasone in the observation group, while patients in control group were treated with anti-tuberculosis alone, and the clinical efficacy and expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in peripheral blood monocytes in both the groups were analyzed. The total effective rate in the combined treatment group was 91.67%, which was significantly better than the control group (χ2 = 5.17, P < 0.05). This revealed that dexamethasone treatment can significantly reduce the expression levels of TLR4 and MyD88. Anti-tuberculosis treatment combined with dexamethasone can significantly improve treatment efficacy. Furthermore, the TLR4-MyD88 pathway plays an important role in the dexamethasone treatment of tuberculous meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei-Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Qiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng-Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian-Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
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13
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Abdul-Cader MS, Palomino-Tapia V, Amarasinghe A, Ahmed-Hassan H, De Silva Senapathi U, Abdul-Careem MF. Hatchery Vaccination Against Poultry Viral Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Limitations. Viral Immunol 2017; 31:23-33. [PMID: 28714781 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial broiler and layer chickens are heavily vaccinated against economically important viral diseases with a view of preventing morbidity, mortality, and production impacts encountered during short production cycles. Hatchery vaccination is performed through in ovo embryo vaccination prehatch or spray and subcutaneous vaccinations performed at the day of hatch before the day-old chickens are being placed in barns with potentially contaminated environments. Commercially, multiple vaccines (e.g., live, live attenuated, and viral vectored vaccines) are available to administer through these routes within a short period (embryo day 18 prehatch to day 1 posthatch). Although the ability to mount immune response, especially the adaptive immune response, is not optimal around the hatch, it is possible that the efficacy of these vaccines depends partly on innate host responses elicited in response to replicating vaccine viruses. This review focuses on the current knowledge of hatchery vaccination in poultry and potential mechanisms of hatchery vaccine-mediated protective responses and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Upasama De Silva Senapathi
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
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14
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Abdul-Cader MS, Ahmed-Hassan H, Amarasinghe A, Nagy E, Sharif S, Abdul-Careem MF. Toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signalling-mediated antiviral response against avian influenza virus infection correlates with macrophage recruitment and nitric oxide production. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1209-1223. [PMID: 28613150 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucleotide (CpG) DNA can be used for the stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signalling pathway in avian species which ultimately leads to up-regulation of gene transcription for pro-inflammatory molecules including nitric oxide and recruitment of innate immune cells. The objective of this study was to determine the antiviral effect of NO, produced in response to in ovo delivery of CpG DNA, against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. We found that when CpG DNA is delivered at embryo day (ED)18 in ovo and subsequently challenged with H4N6 AIV at ED19 pre-hatch and day 1 post-hatching, CpG DNA reduces H4N6 AIV replication associated with enhanced NO production and macrophage recruitment in lungs. In vitro, we showed that NO originating from macrophages is capable of eliciting an antiviral response against H4N6 AIV infection. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of CpG DNA-mediated antiviral response, particularly against AIV infection in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Eva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, ON N1G 2W1
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, ON N1G 2W1
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
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15
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Abdul-Cader MS, Amarasinghe A, Abdul-Careem MF. Activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways leading to nitric oxide-mediated antiviral responses. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2075-86. [PMID: 27233799 PMCID: PMC7087267 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), well-characterized pattern-recognizing receptors of the innate arm of the immune system, are vital in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The TLR-PAMP interaction initiates an intracellular signaling cascade, predominantly culminating in upregulation of antiviral components, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). After activation, various TLR pathways can promote iNOS production via the myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MyD-88) adapter protein. Subsequently, iNOS facilitates production of nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive and potent antiviral molecule that can inhibit replication of RNA and DNA viruses. Furthermore, NO can diffuse freely across cell membranes and elicit antiviral mechanisms in various ways, including direct and indirect damage to viral genomes. This review emphasizes current knowledge of NO-mediated antiviral responses elicited after activation of TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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