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Pan Q, Zhang Y, Liu T, Xu Q, Wu Q, Xin J. Mycoplasma glycine cleavage system key subunit GcvH is an apoptosis inhibitor targeting host endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012266. [PMID: 38787906 PMCID: PMC11156438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are minimal but notorious bacteria that infect humans and animals. These genome-reduced organisms have evolved strategies to overcome host apoptotic defense and establish persistent infection. Here, using Mycoplasma bovis as a model, we demonstrate that mycoplasma glycine cleavage system (GCS) H protein (GcvH) targets the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to hijack host apoptosis facilitating bacterial infection. Mechanically, GcvH interacts with the ER-resident kinase Brsk2 and stabilizes it by blocking its autophagic degradation. Brsk2 subsequently disturbs unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, thereby inhibiting the key apoptotic molecule CHOP expression and ER-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway. CHOP mediates a cross-talk between ER- and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. The GcvH N-terminal amino acid 31-35 region is necessary for GcvH interaction with Brsk2, as well as for GcvH to exert anti-apoptotic and potentially pro-infective functions. Notably, targeting Brsk2 to dampen apoptosis may be a conserved strategy for GCS-containing mycoplasmas. Our study reveals a novel role for the conserved metabolic route protein GcvH in Mycoplasma species. It also sheds light on how genome-reduced bacteria exploit a limited number of genomic proteins to resist host cell apoptosis thereby facilitating pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Xiu F, Li X, Liu L, Xi Y, Yi X, Li Y, You X. Mycoplasma invasion into host cells: An integrated model of infection strategy. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:814-830. [PMID: 38293733 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma belong to the genus Mollicutes and are notable for their small genome sizes (500-1300 kb) and limited biosynthetic capabilities. They exhibit pathogenicity by invading various cell types to survive as intracellular pathogens. Adhesion is a crucial prerequisite for successful invasion and is orchestrated by the interplay between mycoplasma surface adhesins and specific receptors on the host cell membrane. Invasion relies heavily on clathrin- and caveolae-mediated internalization, accompanied by multiple activated kinases, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and a myriad of morphological alterations, such as membrane invagination, nuclear hypertrophy and aggregation, cytoplasmic edema, and vacuolization. Once mycoplasma successfully invade host cells, they establish resilient sanctuaries in vesicles, cytoplasm, perinuclear regions, and the nucleus, wherein specific environmental conditions favor long-term survival. Although lysosomal degradation and autophagy can eliminate most invading mycoplasmas, some viable bacteria can be released into the extracellular environment via exocytosis, a crucial factor in the prolonging infection persistence. This review explores the intricate mechanisms by which mycoplasma invades host cells and perpetuates their elusive survival, with the aim of highlighting the challenge of eradicating this enigmatic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feichen Xiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yixuan Xi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinchao Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Gelgie AE, Desai SE, Gelalcha BD, Kerro Dego O. Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1322267. [PMID: 38515536 PMCID: PMC10956102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1322267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis has recently been identified increasingly in dairy cows causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry. M. bovis is a causative agent for mastitis, pneumonia, endometritis, endocarditis, arthritis, otitis media, and many other clinical symptoms in cattle. However, some infected cows are asymptomatic or may not shed the pathogen for weeks to years. This characteristic of M. bovis, along with the lack of adequate testing and identification methods in many parts of the world until recently, has allowed the M. bovis to be largely undetected despite its increased prevalence in dairy farms. Due to growing levels of antimicrobial resistance among wild-type M. bovis isolates and lack of cell walls in mycoplasmas that enable them to be intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics that are widely used in dairy farms, there is no effective treatment for M. bovis mastitis. Similarly, there is no commercially available effective vaccine for M. bovis mastitis. The major constraint to developing effective intervention tools is limited knowledge of the virulence factors and mechanisms of the pathogenesis of M. bovis mastitis. There is lack of quick and reliable diagnostic methods with high specificity and sensitivity for M. bovis. This review is a summary of the current state of knowledge of the virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and control of M. bovis mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga E. Gelgie
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sarah E. Desai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Benti D. Gelalcha
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Prysliak T, Menghwar H, Perez-Casal J. Complement-mediated killing of Mycoplasma bovis does not play a role in the protection of animals against an experimental challenge. Vaccine 2023; 41:1743-1752. [PMID: 36774333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts, developing recombinant vaccines for the control of M. bovis infections has not been successful. Many factors are contributing to the lack of success including the identification of protective antigens, use of effective adjuvants, and relatively limited information on the quality of immune responses needed for protection. Experimental trials using vaccination with many M. bovis proteins resulted in significant humoral immune responses before and after the challenges, however these responses were not enough to confer protection. We explored the role of complement-fixing antibodies in the killing of M. bovis in-vitro and whether animals vaccinated with proteins that elicit antibodies capable of complement-fixing would be protected against an experimental challenge. We found that antibodies against some of these proteins fixed complement and killed M. bovis in-vitro. Vaccination and challenge experiments with proteins whose cognate antibodies either fixed complement or not resulted in lack of protection against a M. bovis experimental challenge suggesting that complement fixation does not play a role in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Prysliak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Harish Menghwar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Liao Y, Peng K, Li X, Ye Y, Liu P, Zeng Y. The adhesion protein of Mycoplasma genitalium inhibits urethral epithelial cell apoptosis through CypA-CD147 activating PI3K/ Akt/NF-κB pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6657-6669. [PMID: 36066653 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
By interacting with the receptor on the host cells membrane, Mycoplasma genitalium, a prokaryotic bacterium primarily transmitted through sexual contact, can adhere to and even enter cells. The adhesion protein of M. genitalium (MgPa) plays a critical function in the adhering and subsequent invasion into host cells. Our prior studies verified that cyclophilin A (CypA) was the receptor of MgPa on human urethral epithelial cells (SV-HUC-1) membrane and could induce pro-inflammatory cytokines production through the CypA-CD147-ERK-NF-κB pathway. This research aims to understand how MgPa interacts with its membrane receptor CypA to cause apoptosis in host cells. We employed flow cytometry to see if MgPa prevents or enhances apoptosis of SV-HUC-1 cells. The apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3 were assayed using Western blot. Results suggested that MgPa could inhibit the apoptosis of SV-HUC-1 cells. And we demonstrated that interference with the expression of CypA or CD147 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of MgPa on SV-HUC-1 cells apoptosis, indicating that MgPa inhibited urothelial cells apoptosis through CypA/CD147. Furthermore, we discovered that MgPa regulates the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway through CypA/CD147 to inhibit SV-HUC-1 cells apoptosis. Ultimately, the inhibitory effect of MgPa on the apoptosis of the urothelial epithelial cells extracted from CypA-knockout mice was validated by Annexin V/PI assay. The results corroborated that MgPa could also inhibit mouse urothelial epithelial cells apoptosis. In summary, we demonstrated that MgPa could inhibit SV-HUC-1 cells apoptosis via regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway through CypA/CD147, providing experimental evidence for elucidating the survival strategies of M. genitalium in host cells. KEY POINTS: • M. genitalium protein of adhesion inhibited human urethral epithelial cells apoptosis through CypA-CD147 activating the signal pathway of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB • The knockdown of CypA and CD147 could downregulate the M. genitalium -activated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in SV-HUC-1 cells • MgPa could inhibit the apoptosis of normal C57BL mouse primary urethral epithelial cells, but not for CypA-knockout C57BL mouse primary urethral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
- Center of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou of University of South China, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Kailan Peng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyuan Ye
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H, Lu S, Chao J, Lu D, Zhao G, Chen Y, Chen H, Faisal M, Yang L, Hu C, Guo A. The attenuated Mycoplasma bovis strain promotes apoptosis of bovine macrophages by upregulation of CHOP expression. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:925209. [PMID: 35992665 PMCID: PMC9381834 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.925209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is one of the major pathogens in the bovine respiratory disease complex, which includes pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis and causes a great economic loss in the cattle industry. In China, a live-attenuated vaccine strain M. bovis P150 was obtained by a continuous culture of the wild-type strain M. bovis HB0801 (P1) in vitro for 150 passages. Using the infected bovine macrophage cell line BoMac, this work attempted to investigate the mechanism of P150 attenuation and protective immune response. To begin, we show that M. bovis P150 effectively triggered cytotoxicity and apoptosis in BoMac, although with lower intracellular survival than P1. The transcriptomes of BoMac after infection with M. bovis strains P1 and P150 were sequenced, and bioinformatic analysis identified 233 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 185 upregulated and 48 downregulated. Further Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the majority of the DEGs were linked to CHOP complex, MAP kinase phosphatase activity and were involved in the IL-17 signaling pathway in immune response, MAPK signaling pathway in signal transduction, and p53 signaling pathway in cell growth and death. Among them, the level of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was significantly upregulated in P150-infected BoMac compared to P1-infected cells at different time points, along with its upstream and downstream genes phosphorylated-PERK, phosphorylated-EIF2α, ATF4, and GADD45A increased in the PERK-dependent ER stress response. The role of CHOP in apoptosis was further verified by M. bovis-induced siCHOP knockdown in BoMac cells. The results showed that CHOP knockdown enhanced P150-induced apoptosis and dramatically increased the M. bovis P1 and P150 intracellular survival, particularly for P150. These data suggest that P150 infection upregulates CHOP expression, which can increase apoptosis and mediate a crosstalk between ER stress and apoptosis during infection, and hence, contribute to high cytotoxicity and low intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Doukun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Changmin Hu,
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Aizhen Guo,
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Dawood A, Algharib SA, Zhao G, Zhu T, Qi M, Delai K, Hao Z, Marawan MA, Shirani I, Guo A. Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855731. [PMID: 35646746 PMCID: PMC9137434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host's immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Maya-Rodríguez LM, Carrillo-Casas EM, Rojas-Trejo V, Trigo-Tavera F, Miranda-Morales RE. Prevalence of three Mycoplasma sp. by multiplex PCR in cattle with and without respiratory disease in central Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:394. [PMID: 36417039 PMCID: PMC9685072 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify Mycoplasma bovis, Myc. dispar, and Myc. bovirhinis, which are involved in bovine respiratory disease through a multiplex PCR as an alternative to culture's features that hamper Mycoplasma isolation. Nasal swabs were taken from 335 cattle with and without respiratory disease background (RDB) from dairy herds in the central region of Mexico. Each sample was divided in two; the first part was processed for the direct DNA extraction of the nasal swab and the second for Mycoplasma isolation, culture, and then the multiplex PCR was performed. In the nasal swabs, Myc. bovis was identified in 21.1%; Myc. dispar, in 11.8%; and Myc. bovirhinis, in 10.8% in cattle with RDB. Isolates were identified as Myc. bovis, 20.1%; Myc. dispar, 11.8%; and Myc. bovirhinis, 6.1%. There is a strong correlation between the presence of Mycoplasma identified by PCR and the clinical history of the disease (ρ < 0.0000). In animals without RDB, Myc. bovirhinis was the only species detected in 6.1% of the samples processed directly for multiplex PCR, and in 2% of the isolates. There is an excellent correlation (kappa 0.803) between the isolation and the 16S PCR and a high correlation (kappa 0.75) between the isolation and the multiplex PCR. Therefore, we conclude that the PCR multiplex test is highly sensitive and may be used for the diagnosis and surveillance of the three species in biological samples and mycoplasma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Maya-Rodríguez
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Mycoplasmas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia UNAM, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04519 CDMX, CP Mexico
| | - E. M. Carrillo-Casas
- grid.414754.70000 0004 6020 7521Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Depto. de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Dirección de Investigación, Calz. de Tlalpan 4800, Secc XVI, 14080 Tlalpan CDMX, CP Mexico
| | - V. Rojas-Trejo
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Mycoplasmas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia UNAM, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04519 CDMX, CP Mexico
| | - F. Trigo-Tavera
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia UNAM, Departamento de Patología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04519 CDMX, CP Mexico
| | - R. E. Miranda-Morales
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Mycoplasmas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia UNAM, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04519 CDMX, CP Mexico
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Hasankhani A, Bahrami A, Sheybani N, Fatehi F, Abadeh R, Ghaem Maghami Farahani H, Bahreini Behzadi MR, Javanmard G, Isapour S, Khadem H, Barkema HW. Integrated Network Analysis to Identify Key Modules and Potential Hub Genes Involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Systems Biology Approach. Front Genet 2021; 12:753839. [PMID: 34733317 PMCID: PMC8559434 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.753839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common disease in the beef and dairy cattle industry. BRD is a multifactorial disease resulting from the interaction between environmental stressors and infectious agents. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BRD are not fully understood yet. Therefore, this study aimed to use a systems biology approach to systematically evaluate this disorder to better understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for BRD. Methods: Previously published RNA-seq data from whole blood of 18 healthy and 25 BRD samples were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and then analyzed. Next, two distinct methods of weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), i.e., module-trait relationships (MTRs) and module preservation (MP) analysis were used to identify significant highly correlated modules with clinical traits of BRD and non-preserved modules between healthy and BRD samples, respectively. After identifying respective modules by the two mentioned methods of WGCNA, functional enrichment analysis was performed to extract the modules that are biologically related to BRD. Gene coexpression networks based on the hub genes from the candidate modules were then integrated with protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to identify hub-hub genes and potential transcription factors (TFs). Results: Four significant highly correlated modules with clinical traits of BRD as well as 29 non-preserved modules were identified by MTRs and MP methods, respectively. Among them, two significant highly correlated modules (identified by MTRs) and six nonpreserved modules (identified by MP) were biologically associated with immune response, pulmonary inflammation, and pathogenesis of BRD. After aggregation of gene coexpression networks based on the hub genes with PPI networks, a total of 307 hub-hub genes were identified in the eight candidate modules. Interestingly, most of these hub-hub genes were reported to play an important role in the immune response and BRD pathogenesis. Among the eight candidate modules, the turquoise (identified by MTRs) and purple (identified by MP) modules were highly biologically enriched in BRD. Moreover, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, IRF7, and IRF9 TFs were suggested to play an important role in the immune system during BRD by regulating the coexpressed genes of these modules. Additionally, a gene set containing several hub-hub genes was identified in the eight candidate modules, such as TLR2, TLR4, IL10, SOCS3, GZMB, ANXA1, ANXA5, PTEN, SGK1, IFI6, ISG15, MX1, MX2, OAS2, IFIH1, DDX58, DHX58, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, EIF2AK2, ISG20, IFIT5, IFITM3, OAS1Y, HERC5, and PRF1, which are potentially critical during infection with agents of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Conclusion: This study not only helps us to better understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for BRD but also suggested eight candidate modules along with several promising hub-hub genes as diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets for BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hasankhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Biomedical Center for Systems Biology Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Negin Sheybani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Fatehi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Roxana Abadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ghazaleh Javanmard
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sadegh Isapour
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hosein Khadem
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Gondaira S, Nishi K, Fujiki J, Iwano H, Watanabe R, Eguchi A, Hirano Y, Higuchi H, Nagahata H. Innate immune response in bovine neutrophils stimulated with Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Res 2021; 52:58. [PMID: 33863386 PMCID: PMC8052696 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a significant worldwide pathogen of cattle. Neutrophils have an important role in the innate immune response during infection with M. bovis. However, even though neutrophils accumulate in M. bovis infection, the interaction of M. bovis and neutrophils has not been fully elucidated. We attempted to elucidate the innate immune response of neutrophils stimulated with M. bovis and evaluate the transcriptome and functional analysis of bovine neutrophils stimulated with M. bovis. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), which was the most increased gene in transcriptome analysis, were increased in quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of bovine neutrophils stimulated with live or heat-killed M. bovis. Nitric oxide and intracellular reactive oxygen species production of neutrophils stimulated with M. bovis was significantly increased. Neutrophils stimulated with M. bovis showed an increased ratio of nonapoptotic cell death compared to unstimulated controls. We demonstrated that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation was not recognized in neutrophils stimulated with live M. bovis. However, heat-killed M. bovis induced NETs formation. We also showed the interaction with M. bovis and bovine neutrophils regarding proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and functional expression related to NETs formation. Live and killed M. bovis induced innate immune responses in neutrophils and had the potential to induce NETs formation, but live M. bovis escaped NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Gondaira
- grid.412658.c0000 0001 0674 6856Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Koji Nishi
- grid.412658.c0000 0001 0674 6856Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Jumpei Fujiki
- grid.412658.c0000 0001 0674 6856Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- grid.412658.c0000 0001 0674 6856Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Reina Watanabe
- grid.412658.c0000 0001 0674 6856Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Ayako Eguchi
- grid.412658.c0000 0001 0674 6856Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Hirano
- grid.452441.2Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Higuchi
- grid.412658.c0000 0001 0674 6856Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Hajime Nagahata
- grid.412658.c0000 0001 0674 6856Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Farm Animal Veterinary Nursing Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Associated Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555 Japan
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11
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Zhao G, Zhu X, Zhang H, Chen Y, Schieck E, Hu C, Chen H, Guo A. Novel Secreted Protein of Mycoplasma bovis MbovP280 Induces Macrophage Apoptosis Through CRYAB. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619362. [PMID: 33659004 PMCID: PMC7917047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes important diseases and great losses on feedlots and dairy farms. However, there are only a few measures to control M. bovis-related diseases. As in other mycoplasma species, this is predominantly because the virulence related factors of this pathogen are largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify novel virulence-related factors among the secreted proteins of M. bovis. Using bioinformatic tools to analyze its secreted proteins, we preliminarily predicted 39 secreted lipoproteins, and then selected 11 of them for confirmation based on SignalP scores >0.6 or SceP scores >0.8 and conserved domains. These 11 genes were cloned after gene modification based on the codon bias of Escherichia coli and expressed. Mouse antiserum to each recombinant protein was developed. A western blotting assay with these antisera confirmed that MbovP280 and MbovP475 are strongly expressed and secreted proteins, but only MbovP280 significantly reduced the viability of bovine macrophages (BoMac). In further experiments, MbovP280 induced the apoptosis of BoMac treated with both live M. bovis and MbovP280 protein. The conserved coiled-coil domain of MbovP280 at amino acids 210–269 is essential for its induction of apoptosis. Further, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and coimmunoprecipitation assays identified the anti-apoptosis regulator αB-crystallin (CRYAB) as an MbovP280-binding ligand. An αβ-crystallin knockout cell line BoMac-cryab−, Mbov0280-knockout M. bovis strain T9.297, and its complemented M. bovis strain CT9.297 were constructed and the apoptosis of BoMac-cryab− induced by these strains was compared. The results confirmed that CRYAB is critical for MbovP280 function as an apoptosis inducer in BoMac. In conclusion, in this study, we identified MbovP280 as a novel secreted protein of M. bovis that induces the apoptosis of BoMac via its coiled-coil domain and cellular ligand CRYAB. These findings extend our understanding of the virulence mechanism of mycoplasmal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Elise Schieck
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Gondaira S, Nishi K, Iwano H, Fujiki J, Watanabe R, Eguchi A, Hirano Y, Higuchi H, Nagahata H. Transcriptome analysis of Mycoplasma bovis stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 232:110166. [PMID: 33348232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a pathogenic bacterium in bovines that causes huge global economic losses. Numerous factors play important roles in M. bovis pathogenesis; however, the host immune response involved in M. bovis infection has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to determine the characteristics of the host immune response to Mycoplasma infection. We evaluated the responsiveness of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with M. bovis via microarray analysis. The transcriptional abundance of innate immune-related genes IL-36A, IL-27, IFN-γ, and IL-17 in PBMCs increased after M. bovis exposure. Upon M. bovis infection, there was increased expression of the lymphocyte activated genes basic leucine zipper transcription factor (BATF) and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family members 1 and 7 (SLAMF 1 and SLAMF 7) in PBMCs compared with that in unstimulated cells. The study revealed that the transcriptional abundance of innate immunity genes in PBMCs increased during M. bovis infection. This induced the activation of PBMCs, giving rise to an immune response, which is followed by the development of the inflammatory response. The results from this study could be used as the basis for the development of novel vaccine candidates against M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Fujiki
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | - Yuki Hirano
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, 081-0038, Japan.
| | | | - Hajime Nagahata
- Animal Health Laboratory, Japan; Farm Animal Veterinary Nursing Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Associated Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan.
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13
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Liu Y, Zhou M, Xu S, Khan MA, Shi Y, Qu W, Gao J, Liu G, Kastelic JP, Han B. Mycoplasma bovis-generated reactive oxygen species and induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10429-10445. [PMID: 32921448 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of bovine mastitis in China and worldwide. We hypothesized that M. bovis damages bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC), with the degree of damage varying among field isolates. Our objective was to evaluate 2 novel sequence type (ST) field strains of M. bovis (ST172 and ST173) for their ability to induce oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, pathomorphological changes, and apoptosis in bMEC, as a model for pathogenesis of M. bovis-induced bovine mastitis. Cytotoxicity (as indicated by release of lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) from bMEC depended on multiplicity of infection (MOI), with a high MOI (1:1,000) being required to induce cytotoxicity. Morphological changes in bMEC, including shrinkage, loss of cell integrity, and heavy staining (hematoxylin and eosin) of cytoplasm were apparent 24 h after infection with ST172 or ST173 M. bovis, with more severe changes being induced by the latter strain. Adhesion and invasion assays both had curvilinear patterns, peaking 12 h after infection with MOI of 1:1,000. Both production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proportion of apoptotic cells increased with time after infection. Increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios and activation of caspase-3 implied involvement of mitochondria-dependent pathways of apoptosis. Furthermore, intracellular ROS generation, apoptosis, and cleaved caspase-3 were mitigated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a ROS scavenger. Both interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were significantly upregulated by ST172 and ST173 M. bovis, with little change in expression of tumor necrosis factor-α. One ST173 M. bovis isolate had the greatest cytotoxicity of all of our field isolates, with the highest LDH release, adhesion, invasion, ROS production, and apoptosis. In conclusion, our hypothesis was supported: M. bovis damaged bMEC by generating ROS and initiating a mitochondria-dependent pathway of apoptosis, with the degree of damage varying among field isolates. This study provided new knowledge regarding pathogenesis of M. bovis-induced bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Siyu Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Asfandyar Khan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weijie Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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14
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Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex and recent reports identified that other species are also affected by M bovis. Control of the disease caused by M bovis has been unsuccessful owing to many factors, including the capacity of M bovis to evade and modulate the immune system of the host; the lack of known virulence factors; the absence of a cell wall, which renders antibiotics targeting cell-wall synthesis unusable; and the failure of vaccines to control disease on the field. The current knowledge on virulence and pathogenesis is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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15
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Özdemir S, Altun S. Genome-wide analysis of mRNAs and lncRNAs in Mycoplasma bovis infected and non-infected bovine mammary gland tissues. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 50:101512. [PMID: 31972225 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) causes diseases such as arthritis, pneumonia, abortion, and mastitis, leading to great losses in the bovine dairy industries. RNA types such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play significant roles in regulating the immune responses triggered by bacteria. The expression profiles of mRNA and lncRNA as they occur in bovine mammary gland tissues infected with M. bovis are still not well understood. To illuminate this issue, transcription analysis of mRNA and LncRNAs were conducted on the mammary gland tissues belonging to Holstein cattle infected and not infected with M. bovis. The analysis revealed 1310 differentially expressed mRNAs and 57 differentially expressed lncRNAs in the bovine mammary gland tissues infected and not infected with M. bovis. In addition, 392 novel lncRNAs were detected, 19 of which were differentially expressed. Gene ontology analysis reveals that differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs play significant roles in such vital biological pathways as metabolic pathways, T-cell receptor signaling, TGF-beta signaling, pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, mTOR signaling, and apoptosis, including in the immune response to cancer. Based on our literature review, this study is the first genome-wide lncRNA research conducted on bovine mammary gland tissues infected with M. bovis. Our results provide bovine mammary gland lncRNA and mRNA resources to understand their roles in the regulation of the immune response against the agent M. bovis in bovine mammary gland tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Özdemir
- Atatürk Üniversity Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Depertmant of Genetics, Erzurum, 25430, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Altun
- Atatürk Üniversity Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Depertmant of Pathology, Erzurum, 25430, Turkey
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