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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Chen Y, Meng Q, Zhang X, Jia Z, Cui J, Wang X. Application of Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Bovine Epidemic Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:1378. [PMID: 37376677 DOI: 10.3390/v15061378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As science and technology continue to advance, the use of flow cytometry is becoming more widespread. It can provide important information about cells in the body by detecting and analysing them, thereby providing a reliable basis for disease diagnosis. In the diagnosis of bovine epidemic diseases, flow cytometry can be used to detect bovine viral diarrhoea, bovine leukaemia, bovine brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, and other diseases. This paper describes the structure of a flow cytometer (liquid flow system, optical detection system, data storage and analysis system) and its working principles for rapid quantitative analysis and sorting of single cells or biological particles. Additionally, the research progress of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of bovine epidemic diseases was reviewed in order to provide a reference for future research and application of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of bovine epidemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Tongliao City Animal Quarantine Technical Service Centre, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Donghui Zhao
- Tongliao City Animal Quarantine Technical Service Centre, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Yunjiao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Qinglei Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Zelin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jiayu Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
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Response to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Heifers Vaccinated with a Combination of Multivalent Modified Live and Inactivated Viral Vaccines. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030703. [PMID: 36992412 PMCID: PMC10054639 DOI: 10.3390/v15030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral vaccines contain both live or inactivated/killed formulations, but few studies have evaluated the impact of vaccinating with either live or killed antigens and re-vaccinating with the reciprocal. Commercial dairy heifers were utilized for the study and randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Treatment groups received a commercially available modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine containing BVDV and were revaccinated with a commercially available killed viral (KV) vaccine containing BVDV, another group received the same KV vaccine and was revaccinated with the same MLV vaccine, and yet another group served as negative controls and did not receive any viral vaccines. Heifers in KV/MLV had higher virus neutralizing titers (VNT) at the end of the vaccination period than heifers in MLV/KV and control groups. The frequency of IFN-γ mRNA positive CD4+, CD8+, and CD335+ populations, as well as increased mean fluorescent intensity of CD25+ cells was increased for the MLV/KV heifers as compared to KV/MLV and controls. The data from this study would suggest that differences in initial antigen presentation such as live versus killed could augment CMI and humoral responses and could be useful in determining vaccination programs for optimizing protective responses, which is critical for promoting lifetime immunity.
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Experimental Senecavirus A Infection of Bovine Cell Lines and Colostrum-Deprived Calves. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122809. [PMID: 36560813 PMCID: PMC9784627 DOI: 10.3390/v14122809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a causative agent for vesicular disease in swine, which is clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases of swine including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Recently, it was reported that buffalo in Guangdong, China were experiencing clinical symptoms similar to FMD including mouth ulcers and lameness tested positive for SVA. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle (Bos taurus) to SVA infection. Initial in vitro work using the PrimeFlow assay demonstrated that bovine cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle were susceptible to SVA infection. Subsequently, six colostrum-deprived Holstein calves were challenged with SVA intranasally. No vesicular lesions were observed after challenge. Serum, oral, nasal, and rectal swabs tested for SVA nucleic acid did not support significant viral replication and there was no evidence of seroconversion. Therefore, demonstrating cattle from this study were not susceptible to experimental SVA infection.
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Kiss I, Szigeti K, Bányai K, Dobos A. A snapshot on Pestivirus A strains occurring in Central Europe. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:442-445. [PMID: 36126511 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seven dairy farms and a beef herd were sampled to reveal the presence of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV) in the cattle population and provide information on the occurrence of the different genotypes of the virus in Hungary and Slovakia. Serum and organ samples, lung, and lymph nodes were collected and submitted to serological testing, RT-qPCR, nucleotide sequencing, and virus isolation. The detected viruses belonged to 1b, 1d, and 1f subtypes. No Pestivirus B was found. Serum samples of cows immunized with a live vaccine containing a subtype 1a virus (Oregon C24V) showed cross-neutralizing activity against the selected representative field strains of each subtype. An RT-qPCR, specific for the vaccine strain was developed to differentiate between vaccine and field viruses and was used to evaluate vaccine virus viraemia and shedding. The obtained data provide baseline information on the currently occurring BVDV genotypes in the region and contribute to elaborating efficient control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Kiss
- Ceva Phylaxia Co. Ltd., Szállás u. 5, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Dobos
- Ceva Phylaxia Co. Ltd., Szállás u. 5, Budapest, Hungary
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Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Terhaar B, Ridpath JF, Neill JD, Roth JA. Evaluation of Antigenic Comparisons Among BVDV Isolates as it Relates to Humoral and Cell Mediated Responses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:685114. [PMID: 34212022 PMCID: PMC8239304 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.685114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic differences between bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine strains and field isolates can lead to reduced vaccine efficacy. Historically, antigenic differences among BVDV strains were evaluated using techniques based on polyclonal and monoclonal antibody activity. The most common method for antigenic comparison among BVDV isolates is determination of virus neutralization titer (VNT). BVDV antigenic comparisons using VNT only account for the humoral component of the adaptive immune response, and not cell mediated immunity (CMI) giving an incomplete picture of protective responses. Currently, little data is available regarding potential antigenic differences between BVDV vaccine strains and field isolates as measured by CMI responses. The goal of the current paper is to evaluate two groups of cattle that differed in the frequency they were vaccinated, to determine if similar trends in CMI responses exist within each respective group when stimulated with antigenically different BVDV strains. Data from the current study demonstrated variability in the CMI response is associated with the viral strain used for stimulation. Variability in IFN-γ mRNA expression was most pronounced in the CD4+ population, this was observed between the viruses within each respective BVDV subgenotype in the Group 1 calves. The increase in frequency of CD25+ cells and IFN-γ mRNA expression in the CD8+ and CD335+ populations were not as variable between BVDV strains used for stimulation in the Group 1 calves. Additionally, an inverse relationship between VNT and IFN-γ mRNA expression was observed, as the lowest VNT and highest IFN-γ mRNA expression was observed and vice versa, the highest VNT and lowest IFN-γ mRNA expression was observed. A similar trend regardless of vaccination status was observed between the two groups of calves, as the BVDV-1b strain had lower IFN-γ mRNA expression. Collectively, data from the current study and previous data support, conferring protection against BVDV as a method for control of BVDV in cattle populations is still a complex issue and requires a multifactorial approach to understand factors associated with vaccine efficacy or conversely vaccine failure. Although, there does appear to be an antigenic component associated with CMI responses as well as with humoral responses as determined by VNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shollie M Falkenberg
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Brett Terhaar
- Frontier Veterinary Research and Consulting, Winterset, IA, United States
| | | | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - James A Roth
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Al-Kubati AAG, Hussen J, Kandeel M, Al-Mubarak AIA, Hemida MG. Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:665128. [PMID: 34055953 PMCID: PMC8160231 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A G Al-Kubati
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdullah I A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Palmer MV, Silveira S, Roth JA, Gauger E, Kaiser TJ, Guidarini C, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Changes in circulating lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue associated with vaccination of colostrum deprived calves. Vaccine 2020; 38:7268-7277. [PMID: 32988689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare immunological responses and lymphoid depletion in young, colostrum deprived calves following administration of vaccines containing modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A group of calves exposed to a typical virulence non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV-2 field strain (ncp exposed) was included to compare responses of calves receiving vaccine to responses generated against a field strain (mimicking a natural infection). A negative control group administered a placebo was used in all comparisons. All vaccines used in the study were administered per manufacturer recommendations while ncp BVDV exposed calves received 5 ml intranasally (2.5 ml/nare; 4.2 × 106 TCID50/ml) of the BVDV-2 field strain. Samples collected at each time point included nasal swabs for virus detection, blood samples for complete blood counts and detection of viremia, PBMCs for flow cytometric analysis, serum for virus neutralization titers, and thymus tissue at necropsy for evaluation of lymphoid depletion. A measurable neutralizing BVDV titer was observed for all treatment groups excluding the control animals, which remained negative during the study period. Virus shedding was only detected from the ncp vaccinated and ncp exposed calves. A decline from baseline was observed for peripheral lymphocyte and CD4+ cells for the groups receiving the adjuvanted cytopathic (cp) vaccine, the double deleted genetically modified (ddGM) vaccine, the ncp vaccine and ncp exposed calves, but not for the control group or groups receiving cp vaccines. Thymus depletion was observed for the ncp vaccine and ncp exposed calves and to a lesser extent for the ddGM vaccine calves. Collectively, these data suggest that the virus biotype, method of attenuation, presentation, and use of adjuvant will influence vaccine impacts on lymphoid tissues and the immune response. As such, multiple variables should be considered when determining costs and benefits of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shollie M Falkenberg
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Simone Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Xanxerê, SC, Brazil
| | - James A Roth
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric Gauger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Troy J Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, St. Joseph, MO, USA
| | | | - John D Neill
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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